I akazarura Athanasius Nikitin? "Journey Beyond Matatu Seas" Afanasiya Nikitina

Zvirokwazvo iwe vaida chaizvo kuziva chii akazarura Athanasius Nikitin. Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, uchadzidza kwayakanga akashanyira mumwe mufambi kukuru. Makore oupenyu Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). Akanga akaberekerwa Tver, mwanakomana Nikita, mumwe murimi mudiki, saka Nikitin - a patronymic uye kwete zita mufambi. Ruzhinji vanhuwo zvavo panguva hapana mazita okupedzisira.

Chete zvishoma aizivikanwa Vanyori Biography ake. Hakuna mashoko akavimbika pamusoro hwake uye uduku yacho mufambi. Zvinozivikanwa chete kuti akava mutengesi pane zvakarurama mudiki uye akaenda Crimea, kuti Byzantium, Lithuania uye dzimwe nyika bhizimisi. Vaiva mabhizimisi vakabudirira zvikuru Athanasius akadzokera norugare kubva mhiri kwemakungwa zvinhu pamba.

Pasi riri shongwe pakati Afanasy Nikitin, iri Tver.

Muna 1468 Athanasius atanga pakundopambara, panguva iyo akashanyira East, Africa, India uye Persia. rwendo urwu chinorondedzerwa mubhuku rinonzi "Rwendo Beyond Matatu Seas" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin akaenda Baku kuburikidza Persia, ipapo kukwira nomumakomo, ndakaenda mberi kumaodzanyemba. Haana akakurumidza rwendo rwavo, kumbomira kwenguva yakareba mumisha uye kudzidza mutauro womunzvimbo, uyewo vari mubasa kutengeserana. Athanasius akasvika muchirimo 1449 muna Hormuz - guta guru raiva panguva mharadzano dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana: kubva kuIndia, China, Asia Minor uye Ijipiti.

MuRussia, zvakanga nechakare zvibereko Hormuz. Kunyanya, yakakurumbira parera rimwe Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, achiziva kuti mune muguta Indian aina mabhiza, vakasarudza kuita raaiita guta rino. Akatenga munhu Arab stallion uye chikepe patariro Kutengesa izvozvo zvinobatsira kuIndia. Athanasius akaenda kuguta Chaul. Saka akaramba Russian kuwanikwa India. Athanasius Nikitin akanga ava pano nemugungwa.

Pakutanga pamusoro India

Zvakatora mavhiki matanhatu Diving. A simba mupfungwa mushambadzi aita India. Mufambi, kwete kukanganwa basa, akafarirawo ethnographic tsvakurudzo. Iye wakanyorwa zvizere endangariro avo zvavakaona. Mune zvaakanyora, India rinotaura nyika yakanaka hazvina kudaro, sapamazuva Russia. Athanasius akanyora kuti vose vanhu pano kuenda mushwi uye dema. Ake kushamiswa kuti kunyange yevarombo vagari vanopfeka zvishongo zvegoridhe. Nikitin pachake, nenzira, uyewo mwoyo maIndia. Kashoma veko zvamboita kuona vanhu chena. Nikitin akanga asingakwanisi Chawla anobatsira kutengesa bhiza rake. Akaenda zvakadzama kunyika wakati ari mutaundi duku, riri okumusoro kunosvika kuna Sina, uye ipapo Dzhunnare.

Zvaakanyora Athanasius Nikitin?

Athanasius Nikitin akacherechedza mhuri mashoko, ichirondedzera zvisakamboonekwa uye tsika dzomunharaunda chake yokufamba manotsi. Yaiva tsananguro wokutanga rinenge riri Indian nzira youpenyu, kwete chete nokuda Russia asiwo Europe. Athanasius akanyora nezvavainazvo zvokudya mombe chii zvokudya veko kudya, chii zvigadzirwa tengesa, sei kuigadzira ivo. Ivo mukugadzira muitiro kunyange doro rinodhaka akarondedzerwa, uyewo tsika Madzimai epamusha mumisha kuIndia kurara chete pamubhedha vaenzi.

Nyaya kwakaitika munhare Dzhunnar

Nhare Dzhunnar mufambi akatambura kwete dzavo. Local Khan akatora stallion Athanasius, paakaziva kuti mushanyi kubva kuRussia, kwete basurmanin uye muHedheni akaisa ezvinhu: zvimwe anogamuchira Islam, uye kwete chete haana kudzokera bhiza rake, asi achaparadzwa muuranda Khan. Mazuva mana yakapiwa vachifungisisa. mukana chete akaponesa Russian mufambi. Akasangana Mohammed, mutana shamwari uyo vouched omutorwa pamberi Khan.

Nikitin adzidza kwemwedzi miviri kuti aakapedza ari Dzhunnare, kurima kwevanhu. Akacherechedza kuti kuIndia, kudyara uye kurima gorosi, pizi mupunga munguva yokunaya. Rinorondedzerawo vemo wineries. Makokonati kushandiswa mairi sechinhu mbishi zvinhu.

Sezvo Athanasius akatengesa bhiza

Athanasius akashanya pashure Dzhunnara guta Alland. Paiva guru zvakanaka. Nomushambadzi aida kutengesa bhiza muArabhia, asi izvozvo vakakundikana zvakare. Uye pasina pake zvakanaka yaiva yakawanda mabhiza zvakanaka.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu muna 1471 chete vakakwanisa kutengesa nayo, uye kuti pasina kubatsira, kana kunyange kurasikirwa. Zvino muguta Bīdar, apo vasvika, vakamirira yokunaya mune dzimwe yawo. Iye AKAMBOMIRA kwenguva refu nguva pano, akaita shamwari vomunzvimbo. Athanasius akaudza vagari nezvokutenda kwavo uye pasi. MaIndia akaudzawo zvakawanda pamusoro mhuri yakarongeka dzavo, minyengetero uye tsika. Nikitina dzakawanda dzakarekodwa vakazvitsaurira kuna nyaya chitendero veko.

Parvat muzvinyorwa Nikitin raMwari

Next, I akavhura Athanasius Nikitin raiva guta dzvene Parvati. Akasvika pano musi Krishna Beach muna 1472. guta rino vaiva vakatendeka kubva zvose pamusoro India kuMutambo wegore, iyo chakatsaurirwa kuna mwari Shiva. Nikitin munyaya dhayari yake kuti ane nzvimbo zvakaenzana kukosha nokuda Indian Brahmins, kufanana Jerusarema kuvaKristu.

Uyezve kufamba Afanasy Nikitin

Imwe gore nehafu achipfuura India Mushambadzi achiedza kuchinjanisa uye kudzidza tsika dzomunharaunda. Asi mabhizimisi (kureva, nei Athanasius Nikitin vakafamba makungwa matatu) akatadza. Akakodzera ekisipoti kuRussia nhumbi kubva kuIndia, haana kuwanikwa.

Afanasii Nikitin akashanya munzira shure Africa (East Coast). MuItiopiya nyika, maererano diaries, iye akapotsa wakapukunyuka ugororo. Mufambi Vakasunungurwa chingwa uye mupunga kubva makororo.

dzokera

Afanasiya Nikitina rwendo zvakaramba chokwadi kuti akadzokera Ormuz uye kuenda kuchamhembe kuburikidza Iran, apo panguva iyoyo vakanga vachirwa. Athanasius akapfuura Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan uye waiva Trabzon, Turkish guta, riri pamhenderekedzo yokumaodzanyemba kweGungwa Dema. Dzokai aiita pedyo, asi zvinhu zvachinja kubva Nikitin. Turkish zviremera vakamusunga, sezvo akanga akarasika kuti Iranian shora. Saka Athanasius Nikitin, kuRussia mushambadzi uye mufambi, akanga kunyimwa zvose zvaanazvo. All wakasara kwaari - dhayari ake.

Athanasius akatora mari mberi Chamba. Aida kusvika Feodosia, kwaaida kusangana vatengesi Russian uye kubhadhara zvikwereti navo. In Kafu (Feodosiya), zvinogona chete kusvikwa muna 1474, mumatsutso. Nikitin akapedza chando pano, nekuzadzisa manotsi uri parwendo. Muchirimo akasarudza kudzokera Russia iri Dnieper River muna Tver. Izvi rinogumisa rwendo India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Death Afanasiya Nikitina

Asi aidzokera kwete mufambi: akafa muna Smolensk muna kujeka ezvinhu. Zvichida makore akawanda uye kutsvakatsvaka vasanyanya Athanasius utano. Satellites nayo Moscow vatengesi, akauya kuna Moscow uye akapa chinyorwa chake yavo Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan mubatsiri III. Entries vakazopiwa mune nemabhuku emabasa 1480.

Vakanga zvakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi19 Karamzin uye akabudiswa pasi yemunyori zita muna 1817. Anotaurwa musoro basa iri mumakungwa matatu - reCaspian, Sea Black uye Indian Ocean.

I akazarura Athanasius Nikitin?

Asati asvika vokuEurope kuIndia munyika kwakaratidza kuti kuva mutengesi Russian. Gungwa nzira yakavhurwa pano Vasco da Gama, munhu Portuguese mushambadzi, makumi emakore mashomanana gare gare.

Kunyange zvazvo kutengesa chipfuro haana kubudirira, mugumisiro yaiva tsanangudzo rwendo India rokutanga. In Russia yekare pamberi zvazikamwa chete ngano uye mamwe mabhuku. Munhu rechi15 akakwanisa kuona nyika ino nemaziso avo uye tarenda kuudza uyu. Akanyora pamusoro zvematongerwo enyika, chitendero, zvokutengeserana, mhuka zvekumwe (nzou, nyoka, tsoko), tsika dzomunharaunda, uye akanyorwa zvimwe kunozivikanwa.

Nikitin akatsanangurawo kuti Nzvimbo uye guta chaakatadza mukasaatarira; asi izvo akaudzwa maIndia. Iye anotaura chidimbu chitsuwa kuCeylon, Calcutta, Indochina, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga asingazvizivi Russian. Saka chii wakazarura Athanasius Nikitin, yaikosha chaizvo. Achingwarira dzakaunganidza mashoko ikozvino achititadzisa kutonga geopolitical uye uto zvinotarisirwa vatongi India panguva iyoyo, wehondo yavo.

"Journey Beyond Matatu Seas" Afanasiya Nikitina - wokutanga rugwaro nemarudzi adzo munhoroondo mabhuku Russian. Anyore yakasiyana ruzha achiposa kuti mufambi haritsananguri chete nzvimbo tsvene, semapilgrim pamberi pake. Not siyana zvinhu chitendero chechiKristu vanowira munda wake nechaanoona, uye vanhu nedzimwe dzidziso uye nzira youpenyu. Notes isina kuzvikoshesa kusenza uye chirango pane zvikuru zvinokosha.