Lev Landau: pfupi Biography, mupiro sainzi

Lev Landau (Makore oupenyu - 1908-1968) - guru yefizikisi Soviet, akaberekerwa Baku. Iye ane nhamba kutsvakurudza anonakidza uye kuziva. Unogona kupindura mubvunzo, Lev Landau icho akagamuchira Nobel Prize? Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro wayo kuita uye dzinokosha oupenyu chokwadi.

Origin Lev Landau

Unogona kutaura kwenguva refu pamusoro nyanzvi dzakadai Lev Landau. Makore oupenyu, basa uye vawane ichi wefizikisi - vaverengi zvose zvirokwazvo kufarira. Ngatitange kubva pakutanga - kubva kupi musayendisiti nezveramangwana.

Akaberekerwa mumhuri Rudo uye David Landau. baba vake aiva nokururamisira rinozivikanwa peturu injiniya. Akashanda muminda mafuta. Kana amai, kubudikidza basa, aiva chiremba. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mukadzi uyu akaita zvidzidzo vasiri. Sezvaunogona kuona, Lev Landau akauya kubva mhuri akadzidza. Mukoma wake, nenzira, rava makemikari injiniya.

makore kudzidza

Lev Davidovich ari kusekondari, iyo sowakajeka kudzidza aine makore 13. Vabereki vake akasarudza kuti mwanakomana wavo achiri muduku chaizvo kudzidza pane imwe yepamusoro dzidzo sangano. Saka vakasarudza kutuma naye gore rimwe Baku Economic Technical School. Zvadaro, muna 1922, akanga akabvuma kuti University of Baku. Pano Lev Landau akadzidza kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Makore maviri gare gare, Lev Davidovich hwakatamisirwa University of Leningrad, panguva weDhipatimendi Physics.

basa yokutanga dzesayenzi, dhigirii kudzidza

Pazera nemapfumbamwe kare Landau rava munyori mana mapepa kwesayenzi kuti dzakabudiswa. Mune mumwe wevaya mapepa anonzi chizvaro arambe achirema aishandiswa kekutanga. rinoshandiswa ichi izwi mazuva ano zvikuru. Vanorondedzerwa ne quantum simba inoti. Landau kudzidza University muna 1927. Akabva pachikoro chikoro pedyo Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute. Muchikoro ichi, akashanda ari quantum electrodynamics uye dzidziso yacho rinobva Erekitironi.

bhizimisi rwendo

Munguva kubva 1929 kusvika 1931 aiva basa nesayenzi Lev Landau. Makore oupenyu, basa uye kubudirira kubva musayendisiti chokuita kuti pedyo pamwe nezvavatorwa dzomuzana. Saka, panguva rwendo, akaenda Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands, England uye Denmark. Mumakore aya akasangana uye pakuzivana vakatanga kubva quantum Vanamakanika, iro rakanga richangobva akazviratidza. Pakati masayendisiti, iyo yakasangana Landau, aiva Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg uye Niels Bohr. Enda neokupedzisira Lev Davidovich akaramba noushamwari manzwiro nokuda kwoupenyu hwake. musayendisiti iri kukanganiswa zvikuru zvakasimba kubudikidza Landau.

Lev Davidovich, apo dzimwe nyika akaita tsvakurudzo inokosha vakasununguka maerekitironi (rinobva ehupfumi dzavo). Uyezve, pamwe Peierls iye tsvakurudzo uye relativistic quantum Vanamakanika. Nokuda basa iri Lev Landau, imwe basa kuti aifarira dzekunze navo, akanga aionekwa somumwe vaitungamirira yokungotaura yefizikisi. Masayendisiti akadzidza sei kubata zvikuru kunzwisisa yokungotaura gadziriro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti gare gare ndiye anokwanisa zviri nyore chaizvo apo Landau akatanga kutsvakurudza iri shoma tembiricha wefizikisi.

Kutamira Kharkov

Lev Davidovich muna 1931 akadzokera Leningrad. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, akasarudza kutamira Kharkov, izvo panguva iyoyo raiva guta guru reUkraine. Pano, musayendisiti kushanda panguva Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute, aiva mutungamiriri ake yokungotaura dhipatimendi. Panguva imwe chete Lev Davidovich aiva mukuru weDhipatimendi yokungotaura Physics paUniversity Kharkov uye Kharkov Institute of Mechanical Engineering. Muna 1934, USSR Academy of Sciences paakavapa kwaari mwero Doctor mumuviri uye akarongeka Sciences. Kuti aite izvi, Landau aisafanira kunyange kudzivirira dissertation ake. Musoro muzvinadzidzo akanga paakavapa rakatevera gore nyanzvi dzakadai Lev Landau.

Basa yazadza zvose munzvimbo itsva nesayenzi. Landau muna Kharkov akabudisa mabasa nyaya dzakadai kupararira inzwi, kwakabva akatisiyira simba, kuputsanya chiedza, simba kutapurirana zvichiitika kwemotokari, superconductivity, rinobva ehupfumi akasiyana-zvinhu nevamwe. Nokuda ichi, akava anozivikanwa somunhu theorist, ine zvido zvinoshamisa-chinja yesayenzi.

A pachena kuchiitwa mabasa Landau raMwari

Gare gare, apo paiva yeplasma wefizikisi, Landau chose zvacho kuwirirana electrically, zvakabatsira zvikuru. Nokukwereta kubva pfungwa wethermodynamics zvimwe musayendisiti akaita nhamba itsva mazano yakaderera-tembiricha enyika. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mabasa ose Landau inozivikanwa imwe chinokosha - mumwe virtuoso kushandisa kwemasvomhu zvombo kuwana matambudziko zvakaoma. Lev Landau akaita rakakura quantum pfungwa uyewo kudzidza kubata zvakasikwa uye zvokutanga inoramba.

Lev Landau chikoro

The Range kutsvakurudza kwake zvechokwadi rakafara. Vafukidza dzinenge zvose mikuru nzvimbo yokungotaura wefizikisi. Pamusana noupamhi ichi zvido zvake musayendisiti anofarira Kharkov dzakawanda vechiduku masayendisiti unyanzvi uye chipo vadzidzi. Pakati pavo paiva Lifshits Evgeniy Mihaylovich, uyo akazova nhengo Lva Davidovicha uye shamwari yake yepedyo. Chikoro chacho akura kumativi Lev Landau, Kharkiv dzikava rimwe vaitungamirira nzvimbo yokungotaura wefizikisi muna USSR.

The musayendisiti aiva nechokwadi chokuti yokungotaura yefizikisi anofanira vaiziva kwazvo munzvimbo dzese nesayenzi. Kuti izvi zvidaro, Lev Davidovich yakatanga chirongwa chokurovedza yakaoma kwazvo. Akadana chirongwa "yokungotaura mashoma". Vamhan'ari vanoda kubatanidzwa musangano, vachitungamirirwa naye, aifanira kusangana yakakwirira chaizvo zvinodiwa. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti kwemakore 30, pasinei vazhinji vakundi, vanhu 40 chete vakapfuura bvunzo pamusoro "yokungotaura zvishoma". Zvisinei, vaya vakaita izvozvo, Lev Davidovich norupo vakapa nguva yavo uye zvinoda kutarisirwa. Mukuwedzera, rusununguko rwokusarudza yakakwana wakapiwa kwavari pakusarudza tsvakurudzo musoro.

Kusikwa yokungotaura Physics kosi

Landau Lev Davidovich akaramba noushamwari vashandi vayo uye vadzidzi. Ivo norudo kunzi nyanzvi saith. Kuvabatsira muna 1935, Lev Davidovich akasika uwane upenyu yokungotaura wefizikisi. It yakabudiswa pavanoparidza Landau E. M. Lifshitsem uye aiva akatevedzana mabhuku. kugutsikana vanyori vavo dzifambirane uye adzokorore mamwe makore 20. Akawana chikuru kukurumbira makomborero aya. Vakanzi mumitauro yakawanda. Pari, mabhuku aya mutemo vanoonekwa Classics. Muna 1962, kuti pakusikwa kosi kubudikidza Landau uye Lifshitz akagamuchira Lenin Prize.

Kushanda Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich muna 1937, vakabvuma chikumbiro Petra Kapitsy (mufananidzo wake akauya mushure) uye akava mukuru weDhipatimendi yokungotaura wefizikisi panguva Moscow Institute yokubatwa, vachangotanga akasika panguva iyoyo. Asi rakatevera gore musayendisiti akasungwa. zvenhema ndiye akanga vaita vasori vachida Germany. Vongai chete kupindira Kapitza, uyo pachake nyaya Kremlin, Lev Landau akasunungurwa.

Apo Landau akatama kubva Kharkov kuMoscow, Kapitsa chete kuita kuedza pamwe mvura nehelium. Kana tembiricha anodonhedza pazasi 4.2 K (tembiricha kwakakwana akayera muna kelvins, uye akayera kubva -273,18 ° C, i.e. kubva Mhedziso razero), nehelium gasi kunova zvokunwa. In wehurumende iyi inonzi nehelium-1. Kana tembiricha iri repasi 2.17 K, izvozvo anodzoka imwe mvura, kunzi nehelium-2. Rine kunakidza chaizvo ehupfumi. Nehelium-2 anokwanisa nyore ichiyerera kuburikidza duku mawindo. Zvinoratidzika sokunge viscosity kwayo chose vasipo. Fuma anokwira rusvingo ngarava, sezvinonzi giravhiti asingadi kukanganisa kwaari. Uyezve, ayo chafariz conductivity mukuru kupfuura chafariz conductivity hwemhangura ndiko kane mazana. Kapitsa akasarudza kunzi superfluid nehelium-2 mvura. Zvisinei, kana akawanikwa yokuedzwa kuti viscosity haasi razero.

Masayendisiti pfungwa kuti ichiita izvi zvisingatarisirwi rinotsanagurwa migumisiro vari munharaunda havasi dzekare wefizikisi uye quantum dzidziso. Migumisiro izvi kuitika chete panguva yakaderera tembiricha. Kazhinji havaiti kupinda nezvishoma, sezvo vakawanda zvinhu -oma pasi izvi ezvinhu. Kunze ndiko nehelium. Izvi fuma kumhedziso razero anoramba emura kana haisi pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa. László Tisza muna 1938 godu kunoburitsa kuti chaizvoizvo mvura nehelium - musanganiswa kaviri: a nehelium-2 (superfluid) nehelium-1 (zvakajairika mvura). Apo tembiricha anodonhedza kuti pedo mhedziso razero, wokutanga zvinoriumba anova zvakazara. pfungwa iyi inotsanangura kuonekwa zvakasiyana viscosity mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.

Landau akatsanangura chinonakidza kuti superfluidity

Lev Landau, pfupi Biography anotsanangura chete kubudirira kwayo chikuru, asingagoni tsanangura Chiitiko pamusoro superfluidity, kushandisa neitsva kwemasvomhu midziyo. Other masayendisiti vaivimba quantum Vanamakanika, iyo inoshandiswa kuongorora zvinoitwa nomunhu maatomu. Landau zvakare akaongorora quantum mamiriro nemvura iri rinenge zvakafanana kana zvakanga zvakasimba. Akaisa mberi pfungwa yokuti pane vaviri excitation zvinoriumba, kana kufamba. Chokutanga izvi - ndiko phonons, anorondedzera zvinoitika rectilinear Mashoko ruzha yakaderera tsika simba uye tichimhanya. Chechipiri - rotons inotsanagura rotational inofamba. Yokupedzisira ndiyo zvikuru kunzwisisa kutaura excitations kuitika panguva yepamusoro simba uye tichimhanya. The musayendisiti akati kuti kuchengetwa rakadai rinogona kutsanangurwa nenzira roton uye phonon mipiro yavo kudyidzana.

Landau akapikisa kuti mvura nehelium inogona sechinoitika "kuipa" chazvo, riri vakanyura mune superfluid "kumashure". Sei tingati chokwadi chokuti mvura nehelium zvichafa kuburikidza rakamanikana pakakoromoka? The musayendisiti akati chete superfluid pakuderedza iyi inoyerera. A rotons phonons uye dhumhana namadziro, ukaramba pavo.

Kukosha Landau dzidziso

Landau dzidziso, uye zvakare kuvandudza nayo chaizvo basa sayenzi. Havana nyore kutsanangurira kuchengetwa mananara, asi akataurawo chimwe vamwe vashoma. Mumwe muenzaniso - ndiko Mashoko maviri mafungu ane zvivako zvakasiyana uye kunzi wokutanga uye chechipiri kurira. Kurira kwokutanga chinhu vanhuwo ruzha, asi wechipiri chafariz wave. Nemhaka dzidziso yakataurwa Landau, masayendisiti vakakwanisa mberi zvinooneka kunzwisisa hunhu superconductivity.

Panguva Second World War uye yepashure pehondo

Lev Davidovich munguva Second World War, akadzidza kuputika uye unopfuta. Zvikurukuru, kuziva kwaari kuvhunduka mafungu. Mushure May 1945 uye kusvikira 1962 musayendisiti kushanda mabasa akasiyana. Akanyanya iye nezvokumwe isingawanzowanikwi nehelium isotope ane mabhomba kurema 3 (kazhinji vakawanda kwayo 4). Lev Davidovich akafanotaura nezvokuvapo isotope iyi itsva mhando chinozunguzirwa kupararira. The "razero inzwi" - saka akaritumidza Revh Davidovich Landau. Biography ake segwapa, mukuwedzera, kuita kusikwa mabhomba bhomba kuti Soviet Union.

Kuputsa, Nobel Prize uye makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

Pazera remakore 53 apinda mumotokari tsaona somugumisiro raakanga apiwa zvakakomba makuvaro. A yakawanda vanachiremba kubva Soviet Union, France, Canada, Czechoslovakia wakarwira upenyu musayendisiti. Akaramba asingachazivi kuti 6 kwemavhiki. Mumwedzi mitatu mushure yemotokari handina kuziva kunyange pedyo Lev Landau. The Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa kwaari muna 1962. Zvisinei, pamusana utano akanga asingakwanisi kuenda Stockholm kuzvigamuchira. In mufananidzo pazasi unokwanisa kuona Landau wake kuchipatara.

The mubayiro paakavapa kuti musayendisiti muMoscow. Zvadaro Lev Davidovich akararama kwemakore 6 makore asi kudzokera kutsvakurudza uye vakasagona. Lev Landau akafa muMoscow nemhaka yematambudziko kubva mukukuvara ake.

Landau mhuri

Musayendisiti muna 1937 akaroora Drobantsevoy Concordia, mumwe kwacho injiniya mumunda zvokudya indasitiri. Mukadzi uyu aiva chizvarwa Kharkov. Makore oupenyu hwake - 1908-1984. Mhuri aiva mwanakomana, uyo akazova experimental yefizikisi uye aishanda Institute Zvinetso Zvokunyama. In mufananidzo pazasi rinoronga Landau nemwanakomana wake.

Izvi ndizvo zvose zvinogona kuudzwa nyanzvi dzakadai Lev Landau. Biography ake, Chokwadi, kunosanganisira chete zvinokosha. Tsanangudzo kuti akasika zvikuru kuoma kuti kugadzirira muverengi. Saka, munyaya ino chete muchidimbu aitaura sei kuita vakakurumbira Lev Landau. Biography nebudiriro masayendisiti vachiri kwazvo kufarira pose.