Hwaro marangwanda dzevanhu. mapfupa marangwanda

Man, nemhaka zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa, anogona kufamba nyore. mashandiro ringava pusa uye tichishingaira. Chikamu - ndiko kwetsandanyama murume. For pusa zvigadziriswe zvinosanganisira mapfupa evanhu zvakabatana mune imwe nzira.

Chii chinonzi marangwanda kwevanhu?

Marangwanda mumutauro wechiGiriki rinoreva akaomeswa kana akaomeswa. Icho gadziriro yose kana zvakaoma mapfupa kuti aite vakawanda nezviito, kusanganisira locomotor, rokudzivirira, chimiro-building, etc. kazhinji marangwanda -. Panobva muviri, ane mugove mumwe namanomwe mumwe-muzvishanu zvachose kurema munhu. Zviri mapfupa kupfuura 200, izvo zvinogona aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired. Ekupedzisira inosanganisira sternum, vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum, sternum, vamwe mapfupa cranium.

skeletal basa

Human marangwanda dzimba zvomukati, izvo anodzivirira kubva zvokunze zvisina zvinhu zviri simba. The dehenya inodzivirira uropi, musana Canal - musana, mapfupa thoracal kuchengetedza mwoyo, mapapu, midziyo makuru, yegurokuro, uye dzimwe hudyu chawo marangwanda achichengeta Urinary zvomukati .. Iye anoita mamwe mabasa Somuenzaniso, rinobatanidzwa muviri, kuti anodzokororwa pane pamwero, zvicherwa Zvinoumba Ropa. Uyewo, vamwe zvinhu zviri mapfupa, uyewo vanogona kupinda metabolic dzinotsanagura womunhu muviri.

To pfupa zvakabatanidzwa nemarunda, tsandanyama, nemarunda - zvinhu "nyoro marangwanda", nokuti vanobatsirawo kuchengetedzwa uye chengetedzo zvomukati mukati. Chero chikamu muviri kunogona kuchinja nzvimbo yavo pachinhu mumwe, nokudaro kutamira nesu muchadenga. Zviri zviito izvi kutakura mapfupa marangwanda - nokuti rudzi levers actuated nokuda kufamba netsandanyama.

Chimiro mapfupa

Ivo dzinosiyana munzvimbo chimiro uye mabasa akasiyana mabasa. Kune mapfupa refu ari marangwanda, izvo zvinogona refu (humerus) uye pfupi (phalanx).

mapfupa Long ine:

1. Muviri - elongated mugove pakati.
2. Thickened migumo - epiphysis.

The pakati Chikamu pfupa riri pamhango mukati. Wide uye sandara zvikamu dzinoumba rusvingo nzvimbo zvomukati, dzakadai dehenya mapfupa, mapfupa pelvic, sternum. Kureba uye upamhi vakawanda kwazvo pamusoro ukobvu yavo. Funga siyana mapfupa chimiro rubatsiro mufananidzo: Mapfupa rose kana mamwe mapfupa. Mixed marudzi ane nani yakaoma chimiro uye kazhinji ine anoverengeka zvikamu ane zvakasiyana marongerwo uye chimiro Somuenzaniso vertebrae.

pfupa mamiriro

Hwaro muviri wedu anofanira kuva nesimba kwazvo, nokuti marangwanda - anotsigira, iro rine kukurira zvikuru zvakawanda uremu, avhareji 60-75 makirogiramu. dzevanhu mapfupa All marangwanda vane kunzwisisa makemikari anoumba. Izvi zvinosanganisira makemikari uye inorganic okunze. Izvi kunyanya phosphorous uye calcium yakawanda munyu (anenge 70%), vachiita zvakasimba pfupa. Masero ari 30% ine makemikari kuya muviri yakavakirwa elasticity uye kusimba. Tikafunga izvi zvinhu zvinoita pfupa rinenge simba, uye ichi ndicho pfungwa inokosha zvikuru, sezvo mujinga marangwanda anofanira nhaka ehupfumi akadaro.

In nevana vaduku mapfupa nevanhu zvakawanda kwakavharwa nenyama uye kusanduka, nokuvonga refu zviri Organic zvinhu. Vanhu vakura, saka vanova pfava uye saka zvikuru kusimba. The chikuru mhando connective zvinyama - ichi pfupa rinenge rine masero uye intercellular fuma. Mahwendefa rakapinzwa mumwe, aine chimiro chakadaro, mukuru simba uye panguva imwe chete nenyama.

Bone zvakare rine gobvu, chirambe chakapfava fuma. The reshiyo kunobva nzvimbo uye basa. Gobvu nyaya kunyanya munguva mapfupa avo zvikamu, iyo nechigadziko rutsigiro uye kufamba womunhu marangwanda (somuenzaniso, mapfupa refu zvingava).

Chirambe chakapfava acho rine muzvizhinji kuti mahwendefa vanosarudzirwa nenzira mukuru mupfungwa. In pfupi uye sandara mapfupa, uyewo pamusoro kumigumo (epiphysis) refu pakati mahwendefa ndiye tsvuku nemwongo yawo, umo masero eropa aumba. The in mapfupa refu mukuru uzere masero mafuta. Vanewo kunzi tsvuku mwongo. The mugove rwokunze rutsigiro maoko inotaurwa nhete unobva goko - periosteum.

pfupa kukura

Mapfupa evanhu marangwanda sipidhi uye nokukurumidza zvachose akamira kukura kwayo. Vakadzi, zvinoitika makore 20, vanhu - pamafupa 25 vachikura upamhi nokuda weboka yomukati rukoko yacho periosteum masero. Pavanenge vachikura pakureba. Uduku inowedzera nokuda shwashwa, izvo riri pakati mapfupa muviri wayo kumugumo.

Sezvo Mapfupa chokuita mumwe?

All mapfupa marangwanda kwevanhu nekutaurirana. Kusiyanisa kuramba (wakaiswa uye Semi-mhanya) uye discontinuous kubatana. On nyaya yokutanga, kana dehenya uye chiuno Mapfupa dzakabatana mumwe. Chinorehwa munhu wakaiswa kubatana. Between mapfupa ari mutete paiva connective zvinyama, kana shwashwa. Vamwe yeimwe, Somuenzaniso, dehenya akadana kuenzana vazvo. A kunyatsoenderana kunzwisisa sei mapfupa vari kubatanidzwa mumwe, batsira mifananidzo. Marangwanda, mapfupa marangwanda, kuti dehenya - zvose kubatana nzira zvinoratidzwa pachena zvikuru izvi manhamba munyaya.

Semi-kutamira remubatanidzwa dzakabatanidzwa mumwe mapfupa nomuzongoza, hudyu uye tibia. A duku gwenya basa yeimwe izvi vanopa cartilaginous semiring. Vanoumba hwaro marangwanda ari nomuzongoza, dehenya, hunde, okumusoro kuviri, asi vachifambira gare gare.

Mobile kubatana mapfupa - nayo mapfundo. Ndakanzwa wavo mumwe. Somuenzaniso, vagari pakati femur uye chiuno kuti muchimiro hinji. Saka zita pavo. chimiro ichi kunoita vagari vatamire pfupa neshure, zvichiita kutamira kumativi, uye tenderera kumativi ayo akabatana.

The majoini uyewo vari elliptical, Chigaro, trochlear uye sandara chimiro. Mune dzimwe mhando zvichibvira inofamba chete pamwe chete akabatana (uniaxial majoini), vamwe - akapoteredza 2 namasanhu (biaxial) etc. The vagari unonzi "nyore" kana chakaumbwa mapfupa maviri, uye "kunzwisisa" - kana matatu kana kupfuura.

Kubatana skeletal tishu

The marangwanda rinoumbwa mapfupa uye shwashwa. Ivowo, vari aumba kubva masero uye intercellular batana fuma. In zvachose pfupa uye shwashwa chivako, mavambo uye ushande. First yakatanga kare, akadai mapfupa ari dehenya nechigadziko, musana, yakaderera maoko nemakumbo, etc. Vamwe mapfupa kuva pasina shwashwa -. It clavicle, mandible, uye vamwe.

Muvanhu, neerekitironi vamwe vertebrates cartilaginous marangwanda anenge 50% zvachose muviri uremu. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma vanotanga pfupa, uye munhu mukuru vakawanda kwakadaro chete anenge 2% zvachose muviri uremu. Cartilages mhino uye nzeve, principales uye mbabvu, intervertebral discs, articular shwashwa, tracheal shwashwa hafu-mhete vanoumba hwaro marangwanda, nekuti pasina kwavari hazvibviri kupedza oparesheni yose yevanhu seboka.

Shwashwa kuita zvinotevera mabasa:

1. Kufukidza penyika unobva mapfupa, achivaita zvakawanda nemishonga kupfeka.
2. Takura cushioning uye inofamba kuchinjirwa compression uye kuwedzera mapfundo intervertebral discs.
3. Ndinoumba Airways uye chokunze nzeve.
4. Ivo vakasungira nemarunda, tsandanyama nemarunda.

axial marangwanda

All mapfupa vari rakakamurwa axial uye imwe marangwanda. Wokutanga ine:

1. Skull - bvupa musoro yevanhu, izvo dzimba uropi, nhengo nekunzwa, kuona, kunhuwidza. Skull kuchibva chiso uye pfungwa dhipatimendi.
2. Thorax - zamu pfupa zvigadziko rinoumbwa gumi thoracal vertebrae 12 yegwara mbabvu uye sternum.
3. The vertebral mbiru, kana musana - hwaro marangwanda. Uyewo, zviri kunzi ikure yose yomuviri. musana huri vertebral mbiru.

ekisitenjeni marangwanda

Secondary marangwanda ine zvikamu zviviri:

1. Mabhandi okumusoro nemakumbo, izvo zvinoita kuda okumusoro zvikamu rutsigiro, inova skeletal framework. mapazi ichi une reza uye bondo. Upper Mbabvu dzine 3 zvikamu: fudzi, honokono uye ruoko.
2. Mabhandi repasi wamativi, chinopa kubatana kuti axial marangwanda, uye anoshumira kutsigira uye usaisa mamwe mumudziyo Urinary, zvomudumbu uye dzokubereka nehurongwa. Zvinonzi aumba kubva pelvic, ischium, pubis. Lower muzvidimbu chinosanganisira hudyu, femoral, patella, tibia, uye nezvimwe rutsoka.

Nyaya Iri pfupi chaizvo, asi rinokosha zvikuru kutsanangura nemamiriro womunhu marangwanda. Uyu mubvunzo wakaoma chaizvo kuongorora zvizere, unofanira kudzidza dzokurapa mabhuku.