Hieroglyphs muEgipita. hieroglyphs veIjipiti uye zvaanoreva. Egyptian hieroglyphs Ancient

hieroglyphs muEgipita, mifananidzo zvinopiwa pazasi, tiri mumwe kunyora hurongwa anoshandiswa anenge 3.5 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura. MuIjipiti yaishandiswa panguva kwezana 4th uye 3rd emakore BC. e. ino rinobatanidza zvinhu phonetic, syllabic uye ideographic zvekunyanyisa. Egyptian Ancient hieroglyphs vakanga wakajeka zvifananidzo, nechimwe phonetic zviratidzo. Kazhinji, vari kutema pamatombo. Zvisinei, pamusoro nhokwe, uye pamusoro yemapuranga sarcophagi rinogonawo kuwana hieroglyphs muIjipiti. Pictures kuti zvaishandiswa kutara, akafanana zvinhu zvavari akasarudzwa. Izvi hwezvekukurukurirana zvikuru kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakanyorwa. Uyezve munyaya ino isu vachakuudza pamusoro zvairehwa ichi kana kuti chimiro.

Chakavanzika chimiro zviratidzo

Nhoroondo panowanikwa hurongwa anoenda vanyura kare. Over yakareba chaizvo nguva, chimwe chezvinhu Zvivako vekare kunyora muIjipiti aiva Narmer palette. Zvaidavirwa kuti zviratidzo vake vepakutanga vakanga kuratidzwa. Zvisinei, vanochera matongo German muna 1998 yakawanikwa panguva kupikidura mahwendefa mazana matatu ivhu. Vakanga kuratidzwa protoieroglify. Signs yomusi 33 fung remakore BC. e. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutsetse wokutanga chaizvo rakanyorwa chisimbiso imba youmambo Second mumakuva pana Abydos Farao Seth-Seth-Peribsen. Ndikati kuti pakutanga sezvo zviratidzo vaishandisa mifananidzo zvinhu uye zvipenyu. Asi ino chaiva kuoma nokuti zvaida zvimwe unyanzvi hwokudhirowa. Panyaya iyi, mushure menguva mifananidzo vakanga nyore anodikamwa matunhu. Saka paiva hieratic kunyora. gadziriro iri rinoshandiswa kunyanya vapristi. Vanoita mashoko pamusoro pemakuva uye temberi. , Demotic (National) hurongwa, iyo yakabuda pashure aiva nyore. Chaiva madenderedzwa, arcs, dashes. Zvisinei, kuziva vatambi yepakutanga mutsamba iyi yave matambudziko.

Kuvandudza zviratidzo

Pakutanga, muEgipita hieroglyphs zvaiva zvokufananidzira. Kureva shoko akazviratidza muchimiro Mifananidzo. Zvakanga mberi yakasimbiswa zvinoreva (ideographic) tsamba. Achibatsirwa ideograms vaigona kunyora zvimwe zvisiri pachena. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvinogona kureva makomo mufananidzo sechikamu kuzorodzwa, uye gomo, imwe nyika. mufananidzo kwezuva zvinoreva "zuva" nokuti uvhenekere chete masikati. Gare gare kukura yose muEgipita kunyora hurongwa ideograms vairidza basa rinokosha. Zvishoma Papera, akatanga kuonekwa uye ruzha mavanga. Munyika ino, pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kwete chete zvinoreva mashoko sezvo kurira dudziro. vangani vatambi yokuIjipiti? Mune New, kuMiddle uye Umambo Old zviratidzo inenge 800. In yeGirisi Roman nguva paiva kupfuura 6,000.

kupatsanura

systematizing dambudziko inoramba unsolved nanhasi. Uollis Badzh (Chirungu philologist uye muongorori wezvaiitika kuIjipiti) aiva mumwe masayendisiti wokutanga, uyo zvakarongwa muIjipita hieroglyphs. kupatsanura ake kwaibva zvokunze zviratidzo zviratidzo. Shure kwake, muna 1927, mumwe mutsva mazita rakanga rakanyorwa Gardiner. "Girama muEgipita" ake ine kupatsanura zviratidzo pamusoro chokupfeka. Asi kwake pasi zviratidzo vakakamurwa muzvikwata kuti anozivikanwa ne tsamba Latin. Mukati Mapato ose zviratidzo kutevedzana nhamba akapiwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, inoumbwa Gardiner kupatsanura kwainzi zvakajairika. The Database kunowedzerwa nokuda kuwedzera vatambi vatsva mune imwe boka wavo. rakavhurika akazotevera zviratidzo zvizhinji basa tsika chaiwo akawedzera mushure nhamba.

The codification itsva

Pamwe pakuwedzera pamazita, nokubuda pamusoro maererano kupatsanura pakati Gardiner, vamwe vaongorori vakatanga kufungidzira pamusoro sizvo kuparadzirwa vatambi mumapoka. Mumakore 80, akasunungurwa munhu mavhoriyumu mana katarogu kuti vatambi, akaparadzaniswa nezvaanoreva. Izvi qualifier Papera nguva iri vakatanga kufunga patsva. Zvinoguma girama rakanyorwa Kurt muna 2007-2008. Iye akagadzirisa projected mana Gardiner uye akatanga kupesana itsva mumapoka. basa iri, Chokwadi, munhu anodzidzisa chaizvo uye anobatsira mune rokushandura tsika. Asi vamwe vatsvakurudzi chokwadi kana codification itsva vajaira muna Egyptology, sezvo ane pachake zvinokanganiswa ayo uye zvikanganiso.

Modern vataure yeEncoding vatambi

Nhasi kunze shanduro yekare muEgipita? Muna 1991, apo Michina kombiyuta kwave zvakanaka yakatanga, rakachengetedzwa ndaizvipira encode vatambi emitauro yakasiyana siyana Unicode Standard. Ichangobva shanduro ine zvikuru muIjipiti hieroglyphs. vatambi ava vari kuwanda: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Nhasi kuramba kubuda-siyana kwemabhuku matsva zvemagetsi chimiro. Achiongorora zvaive yekare veIjipiti pamusoro mutauro wokuRussia rinoitwa kushandisa graphical mupepeti Hieroglyphica. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva inoramba ngapaonekwe Directories itsva. Nezvokumutswa ine zvakakwana yokuwanda zviratidzo zvakadaro haagoni zvakazara Classified. Uyezve, kubvira nguva nenguva, vaongorori vanoona yekare itsva vekuIjipiti uye phonetic ukoshi rutsva pakunzi munazvo.

Image Direction zviratidzo

Kakawanda, vaIjipiti akanyora chinjikira mitsetse, kazhinji kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe. Zvakanga zvisingawanzoitiki kusangana mutsetse kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zviratidzo zviri tote. Muchiitiko chino, vari nguva dzose verenga kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei nokuti zvaunoda mirayiridzo kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe muzvinyorwa nevaIjipiti, nezvikonzero zvinoshanda, yazvino tsvakurudzo mabhuku chiratidzo kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Signs kuti ichifananidzwa shiri, mhuka, vanhu vagara yashandurwa kurutivi pakutanga mutsetse chiso. Yokumusoro chiratidzo aiva ukuru pamusoro pasi. VaEgipita havana kushandisa separators mitongo kana mashoko, kureva hapana nyora. Calligraphic zviratidzo kana kuedza uendese tsamba pasina Makwanza uye symmetrically, zvichiumba rectangles kana dzinoungana.

yokuronda maitiro

hieroglyphs Egyptian inogona rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri. Chokutanga phonograms (kuridza mavanga), uye wechipiri - ideograms (kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zviratidzo). Latest shoko rinoshandiswa kureva chero pfungwa. Ivowo, akakamurwa 2 mhando: determiners uye logograms. Phonogram kushandiswa kurira. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhando nhatu zviratidzo: trehsoglasnye, dvusoglasnye uye odnosoglasnye. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti hapana mufananidzo pakati vanotaurwa nzvanyira. Saka, ichi ndicho nzvanyira kunyora hurongwa, kufanana Arabic kana Hebrew. VaEgipita aigona kuverenga mashoko ose mavhawero, kunyange kana vakanga vasina nokudhindwa. Mumwe munhu aiziva chaizvo inzwi pakati dzimwe emakonzonendi inofanira kuiswa iri ezita shoko. Asi kusavapo zviratidzo mavhawero idambudziko chakakomba Egyptologists. Over yakareba chaizvo nguva (okupedzisira zviuru zviviri zvemakore anenge) mutauro kwainzi akafa. Uye nhasi hapana anonyatsoziva kuti mashoko yakarira. Nokuda philological nokutsvakurudza aigona Chokwadi, muenzaniso dzemakwiringwindi phonetics mashoko mazhinji, kuti tinzwisise yekare muEgipita Russian, Latin nemimwe mitauro. Asi mabasa akadaro ava oga chaizvo nesayenzi.

phonogram

Odnosoglasnye zviratidzo zvakanga arufabheti muIjipiti. Hieroglyphs iyi nyaya rinoshandiswa kureva imwe nzvanyira. Chaiwo mazita ose vanotaurwa odnosoglasnyh asingazivikanwi. urongwa hwavo yakataurwa nemasayendisiti, Egyptologists. Nemabhii zvinoitwa nokushandisa tsamba Latin. Zvisinei, kana, arufabheti Latin haishandi tsamba kana vanoda zvakawanda, ipapo diacritical mavanga zvinoshandiswa kuratidza. Dvusoglasnye ruzha zvakagadzirirwa kupararira maviri nemavara. Izvi mhando mabhii hakuzivani zvakakwana. Vamwe vavo vane polyphonic (fambisa vakawanda anofambidzana). Trehsoglasnye zviratidzo kuratidza ukuwo, vatatu nemavara. Vanewo rinoparadzirwa anyorwe. Kazhinji, yokupedzisira marudzi maviri anoshandiswa pamwe kuwedzera odnosoglasnyh zviratidzo zviri pamwe kana zvakazara kuratidza inzwi ravo.

Ideogrammaticheskie Egyptian hieroglyphs uye zvaanoreva

Logograms zviratidzo kuti ichifananidzwa chii chaizvoizvo zvaireva. Somuenzaniso, mifananidzo kwezuva - nhasi, uye chiedza chezuva pacharo, uye nguva. Nokuti kunzwisisa zvakawanda yakarurama Logo iri nechimwe rawakambonzwa. Determiners vari ideograms, izvo chinangwa kureva logogram girama mhando. Kazhinji, ivo vakaiswa pakuguma mashoko. Determinative zvakabatsira kujekesa zvinoreva zvinhu zvakanyorwa. Zvisinei, haana kunan'anura chero mashoko kana mitinhimira. Determiners vangava zvese inotakurika uye zvakananga ukoshi. Somuenzaniso, muEgipita hieroglyph kuti "ziso" - harisi chete chete nhengo nechaanoona, asiwo kugona kuona, kuti arinde. Chikwangwani unoratidza rugwaro nenhokwe, asingagoni chete kureva bhuku kana Mupumburu pacharo, asi vanewo zvakawanda Abstract, husingaoneki pfungwa.

kushandiswa zviratidzo

Decorative uye nani pamutemo vatambi kuti Implementation kwavo. Kunyanya, zviratidzo kushandiswa, sezvo mutemo, nokuti chiratidzo magwaro matsvene uye akakura. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuti asike bhizimisi uye magwaro okutarisira, tsamba akashandisa nyore hieratic hurongwa. Asi pasinei zvakanaka kakawanda kushandiswa, asingagoni bvikinyidza vatambi. Vakaramba kushandisa munguva wePersia, uye panguva yeGirisi Roman kuzvidzora. Asi ndinofanira kutaura kuti IV remakore paiva vanhu vashoma vaigona kushandisa uye kunzwisisa hurongwa.

kwesainzi

Mumwe wokutanga kutaurwa vaifarira vanyori vekare Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Special simba kudzidza zviratidzo akanga Horapollon. Vose vanyori ava vakati zvakasimba kuti vose vanotaurwa anopa mufananidzo tsamba. Munyika ino, mune pfungwa dzavo, mumwe nomumwe mabhii akasarudzwa kuti yose mashoko, asi kwete tsamba kana mabhii. Achifuridzirwa chinyorwa ichi chinhu refu chaizvo nguva uye vari vaongorori remakore rechi19. Kwete kuedza nesayenzi vachisimbisa pfungwa iyi, masayendisiti deciphered ari hieroglyphs, chokubata mumwe nomumwe wavo ave chinhu pictographs. Wokutanga uyo akataura pamberi phonetic zviratidzo, aiva Thomas Young. Asi aisagona kuwana kiyi kunzwisisa navo. Decipher yekare muIjipita akatsiva Jean-Fransua Shampolonu. Nhoroondo chakanakira mutsvakurudzi uyu kuti iye akasiya chinyorwa evanyori vekare uye akasarudza nzira yake. Sezvikonzero kwokudzidza akatora kubvuma kuti muEgipita zvinyorwa regai kuva Conceptual uye phonetic okunze.

Investigation pamusoro Rosetta Stone

Izvi nevanochera matongo yaiva yakabwinyiswa dema basalt rakanyorwa. Zvinonzi zvose chose akanga akafukidzwa zvinyorwa zvakagadziridzwa mumitauro miviri. On ndiro vaiva vakurukuri matatu. maviri okutanga zvakaitwa hieroglyphs vekare vokuIjipiti. Wechitatu sa yakanga yakanyorwa nechiGiriki, uye yakanga kuonga kwake pamberi pamusoro verenga ibwe rugwaro rwakanga. Yaiva rinokudzwa kero vapristi, kutungamirirwa Ptolemy Rechishanu Epiphanes iri kugadzwa kwake. In echiGiriki pabwe rakanga wakapindwa mazita Cleopatra uye Ptolemy. Ravaifanira kuva muIjipiti murugwaro. Zvazikamwa kuti mazita vanaFarao vaisanganisira cartouches, kana denderedzwa mapuranga. Ndicho chikonzero Shampilona hapana dambudziko kuwana mazita muEgipita acho - vakanyatsonzwisisa kumira kubva vamwe vatambi. Zvadaro, nokuenzanisa rugwaro mbiru, nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda chokwadi kururama kwemashoko dzidziso phonetic zviratidzo yakavakirwa.

Vamwe mitemo chiratidzo

Of Kunyanya kukosha mune unyanzvi kunyora akanga aesthetic zvinhu. On hwaro ichi kusika zvimwe mitemo kuti kurambidza kusarudza akananga acho. Zviratidzo zvinogona kunyorwa sezvo kodzero kuruboshwe, ndiEzekieri, zvichienderana apo kushandiswa. Vamwe vanotaurwa zvakanyorwa kuti chiso nechiso kuverenga. Rakatanga mutemo uyu vatambi zhinji, asi zvikuru pachena ndiwo mutemo yaiva richiswedera vatambi kuti inoratidza mhuka uye vanhu. Kana akanyorwa mbidzwa Website, ayo munhu vanotaurwa nyaya pakati pamukova. Pinda munhu aigona kudaro kuverenga nyore vacho, nokuti inotanga rugwaro vatambi yaiva kure pedyo naye. Somugumisiro, hapana chiratidzo "haana kuratidza kusaziva" uye haana kudzoka kwake munhu. The ichocho riri Chokwadi, unogona kuonekwa kukurukura pakati vanhu vaviri.

zvakawanikwa

Zvinofanira akati kuti, pasinei pachena nyore zvinhu kunyora avaEgipita, maitiro avo zviratidzo kwainzi zvikuru kunzwisisa. Nokufamba kwenguva, vatambi akatanga panzvimbo yechipiri, uye nokukurumidza vakatsiviwa nedzimwe nzira yakajeka okuti kutaura. Romans nevaGiriki havana kuratidza chaizvo hieroglyphs muIjipiti. With kuitwa kwegadziriro zviratidzo chiKristu zvachose kushandiswa. Pakazosvika 391, kubudikidza sezvakarayirwa Byzantine Mambo Theodosius Mukuru First netemberi zvose vechihedheni zvakavharwa. Last hieroglyphic rekodhi misi kubva gore 394 (runoratidzwa matongo zvakawanikwa vanenge. Anel).