Kutsvaka mashoko matsva zvokutengesa. Mhando zvokutengesa. Trade mu mamiriro ano

International kutengeserana ndiko Exchange kwenhumbi uye mabasa pakati munyika, iyo chokuita mukuru ezvoupfumi basa, uyewo intensification weboka basa panguva dzakawanda chechetere. Terms of dzakawanda wezvokutengeserana uye ayo pakukura - muzvigadzirwa mberi.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Izvi mhando wezvokutengeserana zvakatanga kare. Somuenzaniso, mune idzodzo dzakanga kunobva chete pane imwe subsistence upfumi, nokuti dzakawanda kuchinjanisa akanga dzinounzwa chete chiduku chikamu zvigadzirwa. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvakadai vanoumba zvinonhuhwira, umbozha nhumbi, uye mamwe chicherwa mbishi zvinhu.

Kutsvaka mashoko matsva wezvokutengeserana ane vakurukurirane simba nokuda kukura kwayo dzakawanda mhando. Saka, kuchinja kubva kurima kuti mhando ukama chinokosha-mari. Panguva iyi, kutanga National mamiriro pamwe pakagadzwa ukama okuwana uye mukati, uye kupfuura.

International kutengeserana panguva paumbwe kugadzirwa

Paumbwe huru maindasitiri kwemauto yakabatsira kukunda mukuru nenhanho kukura inobereka mauto panguva dzakawanda chechetere. Kutsvaka mashoko matsva wezvokutengeserana kwakaita kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa pamwero uye kuvandudza kutakurwa siyana zvinhu urongwa.

Nemamwe mashoko, takatanga kusika preconditions kuti kuwedzera wezvokutengeserana uye mamiriro ezveupfumi pakati kunyika dzakasiyana. Panguva iyoyo paiva chimbi kuwedzera kutengeserana dzakawanda navo.

Terms of dzakawanda dzaishandiswa panguva ino Danho anobvumira kuti kusika zvemberi chimiro pane dzakawanda zvoupfumi ukama. faniro Its kunokonzerwa zvakadaro:

• paumbwe hwenyika pamusika sezvo enhoroondo pafungidziro pakati capitalist kugadzirwa;
• gogonera Kugadzirwa zvimwe sectors munyika dzakasiyana; Somuenzaniso, dzapedza zvinhu indasitiri, iri kukurumidza kuwedzera, zvisati zviri kudiwa mudzimai kumusika anogona aivigirwa mberi nayo;
• mumwe kuitika kuti anenge akabuda panguva ino padariro zvoupfumi, kune magumo kuwedzera okuwana mavhoriyamu, nepo mudzimba musika ari kungogumira solvency vokuparidzira; ndokusaka kugadzirwa runokurira vane chete mumhuri vade, uye mabhizimisi masangano vanoshandisa dzimwe dzaishandiswa mamiriro kuita zvinovava rinondinetsa kumisika dzavatorwa.

Saka kufarira vamwe anoti dzakawanda ukama nokuda vanoda rokutengesa vari mumisika dzavatorwa. Uyewo pane iyi, rinoreva kudiwa zvinhu chaizvo kubva kune dzimwe nyika, izvo chokuita chido kuwana yakakwirira purofiti zvakakwana kuburikidza nokushandisa zvakachipa basa uye pakugadzira zvinhu munyika dzichiri kusimukira.

Foreign kutengeserana pashure peHondo Yenyika II

The okuti wezvokutengeserana panguva iyi yakabatsira yaro kukura simba. The prerequisites chakadaro mamiriro akanga Chokwadi, ari mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga, zvichiita kukura uye kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu yakatarwa guta kuburikidza pakusikwa maindasitiri zvachose itsva uye kukuru hwokugadzira rokuvakazve yechinyakare kugadzirwa zvivako.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane mukuru dziine zvoupfumi iyi - ndiko hurumende murau kuwedzera chirongwa kuwanda, kunyanya guru, uyewo kudzivirira kukura zvoupfumi nematambudziko.

Kutsvaka mashoko matsva wezvokutengeserana rwakazodikanwa nokuda zvakawedzera simba akaitwa mumaindasitiri siyana. Takatanga kuoneka chinokosha zvakadaro zvikamu kukura chero maindasitiri kwemauto, akadai kufungidzira uye kuronga.

International vagotengeseranamo ano zveupfumi

Kukura basa dzakawanda kukosha mune pamusika upfumi zvinokonzerwa zvinhu dzakadai kushaya kuti guta, iro zvinosimudzira kukura kwayo. Aina guta mukufamba dzebhizimisi mabasa kungada zvimwe kusukwa nhumbi kunze chero mamiriro. Kazhinji Rinobatanidzwa ne hurukuro nzira inoshandiswa nokuda bhizimisi masangano kuti vakasikwa kose.

Kasiri kare upfumi zvemari aiudzwa chete kune underdeveloped mamiriro pashure peHondo Yenyika II, aina guru yachinja mirayiridzo. Zvino unogona kuzununguswa pakati dzakabudirira, izvo zvinoita kuti kugadzirwa dzavo uye guru.

Siyana dzakawanda dzaishandiswa nyaya

mazwi wezvokutengeserana vakabatsira kuti paumbwe nezvemarudzi maviri dzakawanda kukosha makambani vane mabhizimisi munyika dzakasiyana. Vakabvuma kuti: TNC (makambani) uye MNCs (nemakambani). Wokutanga mhando zvinosanganisira makambani kuti vari vaviri nyika muguta guru, uye munyika mumunda basa. Chechipiri mhando anomiririrwa makambani, ushamwari pakati internationalist hwaro, maererano guru uye nemaindasitiri.

Makambani aya dzakawanda kuchikosha zvazvinoita dzimwe mugove. Muchiitiko chino, tiri kutaura nezvekuparadzwa Intra-yemakambani turnover, mugove masangano aya ari kusvika chetatu zvachose nyika kunze kwenyika.

Development External Relations

Kuwedzera wokumwe mamiriro ezveupfumi kunokonzerwa kwete chete kutsvaka mashoko matsva wezvokutengeserana, asiwo zvichiita vamwe zvinhu kubva kunze kwenyika. tengeserana International mumamiriro ezvinhu ano inoita basa rinokosha kuti dzichiri kusimukira. Izvi imhaka shoma kukura mumhuri musika yavo.

Nhasi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kuwana dzakakwirira kunyatsoshanda okuwana - ndiro rakananga kwebasa rinofanira mamiriro iri nzvimbo weboka basa panguva dzakawanda chechetere. Kukura vagotengeseranamo izvi zvinhu achabatsirawo kuti vawedzere kunyatsoshanda ari kugadzirwa. Muchiitiko chino, zvinokwanisika kutenga kunze ezvinhu zvokudya uye pakugadzira zvinhu, kana mutengo wavo pazasi vatorwa musika kupfuura zvipfuwo.

Kana akataura vakaenzana mari mukugadzira zvigadzirwa munyika dzakasiyana, international kutengeserana pamusika upfumi inodikanwa nezvokukura kugadzirwa optimizing saizi yaro.

The Mhando chikuru dzakawanda dzaishandiswa tsika

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chero basa sangano anofanira kuwana kumisika yokumwe. Panguva muridzi ane zvachose pasina chinangwa ichi mhando yebasa. Saka sei chaizvo anoita vachitenga uye kutengesa anopiwa basa guru remarudzi akawanda ukama, mukufamba achinyora nyaya ino, zvakakodzera kufunga mhando idzi dzaishandiswa:

1. Sale (kutengwa) ari rapera chigadzirwa anomirirwa zvinotevera zvakakosha: michina nemidziyo, nhumbi namano, yokufambisa uye kutaura, uyewo nenhumbi.
2. Commercial zvinhu (zvigadzirwa unassembled). Kunze kwenyika mishonga yakadaro zvaishandiswa yechinangwa dzakawanda dzaishandiswa muchimiro zvikamu uye zvinoumba kuitira kukurira administrative uye netsika zvipingamupinyi, uyewo kuvandudza makwikwi. On kwemarudzi izvi wezvokutengeserana vari kuisa pasi mari kuti zvichaita aivabatsira basa reungano miti kunze kwekurasira State.

Foreign zvoupfumi zvokutengeserana, chokuita kugadzirwa

Trade mu midziyo unoratidza yose musika okuvaka guru zvinodiwa. Munyaya kwekurasira nyika, pane mukana wokukudza mamiriro ayo.

Mukuwedzera, vanogona kutengeswa uye vakarondedzera mabasa. Munguva ino pfupi nguva importing nyika anogamuchira zvikuru ano michina.

Inonyanya yakagozha chimiro wezvokutengeserana - ndiko kuvaka "turnkey". Izvi mhando zvingasanganisira basa makaita kwakadaro:

• kugadzirira feasibility kudzidza pamusoro chinhu;
• budiriro chirongwa mabasa, operative uye michina zvirongwa;
• Chokuendesa zvokuvakisa;
• kuvaka administrative uye maindasitiri dura;
• Wedzerai zvakasiyana siyana zvinoshandiswa, handingadariki mativi uye zvokurimisa;
• nokutumwa, chokugadza nokutumwa yacho michina.

Panyaya mugotenga mbishi zvokuvakisa, marudzi anotevera anofanira dzinounzwa pakati mhando yayo:

• zvekurima mbishi zvinhu;
• zvicherwa;
• zvibereko makemikari indasitiri.

Izvi mhando wezvokutengeserana, neruoko rumwe, Zvinoipisisa ezvinhu mbishi zvinhu exporters, riri chokuita nechitarisiko chakaita zvokugadzirwa Sevamiririri. Nokuno rumwe - kuvandudza mamiriro avo ezvinhu nokuda zvishoma nezvishoma kukura okuwana mune dzimwe nyika.

Nedzimwe mhando dzakawanda dzaishandiswa

The mazita mhando wokumwe zvoupfumi mabasa kwaizova kukwana pasina kutaurwa zvokudya kutengeserana, pfungwa pfuma uye ouinjiniya mabasa.