Lobotomy is ...

Kurwisana kwehumwe huropi hunoita uye maitiro ndewekuguma kwekukuvadza kune cerebral cortex. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheropi chinokonzera zvimwe zviito. Sezvo wakaziva rudzi rwekuvhiringidzika rwakamuka, zviri nyore kuziva nzvimbo uye hukuru hwechiremera. Semuenzaniso, lobe yakatarisa ye cerebral cortex inokonzera kusunungura kwemafambiro uye kujekesa muchitarisiko chemaziso uye zviratidzo.

Lobotomy inopindira kupindira mu-cerebral cortex, iyo yaimboshandiswa kare mune zvepfungwa. Chaizvoizvo, kushanda kwakadaro kwakashandiswa pakurapa schizophrenia uye kuora mwoyo.

Iyo nzira yakagadzirwa muma1940s. Nheyo huru yekubotomy ndiyo kupatsanurwa kweve neural kuwirirana pakati pepakati pepfungwa dzeuropi uye frontal lobes nekuzvicheka. Pakutanga, kurapwa kwakadai kwechichichiphrenia - kubvumira - migumisiro yakange ichiodza mwoyo zvikuru, sezvo varwere vanorwara mupfungwa vakashaya mukana mukuru wekuvapo kwakanaka.

Kubata muviri kune chirwere chinoparadza maitiro akaoma europi, ayo ane utano hwakakwana. Kuvhiya uku hakuregi kuporeswa kumurwere, hakugadziri mamiriro ake ezvinhu.

ChiPutukezi Egash Moniz akatanga nzira ye lobotomy muna 1935. Akazova anozivikanwa zvikuru mupfungwa. Asi kutsigira lobotomy yaiva American Walter J. Freeman, ndiye uyu chiremba chepfungwa akazova akakurumbira. Achiita basa rake rokutanga, akashandisa electroshock pane anesthesia. Achitaura nezvemucheto wakaoma wemupa, waida kuparadzanisa mazaya echando, kupinda munharaunda isina kufanira yeziso, akaiendesa muuropi nesando yekuvhiya. Zvadaro fibiti dzechipfuva chakakosha cheropi dzakabviswa nehutanda hwemupi. Mushure mokuvhiya kwakadaro, iyo nzira yakasvibiswa. Gare gare, Freeman akataura kuti lobotomy ndiyo inoshandiswa, izvo zvinokonzera murwere kupinda munharaunda ye zombie. Chikamu chechina chevarwere vakagamuchirwa chiremera vakaremara, chimiro chinosuruvarisa chezvipfuwo zvemhuka.

Nhamba yekushandiswa kwakaitwa kwegore ra1946 kusvika muna 1949 yakawedzera makumi makumi ezviuru. Nhamba yekupindira kwekuvhiya yakaitwa pasi pekutarirwa kwaFeeman uye pachake pachake yakaitwa naye inenge 3500. Kufamba muAmerica pavha yake, iyo yaakadana kuti "lobotomobil", akarayira basa racho sechirwere chishamiso, achigadzirisa kubva pane ichi chiitiko chekuita nekukoka kwevateereri. Nzendo dzakadaro munhau dzakanzi "Operation" banga rokuparadzanisa ice ".

Kuti kuderedze kushandiswa kwemari kubva kubhadharo yekuchengetedza varwere zvipatara zvepfungwa, sangano rezvechirwere chepfungwa rakaramba richienderera mberi kuchinjira ku lobotomy. Saka, munyika yeDelaware, mukuru wechipatara chakadaro, pasi pesimba remashoko aya, aive akaronga kuderedza ne 60 muzana yehuwandu hwevarwere uye, nekuchengetedza $ 351,000 kuhurumende, kuenda nenzira yose yekuenderera mberi.

Asi iyo yose yakafanana neyakakotomy inoratidzirwa nehutano hwevanhu vanorwara mupfungwa vane kupindira kwakanyanya mu cerebral cortex. Aine zvirwere zvepfungwa zvisina maturo, mushure mokunge adzorera lobotomy, murwere akawana chirwere chakanga chisingakwanise kuwedzera kurapwa. Tinogona kutaura nyore - kune vanhu vanorwara mupfungwa vanoisa miedzo inotyisa.