Kuratidza zvidimbu ari mundege (vasabatwa)

Kugona zvakanaka kuratidza maumbirwo siyana ari mundege jira, kanivhasi, uye mumwe pamusoro iri zvakakwana chinokosha unyanzvi. Uye kupfuura zvose, zvakakosha kuti vanhu vari unyanzvi: Painters, vavezi vemabwe, hwakajeka vaimbi, vagadziri (mukati dzezvimwe zvivako uye mapurani ezvinhu) uye kuti varume sayenzi: mathematicians, yefizikisi, vagadziri uye vanotanga.

Asi murume kubva munzvimbo idzi kudzidza kunzwisisa uye kuratidza nyika isu kumativi kunokoshawo. Izvi zvinobatsira zvikuru kunyura kunzwisisa zvose pakawanda kwayo. Kana usina pfungwa zvakakwana sei kuita zvakarurama, ipapo iwe Ungangove haazovi yakanaka design, mufananidzo kana kuswedera chipi yakagadzirwa. Kureva, unyanzvi ichi zvinokosha zvose nyore, mabasa epamba uye kuva yose, nokudenga kukosha.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Kubvira kare vanhu vakaedza chinoreva zvavakaona vakavapoteredza: vamwe vanhu, vamwe mhando chinyakare maumbirwo nguva idzodzo, nyika nemhuka, vakuru makomo, uye chete zvinhu, zvemumba rwakakudzwa yakanaka. Ndizvo nyika yose zvayo-siyana uye ukuru.

Asi zvino havana chavanomboziva pamusoro sei zvinoita kuti tiite zvakarurama uye zvakarurama kuratidza akasiyana ndeiya yakaita zvinhu mundege yakanga zvechokwadi zvinhu sezvazviri, mupenyu. Paiva munhu akakodzera ruzivo uye kunyanya hapana unyanzvi, asi, zvichida, inokosha.

Kutaura mabhuku vamba wokutanga kupenda nyika yakanga mutsetse mumwe chete, iro waitevedza dzevanhu mimvuri akakanda parutivi zuva pamadziro. Ndizvo chaizvo hunhu pfungwa, tinofanira kuenda kundotsvaka rworudyi kupedza nyaya iyi chero divi.

Zvino mubvunzo kuti rakabvongodzwa munhu ipapo uyewo nokuda kwechikonzero ichi: haana kuda chete kunakidzwa komberedza mupenyu siluetti, chokutanga, saka kutaura, uye vakaedza akakunda-dimensional matatu chinhu mundege. Akaita izvi kuitira kuti kukwanisa seizvi kana kuti vashongedze musha wako kana nzvimbo tsvene nokuda pake, kana kuti kutora chikamu chenyika ine mufananidzo uye kuibvisa kune kure.

The geometry of nechipi

Uye chamuchareva, asi makore akapfuura, mazana emakore apfuura, uye zvimwe kukura yebudiriro, vanhu vakadzidza zvishoma nezvishoma kuratidza maumbirwo dzakaoma kukura maviri, kureva, mundege. Asi ndeiya yakaita rakarurama uye kukura ari kuratidzwa zvinhu sokuti kuva anofungidzirwa chaizvo.

Asi mubvunzo kuti zvakanaka kuratidza mukufambisira ndege uye sei anoenderana unorema yepakutanga chinhu, yava imwe inokosha chaizvo. Mune dzimwe nzira kugadzirisa nyaya iyi zvakabatsira sayenzi idzva rinonzi Geometry. Kana kuti, chikamu chayo - rairatidza geometry.

Pano zviri chete kudzidza maumbirwo uye ndege, kururamisa mitsetse uye pfungwa, uyewo ukama hwavo imwe - zvose kukura matatu uye zviviri-dimensional nzvimbo.

kupinduka nzira

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha muupenyu uri ndiko kuratidza nenhamba iri mufananidzo nendege. Pashure pezvose, Chokwadi, ndiye rupawo nhatu ndeiya yakaita zvinhu zviviri-dimensional. Zvinoti, mumwe kunzwisisa kutendeukira nyore, ndiko chinhu kuti ane urefu, upamhi, urefu, vanofanira ashandurwe ndege.

Uye anorondedzera geometry muviri kwakadaro "kuchinja", nemhaka dzimwe nzira. nhamba yavo, pane anenge matanhatu. Heano vatatu zvihombe, uye zvikuru rakakurumbira munyika:

• Nemaonero (kana mufananidzo chinhu iri dzadzimwa mune nzvimbo);
• orthogonal fungidziro (fungidziro mu zvakafanana, apo mwaranzi vari perpendicular kuti ndege);
• oblique fungidziro (fungidziro mu zvakafanana, apo matanda vari kurerekera hama kuti ndege).

Wakakwanisa ikaramba zvakajeka imaged chinhu pane imwe axonometric maonero (zvinosanganisira orthogonal uye oblique). Asi zvikuru akajeka uye wechokwadi, iye projected somunhu maonero. Uye zvakanga pamusoro nzira zvikuru kupedza dambudziko sei kuti kuratidza nenhamba mundege.

mafungiro

Nemaonero pakati dzimwe nzira mufananidzo runotsiva rukudzo. Nokuti munhu ziso sezvo kamera izvo anoona dzakapoteredza nzvimbo nenzira yakafanana. Zvinhu kure mucherechedzi, mune ukuru hwaro kutarisa maduku, uye dzimwe nguva ndoda, pane kana vari pedyo.

Somuenzaniso, tora mufananidzo imwe kuutio muchadenga. Kana Chokwadi, zvose zvayo micheto zvinofanana nepedyo, zvino kana iwe tarisa chinhu ichi kure, zvingaita sokuti micheto wekuita (kana anofanira wekuita) pane imwe nguva. Uye, chii chinofadza zvikuru, kwete chete kuva kuuya pamwe chete pane imwe nguva uye ane chete pfungwa mharadzano.

Nemhaka watenzi Renaissance: Albrecht Dürer, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Leon Battista Alberti, iwe ano vanoziva kuti zvakananga Linear maonero akadaro, sei kuona kureba pajengachenga uye ichidzikira pfungwa.

A nyika yakakurumbira shasha - Leonardo da Vinci - nharo kwenguva yokutanga pfungwa zvemuchadenga maonero. Izvi ruvara shanduko chinhu mavara, siyanisa kuchinja maitiro ayo (kuderera sezvo chinhambwe chinhu).

orthogonal fungidziro

Orthogonal akadana dzakafanana fungidziro, iyo inoendeswa mutsetse, inova perpendicular hama kuti ndege. Panguva yacho Chikumbiro chinhu contours kukura varambe kuchinja. Kureva chinhu unoratidzwa pasina kukanganiswa.

The projected-dimensional matatu chinhu sezvazvakanyorwa yaora mukati mhando nhatu: divi, mberi uye pamusoro. Uye akatarisa zvose panguva imwe chete, zvinokwanisika kuti akarara pasi pfungwa sei chinhu anotarira bhuku. The kukura manhamba kuramba kuchinja mune-dimensional matatu mufananidzo, uye vaviri-dimensional.

oblique fungidziro

fungidziro ichi rakamuka-kamuka akawanda subspecies, Viz:

• Isometric maonero;
• dimetric fungidziro;
• Trimetric.

In Isometric kusarurama coefficients yose 3 matemo (urefu, upamhi, nokukwirira). Kureva pamakona pakati namasanhu wabatwa vaviri vaviri 120 inegumi. In dimetric - 2-akabatana kusarurama vakaenzana uye wechitatu yakasiyana. Uye Trimetric zvose kusarurama coefficients (i.e., vose 3 namasanhu) akasiyana.

nenhamba kutenderera

Kana kutenderera netriangle pamwe ane akabatana upi mumwe maviri makumbo ayo webato rechitatu (the hypotenuse) anorondedzera chimiro itsva, iyo inonzi cone. Uye kana iwe tenderera munhu rectangle (sikweya) rumwe rutivi ayo, tinowana mumwe humburumbira. Kana kutenderera ari denderedzwagama achaita bhora.

Zvinoreva kuti kutenderera ndege pamwe chinhu akabatana, tinowana anonzi kutenderera nhamba.

Uhu huwandu vane rotational akabatana. Nzira vanotarira ndege kunobva zvavo placement hama kuti ziso pamwero. Somuenzaniso, okumusoro mativi humburumbira Chokwadi, vanomirira zvinotevera. Uye kana kutarira kwavari ndege, vanotarira akafanana ellipses.

Asi basa inonyanya kuoma kana Mapping pamusoro spatial manhamba vari kurerekera ndege akabatana pairi. Zvakakosha kuti rotational contours mitumbi vakanga equidistant kubva akabatana okupedzisira.

A vakasvimha chiedza uye mumvuri

Basa rinokosha kuratidza zvidimbu mundege nokutamba chiaroscuro. Nekuti unorema kubva vanoratidzwa chinhu akasikwa kwete chete nokuda pemitsara asiwo nokuda zvakakodzera kugovera chiedza uye mumvuri kumativi ayo. Uye zvino anotarisira zvikuru voluminous ari mundege mbiri-dimensional penyika.

Saka, mifananidzo iri kuratidzwa mundege, tsanangudzo saizi dzavo, kunyanya zvakarurama kuifukidza nenyama uye rima makwapa zvinokwanisika kuita nokuda pamusoro nzira. Uye, Chikurukuru, hazvina here vakaratidza nzira zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza kutungamirira vanachiremba nguva yedu.