Zvinhu zveMvura zvepasi. Kushandisa kwemitumbi yemvura

Kugumbuka kwemvura yepanyika pamusoro penyika, pamwe chete nepamusoro pepamusoro penyika, kunonzi mvura zvinhu. Vane hurumende yeHyrological and vanobatanidzwa mumvura inoenderana nemasikirwo. Iko hydrosphere yenyika inosanganisira kunyanya.

Makira

Chimiro, maitiro e-hydrological uye zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaparadzanisa zvinhu zvemvura mumapoka matatu: matanda, mvura uye zvivako zvemhando yakasiyana. Mvura ndeye nzizi, nzizi, nzizi, kureva, mvura, iri mune zvinyorwa zvepasi pose, uko kufamba kunofambira mberi, pasi pemitemo. Mvura yemvura inowanikwa uko pasi repasi richiderera uye kufamba kwemvura kunononoka kufananidzwa nemvura. Iyi ndiyo matamba, dziva, matongo, makungwa, makungwa, makungwa.

Zvinhu zvakakosha zvemvura ndezvikomo zvemakomo uye zvigadziro, pamwe chete nemvura yose (mabhodhi eusesian, aquifer mamiriro ekumusoro). Matsime emvura uye mvura yevhu inogona kuva yenguva pfupi (yakaoma) nekugara. Mune miviri yemvura ine mambure - ichi ndicho chikamu chekuenzanisa kwevhu, matombo uye ivhu rinopa mvura iri mukati mawo kugungwa, gungwa, gungwa kana rwizi. Pamuganhu wepakati pemvura yakadzika, mvura yakasvibiswa inotsanangurwa, iyo inogona kunge iri pasi kana pasi (orographic).

Hydrographic network

Mvura nemasvingo munzvimbo yose, zvakagadzirirwa mune imwe ndima, inonzi hydrographic network. Kunyange zvakadaro, kazhinji kazhinji magetsi anowanika pano haatauri, uye izvi hazvina kunaka. Iko kunofanirwa kutarisa se-hydrographic network iyo yakakwana yose yakanyora yemvura miviri iyo iri pamusoro penzvimbo yepasi yenzvimbo inopiwa.

Nzizi, nzizi, migova, kuva chikamu chemvura inonzi hydrographic network, ndiko kuti, nzizi dzemvura, dzinonzi channel network. Kana kubva kumvura zhinji kune zviduku chete, iyo nzizi, chikamu ichi che hydrographic network inonzi "rukova".

Hydrosphere

I hydrosphere inoumbwa nemvura yose yepanyika yePasi. Handizvo pfungwa kana miganhu yayo zvisati zvatemwa. Nenzira, iyo inoputika mvura yepasi rose, iyo iri mukati mekukura kwepasi, kusanganisira muhupamhi hwayo, inomiririra kusanganiswa kwemakungwa nemakungwa, ivhu remvura uye zvinhu zvemvura zvigadziriswa zvevhu: chivharo, chando chechando, maruva, makungwa nenzizi . Hazvisi mubhuku re hydrosphere chete mhepo inopisa uye mvura iri mune zvipenyu.

Izwi re hydrosphere rinotsanangurwa zvose zviri zviviri uye zvishoma. Izvozvo ndezvokuti izwi rokuti Hyrosphere rinongoreva mvura yakasviba iyo iri pakati pemhepo uye lithosphere, uye mukutanga apo vose vatori vechikamu zvepasi rose vanobatanidzwa: mvura yepanyika yepasi, uye pasi, chikamu chepamusoro chepasi, uye mhepo inonaya, uye mvura Zvisikwa zvipenyu. Izvi zviri pedyo nepfungwa ye "geosphere", uko pane zvidzidzo zvishoma zvidzidzo zvekutaura kwema geospheres akasiyana (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere) - miganhu ye biosphere, maererano naVernadsky.

Mvura midziyo yePasi

Zvinhu zvemvura zvenyika zvinosvika mamiriyoni 1,388 emakirikita makiromita emvura, guru guru, rakagoverwa pamusoro pezvinhu zvemvura zvemarudzi ose. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa nemakungwa ayo anobatanidzwa nayo ndiyo yakawanda yemvura ye hydrosphere, 96.4 muzana yehuwandu. Munzvimbo yechipiri, mazaya echando nemagumbe echando: pano 1.86 muzana yemvura yose yepasi. Mimwe mitumbi yemvura yakawana 1,78%, uye iyi inhamba yakawanda yenzizi, makungwa, matope.

Mvura yakakosha zvikuru inobva yakachena, asi kune madiki mashomanana awo panyika: 36 769 000 cubic kilometer, iyo ndiyo, 2.65 muzana chete yemvura yose yemapuraneti. Uye zvizhinji zvaro, glaciers nemasango echando, ane zvikamu zvinopfuura makumi manomwe zvezana zvemvura yose yakachena pasi pano. Mvura yakachena ine makiromita makiromita makumi matatu emvura, chikamu chepamuviri, mvura yakachena pasi: 10 530 mamiriyoni makiromita (28.6%), nzizi uye mabhuku edzimba mazana zana nemazana zvezana. Kune mvura shomanana mumasango, asi nzvimbo yavo pasi pano yakakura - 2 682 mamiriyoni makiromita, ndiko kuti, kupfuura makungwa, uye kunyange zvakadaro emvura.

Hydrological cycle

Zvechokwadi zvinhu zvose zvezvinhu zvemvura zvakasikwa pamwe chete zvakabatana zvinosangana zvakananga kana zvakananga, sezvo zvakabatanidzwa nemvura inotenderera pasi (nyika yose inokonzerwa nehurological). Chimwe chikamu chikuru chekufamba-famba nderwizi runoff, zvivharo zvekupfigira zvekondinendi uye yegungwa. Rwizi rukuru kuderera ndiro rwizi rukuru munyika yose - Amazon, mvura yaro inoyerera ndeye 18% yemvura yose yepasi pose, kureva makiromita 7,280 pagore.

Nehuwandu hwemvura munyika yose ye hydrosphere isingashandurwi pamusoro pemakore makumi mana kusvika makumi mashanu adarika, muwandu wehupenyu hwemamwe mitumbi yemvura inowanzochinja, sezvo mvura inoparidzirwa zvakare. Nekudziya kwepasi pose, kusviba kwekuvhara uye gomo revairiki yakawedzera, kupera kwemhepo kwakapfuura, uye uwandu hwenyika yeWorld yakawedzera zvikuru. Ichando cheGreenland, Antarctica, neActic Islands zvichinyunguduka zvishoma nezvishoma. Mvura inzvimbo yezvakasikwa inokwanisa kudzoka zvakare, nokuti inogara ichiuya nemhepo yakadzika, iyo inoyerera kuburikidza nemakungwa kusvika kumakungwa nenzizi, kuumba pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwemvura, iyo ndiyo nzvimbo huru inobvumira kushandiswa kwemitumbi yemvura.

Shandisa

Mvura imwe chete inoshandiswa, sekutonga, kakawanda uye nevashandisi vakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, kutanga unobatanidzwa mune imwe nzira yekugadzira zvinhu, saka inopinda mumashamba, ipapo mumwe mushandisi anoshandisa mvura imwe chete. Asi pasinei nokuti mvura inogona kugadziriswa uye inoshandiswa mvura, kushandiswa kwemvura zvinhu hazviitiki muhuwandu hwakakwana, sezvo pasina huwandu hwemvura yakachena pasi.

Kushayikwa kwakanyanya kwemvura kunowanikwa, somuenzaniso, munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kana zvimwe zviitiko zvepanyama. Kuwandisa kwemvura kunoderera, uye ndiyo inonyanya kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Uyezve, kubuda kwemvura kunosvibisa matsime emvura, nekuda kwekuvakwa kwamadzimai, madzimusi nedzimwe zvivako, hurumende ye hydrological inoshanduka, uye zvido zvevanhu nguva dzose zvinopfuura kudyiwa kunotenderwa kwemvura yakachena. Nokudaro, kudzivirirwa kwemitumbi yemvura chinhu chakakosha zvikuru.

Izvo zviri pamutemo

Mvura yenyika ndeyekubatsira kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvisikwa uye zvehupfumi. Kusiyana nemaminitsi, mvura inonyanya kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Nokudaro, mutemo wepamutemo wehuwandu hwemvura, kushandiswa kwemitumbi yemvura, zvikamu zvavo, pamwe nekuparadzirwa nekudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru. Nokudaro, "mvura" uye "mvura" zvinodaro zvakasiyana nemutemo.

Mvura haisi chinhu chinopfuura chimiro che oksijeni nehydrogen iripo mumvura, gaseous uye yakasimba. Mvura ndiyo mvura yose iri mumvura yose yemvura, kureva, mumamiriro ayo echisikiro uye pamusoro penyika, uye mukati, uye mumhando ipi neipi yekusunungurwa kwenyika. Ihurumende yekushandiswa kwemitumbi yemvura inotungamirirwa nemitemo yehurumende. Pane mutemo wemvura chaiwo unotungamirira kushandiswa kwemvura munzvimbo yakasikwa uye miviri yemvura - kushandiswa kwemvura. Mvura chete inenge iri mumhepo uye inopera sezvinoita mvura yakasviba haisi yakasarudzwa uye haisi yega , sezvo ichi chikamu chekuumbwa kwevhu.

Chengetedzo

Kudzivirirwa mumitumbi yemvura munguva yechando kunobvumidza kunyatsoteerera mitemo yakakodzera. Kutora kwechando kunonyanya kuderera kusvika mafirosi akasimba anouya. Mumadekwani uye usiku, inogona kumira mamwe kushungurudzika, uye masikati inokurumidza kupisa kubva mumvura inonamatira inopinda mumvura yakadzika, zvichiita kuti ice inopisa uye isina simba, pasinei nehupamhi. Munguva iyi, ndicho chikonzero chekukuvara uye kunyange rufu rwevanhu.

Miti yemvura inopisa zvisina kufanira zvikuru, kutanga kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, mumvura isina mvura, ipapo pakati. Mahombekombe, madziva, uko mvura imire, uye kunyanya kana pasina nzizi muhova, hapana rwizi rwedzi kana matsime emvura, rinopera nokukurumidza. Ikozvino nguva dzose inodzivisa kugadzirwa kwechando. Uhu hwakachengeteka hwemunhu mumwe chete mamita masendimita, nekuda kwekambani yekambani - anenge masendimita gumi nemaviri, nokuda kwekufamba-kubva kune gumi nemashanu masendimita, pamotokari - makumi matatu. Kana munhu achiri kuwira kuburikidza nechando, ipapo paunenge ushuvha hwe24 degrees Celsius, inogona kugara mumvura kwemaawa masere mapfumbamwe pasina kukukuvadza kuhutano, asi mazaya echando ichi haasviki. Kazhinji iri kubva kune zvishanu kusvika kune gumi nemashanu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, munhu anogona kurarama kwemaawa mana. Kana kutonhora kuchikwira kusvika kune madhigiri matatu, rufu runouya mumaminitsi gumi namashanu.

Mitemo yetsika

1. Mune rima, haugoni kuenda kunze kwechando, asiwo nekusaonekwa kwakashata: muchando, bhuni, mvura.
2. Iwe haugoni kurova tsoka nendima, uchiiongorora kuti uve nesimba. Kana pane kunyange mvura shomanana pasi petsoka dzako, iwe unofanira kubva udzoka shure munzira yako nekuderedza matanho, uchigovera mutoro pamusoro penzvimbo huru (makumbo mapfudzi akaparadzaniswa).
3. Famba pamakwara akaputsika.
4. Boka revanhu rinofanira kuyambuka gungwa, vachicherechedza kure nemamita mashanu zvishoma.
5. Zvakakosha kuva nesimbi yakasimba yemamita makumi maviri nechifukidzo chakafa uye mutoro (mutoro unofanirwa kukanda tambo, iyo yakawira pasi, asi yakasungirirwa, kuitira kuti ichapfuura pasi pemakumbo).
6. Vabereki havafaniri kubvumira vana kuti vasatariswe pamitumbi yemvura: kwete pakuve hove, kana paine rink.
7. Mukudhakwa kunodhakwa, zviri nani kuti usaswedera kumagetsi, nokuti vanhu vari munyika ino vanoita nengozi isina kukodzera.

Vabati vehove papepa

1. Zvakakosha kuti uzive zvakanaka dzimba inoshandiswa kubata hove: nzvimbo dzakadzika uye dzisina kudzika kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwemvura.
2. Kusiyanisa zviratidzo zvemafuro echando, kuziva kuti miviri yemvura inotyisa, chengetedza matanho.
3. Nzira yacho inotarirwa kubva kumahombekombe.
4. Chenjerera paunenge uchiburukira kuchando: kazhinji haisi kusimbiswa zvakasimba kunyika, pane kuputika nemhepo pasi pechando.
5. Usaenda kunzvimbo dzemafu echando, iyo inopisa muzuva.
6. Chengetedza kureba pakati peavo vanofamba nechokuya kwechando kwete pasi pemamita mashanu.
7. Chikwereti kana bhokisi rine gear uye zvigadzirwa zviri nani kudhonza necheto maviri kana matatu mamita shure.
8. Kuti uone danho rimwe nerimwe, mubati wehove anofanira kuva nerima, iro rinofanira kunge risina kunyatsofungirwa pamberi pake, asi parutivi.
9. Mamwe anglers haafaniri kunge ari pedyo kupfuura mamita matatu.
10. Zvinorambidzwa kuswedera kunzvimbo umo kune mazhenje egungwa rakanyanyisa kana kuti nyoka.
11. Kubata mumvura inoyerera hakugoni kuitwa (pamakwara), uye zvinorambidzwa kuita zvigaro zvakapoteredza.
12. Kuti uchengetedze, iwe unofanira kuva netambo ine mutoro, kureba kwemarefu kana kuti yakareba bhodhi, chimwe chinhu chakapinza (hook, banga, hook) kuitira kuti iwe unogona kubata kuchando.

Zvinhu zvemvura zvinokwanisa zvose kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa hupenyu hwomunhu, uye hutora kure-zvinokosha kuti uyeuke izvi.