Kirasi Nezvipembenene: mienzaniso, mifananidzo, zvinhu

Zvipembenene, mienzaniso uye maitiro yatiri fungidzira - chikuru boka rezvisikwa zvose kuti agare pasi redu. It unotora 80% of uwandu mhuka mhuka. Vanopfuura miriyoni imwe marudzi ane boka yakadai nezvipembenene. Mienzaniso nesayenzi - kwete zvose mhando kuripo zvakasikwa. Zvichida kupfuura asi kuti pachena. Akatsanangura yakawanda Zvisaririra uye hwakawanda huripo chinyakare siyana kugadzirisa shanduka ano 29 zviyero, izvo rakakamurwa nezvipembenene. Mienzaniso pakubhadhara ano chichakurukurwa munyaya ino. zvisaririra Most runobva kuna Lower Carboniferous (Makore mamiriyoni 345. kare). Panguva iyi yakakura masango marshy kare inogarwa mapapiro nezvipembenene.

ubiquitous mhuka

Kunyange segungwa mhenyu nezvipembenene. Zvisinei, mienzaniso mifananidzo iyi, vashoma. Vamwe vavo kuramba pamusoro pemvura, apo vamwe vanowanikwa intertidal mapazi, uye imwe mhando kunyange anogara nemuGungwa. Asi pose rakapinda dzimwe mhuka dzose, achazviratidza ikoko uye nezvipembenene - kana somunhu akasununguka-chimiro kana sezvo tupukanana dzimwe zvipenyu. Tupukanana Ichokwadi - chikuru muchimiro upenyu kubva kweArctic kusvikira neequator. Vamwe vavo vanogara pasi chando uye chando, vamwe - murenje, uye vamwe - mune munyu madhamu uye zvitubu zvemvura inopisa. zvipembenene nyika iri siyana chaizvo. Nechokumaodzanyemba California, pane kunyange nhunzi (Psilopa petrolei), uyo anopedzera nguva yake youpenyu puddles mafuta. Chimwe chikuru zvikonzero kubudirira nezvipembenene - zvavo kukwanisa kubhururuka.

Kugona kubhururuka

Kusara dzinoverengeka chinyakare siyana, tupukanana vakawanda vari kutamira zvakasununguka mudenga, achivabvumira kuongorora nzvimbo itsva, kunzvenga zvikara, wana shamwari uye kuwana zvokudya nyore kupfuura kushandisa flightless invertebrate dzavo nehama. Vamwe vavo kunyange abate mhuka iri mumhepo. Kunyange zvazvo kwayo kubudirira zvipembenene anofanira kubhururuka, nhamba uremu muviri kuti bapiro nharaunda ndechokuti hunonzi varege kuva kubhururuka. Kutaura zvazviri, tsandanyama azvo kubereka uye kutengesa simba pane zvikuru nokukurumidza. High maitikiro kuchavazvuzvurudzira compensates kushaikwa chikwidzo.

Kukura zvipembenene dzavo muchinangwa shanduka pavapenyu

Encombrements Zvipembenene vave vakaitawo basa rinokosha mune Kushanduka kubudirira kwavo. Vachangoisa akazviratidza anenge mamiriyoni 350 apfuura, zvinhu chokuvapo wakafanana nowenyika matsva. Tupukanana nyanzvi vakasununguka kusvikira zvipenyu niches. Izvi anotsanangura duku kukura kwavo (anobvumwa anozivikanwa Zvisaririra dragonflies ane mapapiro anosvika 76 cm), vanogona kurarama uye muwande mumamiriro ezvinhu vanoshorwa mhuka hombe.

chinyakare zvipembenene

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvipembenene vazukuru madzitateguru, zvakafanana millipedes, zvavakaita Munokudzwa kunyanya nokuvapo matatu chete yegwara maoko nemakumbo. peya Mumwe wanamatira chimwe chidimbu chezvinhu chityu (pakati chikamu muviri). The kupfuura chinyakare ano siyana - ava wingless tumbuyu, mienzaniso kusanganisira mapoka mana vakabatana pasi zita Apterygota. vamwe vose vane mapapiro uye vari kunzi Pterygota. Springtails uye protura chakaitika, zvimwe kubva zvisikwa akafanana diplura, asi mapoka maviri kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kwakasiyana-siyana. For springtails dzinoratidzwa rinokosha forogo mudumbu, izvozvo anoita tsime uye anobvumira mhuka idzi kusvetukira zvakanaka. Protura havana tunonzwa, uye mimwe mitambo yavo ndiyo forelimbs.

Huru mapoka uye mumapoka mapapiro tumbuyu

Danho rinokosha riri shanduka yaiva kukura paumbwe zvipembenene mapapiro uye kukwanisa kubhururuka. Two inokwana zviyero - mayflies uye dragonflies, vane vamiririri asingagoni kuisa mapapiro ari shure kwake panguva zororo, zvakabatana Palaeoptera boka (drevnekrylyh). Tupukanana ndine mano ichi kuumba Neoptera boka (novokrylyh). Zvikwata nomwe vanonzi kupfuura yekare pakati Neoptera. Vari dzinoratidzwa kumbonyanya nyore mouthparts. Uyezve, zviri kunyanya herbivorous nezvipembenene. Mienzaniso: The earwigs (yaifananidzira pamusoro), mujuru, mapete, uye Mantis and said yokuzviparadzanisa stoneflies - lateral bazi dzakawanda zvekare zvinhu .. Mapoka klopopodobnyh Zvipembenene vanoratidza zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro mouthparts. Iye chinyakare uye unspecialized mu psocoptera (yaifananidzira pazasi) kana kukura kuboora-yakayamwa notupukanana vane.

Other varayirwa rezvipembenene (Neuropteroidea) akapiwa chinokosha paanopfuura zvakawanda chinyakare hama dzavo nokuvandudza kukura yatinofema.

Zvine kukwana uye zvakakwana kutendeutsa

Kazhinji, marudzi ose Palaeoptera Neoptera uye mapoka mapoka maviri, zvichienderana pakukura yatinofema. Zvine kukwana metamorphosis (mienzaniso zviri Hemimetabola uye Apterygota) inozivikanwa kuti zai vakarangana muduku (nymphs) inoyeuchidza vakura. Gare gare, pashure achipfuura dzakatevedzana molts, nymphs kuva vakanyatsosvika mukuru. In zvine metamorphosis zvakakwana (Holometabola) vakarangana kubva zai dukutu haruzvitsvakiri somunhu mukuru.

kazhinji Danho ichi (makonye kana honye-kufanana mazana) anodya zvokudya zvakasiyana zvachose. Mazana ichichinja pupa, izvo ugare Zororo padanho mumwedzi zhinji uye ipapo kuburikidza metamorphosis (zvinyama rokuvakazve) iri kuva mukuru Tupukanana. Kusiyana mararamiro pakati payo uye mukuru vakwanise kunakirwa akasiyana zvachose dzinogarisana. By Holometabola inopa 84% kubva uwandu zvipembenene rudzi, uye vazhinji vavo vane inokosha zvoupfumi kukosha.

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera - zvakawanda yokuzviparadzanisa, inova nyika nezvipembenene. Ivo vanoonekwa ne chokwadi kuti inokosha nemamiriro urongwa vaine zvishoma kana havashanduki. Zvisinei, mhuka idzi zvakasiyana chaizvo nezvimwe zvine metamorphosis zvakakwana. Iri boka ravakwa voga, asi hunhu larval kukura uye metamorphosis, iye anosvika chinyavada.

Kwadzakabva zvakatipoteredza

For Coleoptera - chikuru unit iri mhuka umambo - kunoratidzwa kukura zvakaoma elytra, kufukidza shure ungatakurwa membranous mapapiro, izvo kushumira kutiza. Simba rokunze marangwanda uye adaptive nezvaanogona dzinokosha muviri chirongwa akaratidza kutungamirira zvinhu kukura nevanhu vakura nzvimbo dzakasiyana. The endopterygota yasara dzikarongwa kumativi kamwe yakakura yokuzviparadzanisa chinyavada.

Kungozvifunga anozivikanwa ne scaly mapapiro uye kushandiswa mouthparts chakatorwa zvokudya pamusoro nekita. Kushanduka boka iri uye dzimwe nhengo Kurongeka Diptera aiva pedyo chokuita Kushanduka maruva zvinomera.

Trichoptera mapazi kure kungozvifunga kuwana mvere mapapiro uye kutsenga mouthparts. The mazana vari hwemvura mararamiro. Diptera ngadzibhururuke nomukombiyuta pamberi peya wamapapiro, uye wechipiri kutendeukira halters playing ndege zvakanyatsoenzana nhengo basa. Diptera mazana ratidza mukuru adaptive specialization pane dzimwe nezvipembenene. vakuru vakawanda zvokudya pamusoro ropa, uye izvi imhaka basa ravo kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira. Pedyo Diptera ndivo inda, havana mapapiro uye muviri flattened laterally. Panguva yokuzviparadzanisa inda boka iri ndowenyika ectoparasites mhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo.

dambudziko chipembenene

Vazhinji evolutionarily mazhinji siyana rezvipembenene Holometabola kazhinji kukonzera chinokosha kukuvadzwa munhu. Vanogona kuparadza chirimwa kana kuparadzira zvirwere ngozi. Pakati Hemimetabola vashoma zvakadaro nezvipembenene. Mienzaniso (tupukanana) - inda uye mhashu. Asi ivo kukuvadza zvikuru kuvanhu. mumwe chete mhando - mugwenga mhashu (Schistocerca gregaria) - anogona kukonzera nzara anopfuura 10% vemo nyika. Tupukanana ichi (yaifananidzira pazasi) Anowanza nokukurumidza pashure madzvotsvotsvo uye kungoerekana zvakapararira, muchidya ose hanyanisi munzira.

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti zvipembenene vakawanda dzinenge isingakuvadzi. Uyezve, havana kutamba zvavo chinokosha basa zvakasikwa.

Saka, zvatakurukura kudaro dzinonakidza uye guru boka remhuka, kufanana tumbuyu. Mienzaniso zita, kupatsanura vavo unhu akaratidzwa munyaya. Tinovimba kuverenga aiva inofadza uye dzinobatsira kwauri.