Kadi - Spiritual Vatongi veMuslim

Mutongi wevaMuslim, anoita mutongo maererano naSharia, anonzi kadi. MuMiddle Ages, munhu ane chigaro ichi, akatarisira nherera, akagadzwa nevarindi, akasimudza nyanzvi, uye akacherechedza kutongerwa kwemitongo yaive ichinzi mune zvematongerwo enyika nemhosva.

Vatongi vezveMweya vevaMuslim vakasiyiwa mabasa avo muzana remakore gumi nemapfumbamwe nekutanga remakore makumi maviri. Izvi zvakaitika maererano nekutungamirirwa kwedare idzva renyika. Basa redhidhi rakagadziriswa kugadzirisa kukakavadzana pamusoro pechitendero, mhuri uye dzimwe nguva mutemo.

Vatongi veMweya vevaMuslim veEgypt, Turkey neTunisia vakaparadzwa maererano nekudzingwa kwenyaya ye Shariah.

Islam yakatanga

Munguva iyi, hurongwa hwehutano hwekutongwa kwepamutemo husati hwagadzirwa. Zvinyorwa zvose zvakaitwa muzita ra Allah. Mukuita, nharo dzose dzakabvunzwa naM Mohammed. Akanga ari oga mutongi wemweya wevaMuslim. Muporofita haana kuzviisa kune zvigaro zvaifanira kuita mabasa ekutonga. Muhammadi pachake aifunga nharo dzose dzakasimuka zvose pakati pevaMuslim uye pakati pavo nevanhu vekutenda kwakasiyana.

Rakarurama Califi (632-661 gg.) Yakatsigirwa pamusoro pemhinduro yekukakavadzana pamusoro peKoran. Nokudaro, ruramisiro yakaramba ichinge isisina kuchinja kukuru. Muchiitiko apo maonero eMuporofita nevatungamiri vake pane imwe nharo yakanga isiri iyo, maCalifi akapa shamwari dzavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, mitemo mitsva yakaumbwa.

VaKalifi vakatonga nzvimbo yepamusoro mutongi. Panguva imwecheteyo, dzakawanda dzezviitiko pamusana pavo dzaiongororwa nehurumende. Uye ivo, ivowo, vakagovera mabasa ekutonga kune vamiririri vega vevafundisi, avo vaiva nesimba guru remitemo yeIslami. Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu ava vakatanga kutungamira bhizimisi. Saka vatongi veMweya vakaonekwa pakati pevaMuslim - Qadi.

Ruramisiro yeAbbasid

Mune makore 750-1258. Muchi Caliphate, nzvimbo yekhadi-al-kutata yakakosha zvikuru. Uyu mutongi mukuru aiva nemabasa anokosha. Vatongi veMweya kubva kuvaMuslim vakasarudzwa navo. The Supreme Kadi yairongawo mabasa avo. Akaongorora avo vaipinda kuti vawane ruzivo rwemitemo yeIslami vasati vafunga nezvekushanda.

Panguva iyoyo, vatongi vakanga vasina michina yekushanda inobudirira. Izvo zvakatsigirwa nemvumo ya gavhuna uye shurta (mapurisa). Kana iyo caliph yechisarudzo che qadhi chisingazivikanwi, ipapo mutongi aifanira kusiya. Kazhinji paiva nemamiriro ezvinhu apo qadhi yakanga isingagoni kurwisa kuvhiringidzwa kwevakuru vakuru. Uye vazhinji vakazonyengetera kuna Kalifi. Mutongi wacho akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kupa basa iri kune vatongi vakasarudzwa. Saka paiva ne "Independent Complaints" yakasununguka.

Ndiani aiva nekodzero yekuve qadhi

Vatongi veMweya vakasarudzwa kubva kuhuwandu hwevakuru vechiMuslim vakanga vasunungurwa kubva muuranda, vakanaka, vakangwara uye vakanga vasina hurema hwepanyama. Kadi yakanyatsoteerera tsika nechitendero zvinyorwa zveIslam. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakange vane ruzivo rwakakwirira rwemaArabic. Kadi yakagamuchira kubva ku Caliph diploma, iyo yakaziviswa mumasikiti enyika yake.

Zvinotarisirwa

Vatongi vezveMweya vakanga vafamba-famba mitemo yemhosva. Pakutanga, vaibvumirwa kutarisa kukakavadzana kwemhuri uye zvepamberi. Nekufamba kwemazuva, mitoro yakapiwa yakawedzerwa zvikuru. Kadi akatanga kutarisana nharo dzemarudzi ose. Zvinogona kuva kudzivirirwa kwezita uye izvo zvinodikanwa kune vane chikwereti vasina kutendeseka, tsanangudzo yemhosva yakabatana neupambi uye kuba, upombwe, nezvimwe. Kukwanisa kwekadhi kwaisanganisira kugadzirisa kwemibvunzo yekutenda. Vakarinda nheyo dzaro, vakataura kutanga kweRamadan, vakagadza imams uye muftis yemusikiti. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutongi wezvokunamata akatarisira kusarudzwa kwezvisarudzo zvake, akagadzirisa zvose zvewanano uye kurambana, uye akatarisa majeri.

Chii chakarambidzwa ne qadhi?

Mutongi weMweya wevaMuslim haana kodzero yekugamuchira zvipo kubva kuvanhu. Kana izvi zvikaitika, saka aifanira kuisa mumaoko avo kune imwe pfuma. Zvakanga zvarambidzwa kuti kadi iyo iongorore nyaya yaifunga iye kana hama dzake zvakananga. Akange asingabvumirwi kutungamirira muedzo kana akange achinjeka nenzara kana kurwara, kurara kana kusuruvara, kupisa kana kutonhora.

Sources yemutemo

Mukufungisisa kwenyaya yacho, iyo kadi yakamanikidzwa kutevera bhuku reMuslim - chiKoran, iyo Ndinoparidza uye kutaura kwaMuhammad. Kana pasina zvakataurwa pamusoro pechisarudzo cheimwe nyaya, ipapo Qadhi yakatora Sunnah. Bhuku iyi isangano yezvitsvene zvitsvene zvinotaura nezvehupenyu uye mufambiro weMuporofita. Kana pasina mhinduro uye mairi, mutongi aifanira kutendeukira kunzvimbo dzaive dzakagadzirwa muzvikoro zvepamutemo.

Nyaya yacho yaigara ichinzwa pamberi pezvikamu zviviri. Panguva imwe chete iyo kadi yakamanikidzwa kusangana zvakaenzana, uyewo kugadza avo vaitungamirira nyaya yacho. Izvo chete shure kweizvozvo, muchengeti akadaro kudai. Mushure mekuteerera, qadhi yakabvunza muteereri kuti abvume kugona kwezvirevo. Zvakaitika, ipapo bhizimisi rakamira. Nyaya yacho yakakonzerwa nemusununguko zvakare munharaunda yaaizogona kupa uchapupu. Kana zvisina kudaro, mumiririri anofanira kunge akapika mukururama kwake.