Jean-Zhak Russo: inokosha pfungwa. Jean-Zhak Russo: Biography, akatorwa

Jean-Zhak Russo mumwe wevaya vazivi vachange refu kuti gakava. Kana ndezvenguva renyeredzi wokunzi vanofunga Kujekerwa , kana, nekusiyana, ayo rwechisikirwo vatsoropodzi? Akanga achigadzirira pasi kuti French Revolution, kana akaita zvose kuti hazviitiki? A yakawanda biographers akaputsa pfumo, kuvabvunzeiko ndiani uyu aiva Jean-Zhak Russo. Pfungwa chikuru muzivi ichi, kuva kuzvikoro naturalism uye sensualism vaviri, tichakurukura munyaya ino. Pashure pezvose, murume akaziva kuti mberi anofanira kunotoreva nenhamo despotism unotanga disenfranchisement yacho ruzhinji. Mumamiriro ezvinhu umo vanhu vakawanda vanogara pasi urombo mutsetse anenge, iye aikoshesa pfungwa pose akaenzana.

Maonero Jean-Jacques Rousseau: chii chiri pa kwavo moyo

The chikuru vavariro pfungwa muzivi zvinodiwa kurega mamiriro nzanga iyo zviri ikozvino. Ndizvo ezvinhu zvavo uori. Kuvhenekerwa nevamwe vake vakaita nharo kuti zvingava ukoshi chete zvakanaka kudzidzisa machinda uye vatongi. Uyewo pokugadzwa zvokuvhoterwa, apo vose vanogamuchira upfumi vakaenzana uye kodzero enyika. Rousseau aidavira kuti huru nhungamiro kodzero nzanga iri kurudyi tsika mafungiro. Vazivi vanoti "mumwe munhu akanaka," kana kuti "private kuda zvose kunoenderana zvavo kuda." Morale aiva chiyero chikuru zvose kwaari. Saka, aitenda kuti pasina kunaka hapana rusununguko chairwo haako. Asi upenyu hwake rakaita zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba ake uzivi yose.

Biography. Youth uye mangwanani basa

Jean-Zhak Russo, pfungwa huru zvatiri kuongorora, akaberekwa kuGeneva uye yezvavanotenda sezvo mwana aiva nechaCalvin. mai vake vakafa yokusununguka uye baba vake vakatiza muguta, sezvo akamboitirwa tsotsi kusunga. Kubvira achiri mudiki akanga apprenticed, asi kana gweta kana wamabwe, iyo anotonga ramangwana muzivi, haana kufanana naye. Chokwadi kuti akasarudza kuverenga mabhuku rinonyatsotevedza, uye kwete kushanda. Aiwanzogara kurangwa, uye akasarudza kumhanya. Akasvika kunyika pedyo nzvimbo - savoy, akanga Catholic. Ikoko, pasina kunobatanidza Mai De Varan - ake anorichengeta wokutanga, akava Catholic. Saka akatanga achirwadziwa rejaya anofunga. It anoshanda lackey mumhuri imwe revatongi, asi havana kubata ipapo uye anodzokera Madame of Warens. Narwo anoenda kudzidza pane zvechitendero, vanorasira makore ake maviri vachidzungaira kuburikidza France, kazhinji akarara pakachena mhepo, uye unodzokera ekare rudo rwake. Kunyange kuvapo imwe admire "amai" Hazvisi kunetsa naye. Kwemakore anoverengeka, Jean-Zhak Russo, ane Biography iri achiri muduku aiva akasiyana ake maonero akazotevera, ipapo kunze, zvino shure kuna Madame of Warens uye anogara naye muParis, Chambery uye dzimwe nzvimbo.

shwiro

Ramba kwenguva refu ari protégé Kukwegura Vakadzi Rousseau pakupedzisira akawana zvisingaiti. Akanga achiedza kuita, asi zvakanga kubudirira. Akanga asingakwanisi kudzidzisa chero vana, kana kushanda pashure Secretary. With ose vashandirwi aiva nematambudziko. Misanthropy chinopinda zvishoma nezvishoma vachipinda hunhu murume uyu. With vanhu haina wekuita. Nature - kuti anotanga ruchiri kukangaidza vanoda oga akadai Jean-Zhak Russo. Biography of nomuzivi pakarepo chinoita unopinza Iyewo - akaroora musikana kushumira mumwe mumahotera. Zvakanga zvakaoma, anonyadzisira mukadzi, uyo haana rudo, asi iye akadyiswa. vana vake vose akapa pokugara, vachiti pashure kuti mari mhuri haana. Akaramba kutsvaka mabasa siyana pfupi mwero uye pano, sezvo munyori, akapinda Society of Encyclopedists, vakanga vachienda kumusha. Mumwe weshamwari dzake rokutanga raiva Denis Diderot. The yokupedzisira inowanzonzi pasi kutambudzwa nokuda enyika maonero. Rimwe zuva, apo Jean-Jacques akaenda kundoshanyira Diderot mujeri, akarava pepanhau AD nokuda kukwikwidzana mubayiro nokuda zvakanaka basa panhau, kupa kubatsira nzanga sayenzi uye nounyanzvi. The jaya akanyora rondedzero pokufumura tsika uye budiriro. Sezvineiwo, yakanga nzvimbo yokutanga akagamuchira Jean-Zhak Russo. Pfungwa huru uzivi wake wakaratidzwa mundima. Saka vakatanga upenyu hwake somunhu anofunga.

kubwinya

Sezvo Rousseau akararama chinopenya makore gumi. Akanyora mumhanzi uye operetta, izvo kupfeka youmambo pachikuva. Zvakanga mufashoni mune munzanga. Uye nekuti pfungwa huru yaro yakanga kurambwa wepanguva tsika, akasiya nheyo mupfumi uye yakabudirira upenyu, akatanga kupfeka nyore (uye kunyange unhu) uye vakatanga anonyadzisira uye kunogumbura dzevakurukuri vavo kumadhindindi-vairemekedzwa. Iye akawana mupenyu kungatonziwo manotsi. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu Vakadzi kugeza naye zvipo, vose zvipo vakakanganisa mudzimai wake makaro. Nokukurumidza muzivi akanyora rimwe basa, razova dzakakurumbira. pfungwa Political pamusoro Jean-Jacques Rousseau, akazviratidza kokutanga mubasa iri. Kuvabvunzeiko sei paiva kusaruramisira, anofunga yakaitirwa kuti zvose kuti anomira mwoyo nzanga dzemazuva ano - hurumende, mitemo, weboka basa - izvi zvose zvakaita kuti kuderedza morale. Mumwe tsenitelnits Rousseau, Madame d'Epinay, yakavakwa kwaari munhaka yavo chaiyo "Hermitage" mumasango, apo muzivi aigona zvorudzi kufungisisa ari oga. Zvisinei, pashure kune akatadza dzorudo ane wechiduku akaroora aristocrat, izvo zvakazoita kuti chinyadzo pakati Enitsklopedistov, Rousseau akaputsa neshamwari.

matambudziko

Muzivi anowana utiziro pamwe Duke pamusoro Luxembourg, kwaanogara kwemamwe makore mana uye vakanyora mabasa mazhinji. Mumwe wavo kunounza pamusoro pake kutsamwa Church, uye akatiza kubva adjudication of Paris paramende. Akavanda nomutauro wake Switzerland, akaona kuti, zvakare, haisi kugamuchira pano - nehurumende Canton pakati Berna anodzinga muzivi. New pokugara anomupa Mambo Prussia - vachiri makore matatu Rousseau akabata mumusha Moutier. Asi zvino feisty hunhu anomuita muchikakavadzana zvose akapoteredza vagari. Kuedza kutanga upenyu hutsva, ikadzoka Geneva uye anogamuchira Calvinism, asiwo vamiririri zvitendero havagoni kurarama murunyararo, uye akatanga kupopotedzana navo. The apogee zvinetso izvi aiva kunetsana nomumwe "mutongi pfungwa" iyoyo - Voltaire, uyo aigara pedyo Geneva, muna Ferney wemunda. Bhendesera aikwikwidza kushandisa mapepa chinopukunyuka Jean-Jacques pamusoro Motier uye Rousseau kupukunyuka kuEngland. Iye anogamuchira kukokwa mumwe muzivi, Hume. Asi naye hazvibviri kuwirirana, uye pashure penguva mutsva shamwari inozivisa Rousseau kupenga.

Kutsvakatsvaka uye rufu

Muzivi akadzokera Paris, akadzungaira zvakare, vanopotera ndiye shamwari imwe, ipapo mumwe. Voltaire anotanga kubudisa mapepa chii upenyu inotyisa akagara murume ainzi Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Uzivi nezviito ichi "unyengeri" regai uwirirane mumwe, anoti mupikisi. Mukupindura, Rousseau akanyora akakurumbira "Confession", kuedza kuzviruramisa ake kare uye chipo. Asi kurwara kwake chepfungwa mberi. utano hwake hwakanga husisina kutsarukana nokukurumidza, uye nokukurumidza, maererano imwe shanduro, panguva konzati kupiwa rukudzo, muzivi anofa pakarepo. guva rake pachitsuwa Evha rava nzvimbo outorwa kuti mafeni pakati anofunga vaitenda kuti Rousseau kubatwa vakawira mumagariro chokudzingwa.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Uzivi nokuedza

Sezvambotaurwa, mabasa Munhu anofunga rokutanga zvave zvemakwikwi, "pfungwa" pamusoro unyanzvi, sayenzi, uye mabviro kusaruramisira. Zvadaro, iye akanyora mabasa akadai "The Social Contract", "Emile, nekunzwisisa Education" uye "The New Heloise." Vamwe mabasa ake akanyorwa muchimiro essays, uye vamwe sezvo enganonyorwa. Zviri kwazvo inozivikanwa azvino Jean-Zhak Russo. The chikuru Pfungwa kufumura yebudiriro uye tsika nemagariro, kubva izvo kumhanya, vakanyorwa naye achiri muduku, akawana ayo dzinongoitika kuenderera. Chinhu chikuru munhu, sezvo ndakafunga muzivi, haisi pfungwa uye nepfungwa. Basic mupfungwa nokuti vanofanira kuziva hana uye shasha tsika venyama. Kusiyana nepfungwa, havanyori zvikanganiso, kunyange kazhinji asinganzwisiswi. Renaissance, izvo zvose yemura, kwaita kuti kuderera uku vanhu nokuda sainzi, makanaka uye kukura indasitiri, yakatanga panguva, zvakaita kuti Kupfururira vanobva mumwe uye chitarisiko chakagadzirwa zvinodiwa. Basa muzivi - kamwe zvakare kuti munhu mumwe uye saka kufara.

nhoroondo maonero

Asi Renaissance dzaro nokubudirira Unoshorwa Jean-Zhak Russo kwete chete. Dzidziso evanhu chibvumirano nderimwe yayo inokosha mhedziso kwouzivi. Vachitsoropodza pfungwa ake panguva enyika, zviri zvinopesana nevakawanda panguva Hobbes. Munguva prehistoric yaitonga, maererano Rousseau, pakanga pasina "hondo dzose pamusoro zvose," uye ndiye chaiye "yendarama zera". Modern vanhu zvakare vawira rinotanga chitarisiko private pfuma - mangoti mumwe munhu staked kunze nzvimbo uye akati: "Izvi ndizvo - yangu" - akanyangarika sevana nepakuchena vanhu. Zvechokwadi, hazvibviri kuti adzorere nesayenzi, asi inogona kunetesa mberi sezvo vakadaro. Kuti aite kudaro, kupinda pasocial kondirakiti uye kuumba zimbabwe zvakaenzana varidzi duku. Chero nyaya haringapiwi akasarudza ikoko kuparadzana masimba, uye muna nemareferenda.

Chii chinofanira kuva munhu

Vazhinji akanyora Jean-Zhak Russo kurera. Man, pakutanga kwezvose, vanofanira kuva dzinongoitika munhu, nokuti zvose zvayo zvinokosha mafungiro nemano zvinokonzerwa zvisikwa. Nokuti manzwiro, sezvataona - ndicho chinhu chikuru vanhu, uye izvozvo zvinofanira kuva navo. Extra mashoko chete vhiri, uye kwete kukudza. Pari, kuzviremekedza kwevanhu kunobva pamwoyo, kwete kubva mupfungwa. Vanhu vanoedza kwete kuteerera inzwi hana, uye ichi ndicho - yokudanwa chisikigo pachacho. In kuvavarira yebudiriro, murume akakanganwa nezvazvo uye matsi. Saka, anofanira kudzokera yakanaka hunomiririrwa nzira "anokudzwa tyisa", akatumwa pfungwa zvakananga, uye kwete kuputswa zvisingakoshi yaanoti chakagadzirwa nokuzvibata.

Kujekerwa uye dzidzo

Maonero muzivi rizere kuzvipokanidza. Kurwisa tsika uye nesayenzi, Rousseau Zvisinei, agara ainakidzwa michero uye dzidzo womunhu vakaziva kudiwa kwavari undoubted dhigirii. Aidavira, kufanana vakawanda vomunguva yake, kuti kana vatongi vachateerera vazivi, ipapo vanhu hunowedzera akakwana. Asi ichi hachisi chete kupikisana, waiva yo nevafungi akadai Jean-Zhak Russo. pfungwa Pedagogical pakati muzivi tariro pamusoro dzidzo, raakanga vanoshorwa. Kuti anogona kuita kuti tikwanise kumutsa vagari basa, uye pasina izvozvo, uye vatongi, uye pasi inongova varanda uye varevi venhema. Asi zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti uduku murume - ndiwo nezvetsaona yake yakarasika muparadhiso yegoridhe zera, uye edza kutora napo zvakasikwa.

Kunaka - hwaro zvose

Kunyange zvazvo muuzivi upenyu haana kuenderana maonero ake, netsika inoita basa rinokosha mune mabasa ake. Manzwiro uye tsitsi, mukuona munhu anofunga, ndivo chikuru mujinga unhu, uye yokupedzisira ndiyo hwaro murume uye vanhu. Saka akafunga Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Muzivi mashoko pamusoro zvetsika, hunhu uye chitendero akafanana chaizvo. Uye nesimba, uye kutenda kunofanira akaisa nechisikirwo, akati. Chete ipapo vanhu vachava vakakwana apo pakati nyika munhu womukati, ake mutsika, mupfungwa uye musoro zvinoriumba kunokwanisika zvinoenderana zvido nhengo vose munzanga. Naizvozvo, vanhu vanofanira kukunda kwavo netsika Kupfururira nemumwe uye kwete kufanana vezvematongerwo enyika vari "mamwe akafanana kwete nechisimba mapere ... vaKristu ... vanoda vawanezve vavengi vavo munzira yechokwadi."

Rousseau kuti simba pamusoro wake uye zvinotevera emakore zvakanga chisingarambiki. pfungwa dzake pamusoro kushorwa udyire uye simba, kururamisira, uye nokunyengera mitemo dzenhema makaro varidzi uye nepakuchena varombo, uyewo hope kudzokera hunhu, vakanga vakanonga nenzira Romantics, varwi kuti kugadzirisa hurongwa uye magariro nekodzero, vaitsvaka yokubatana uye Fraternity.