Sero Kamudzira haasi mumwe? Marongerwo kushanda muchitokisi membranes

By nadmembrannym zvivako chirimwa masero, notumwe uye mamwe mabhakitiriya rinoshanda mamiriro akadai rusvingo rwavo. Nyaya ino ichaongorora sechivako sero rusvingo dzakasiyana mapoka zvipenyu, uye zvakare akajekesa mabasa nayo anoita. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chikamu ichi yakatanga yakawanikwa pedyo Chirungu musayendisiti Robert Hooke muzana remakore rechi17. Cherechedzawo kuti sero Kamudzira vasipo kwemhuka chete-celled, uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, kubva coelenterates uye anopera vertebrates: hove, amphibians, nezvinokambaira, neshiri uye mhuka.

Sei uchida izvozvo

Pasinei nokuti mamiriro uye makemikari anoumba fungal rusvingo, zvinomera uye drobyanok zvinosiyana, sero Kamudzira basa ivo akafanana chaizvo. Kutanga, zviri yokudzivirirwa cytoplasm uye organelles yaro kubva tisafurirwa zvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

Next: nadmembranny zvakaoma yakavimbika rutsigiro contactsGoogle uye anopa simba munyama zvinomera uye hunokuvadza. Below tichakurukura muudzame sei goko mamiriro iri interconnected pamwe mabasa kuti anoita.

Zvakakurukurwa muchitokisi rusvingo miti

mamiriro ichi mu chirimwa zvinenge rinoumbwa chaizvoizvo ane polymer kuva mukirasi polysaccharides - cellulose. Its samolecular payakavakirwa kwakafanana kuti ari miriwo starch (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n.} Macromolecules ose polysaccharide zvine residues kuti Beta-shuga, uye vane chete Linear chimiro, saka vanogona kuumba fibers, yakaunganidzwa mwanda. Zvinoumba akasimba puranga sero rusvingo -depth ari colloidal chizvaro, iyo akanyora zvikurukuru pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi - hemicelluloses uye pectin. Uyewo, cellulose aiwanzowanika dzimwe zvinomera, semuenzaniso, donje zvachose 99% ine yakaisvonaka cellulose, neshinda uye hemp ane nayo mari kubva 75-80% pehuni - kusvika 55%. Sezvambotaurwa, mashandiro muchitokisi membranes zvinokonzerwa zvinenge kuti zvinyama izvo inopinda.

Kunze cellulose rusvingo rine mapuroteni, lipids uye inorganic zvokuvakisa. Somuenzaniso, muchitokisi masvingo dzakakwirira zvinomera spore - horsetails - zvinosanganisira nesilicon dioxide, saka muti pachayo vanachandagwinyira chaizvo uye rakasimba uye ndiyo mhuka inedible. Mumwe akaturikidzana achiumba hunde pakati perennial zvinomera uye akadana chimiso, rinoungana ari anoshongwa mafuta-kufanana fuma - suberin. Somugumisiro, mashoko cytoplasm uye ayo organelles dziparare uye masero pachavo vanogona kuita chete nokutsigira basa (oprobkovevanie hunde).

Kana pakati cellulose fibers kuunganidza lignin, hemicellulose pamwe nayo runogonesa nesimba zvemaziso pakati pemashanga madzinde zvinomera zviri Woody rudzi, uye pigments zviri lignin, mhaka dziberekane matanda. Rusvingo zvakare unotora pores mudungwe aine Kamudzira, izvo zvinopa chokufambisa kuti zvinhu.

Marongerwo kushanda foni membranes ose notumwe

The vamiririri mapoka notumwe nheyo rusvingo siyana ndiyo chitin - a polysaccharide, iyo inowanikwa muna rokunze marangwanda pakati arthropods uye mune mamwe mabhakitiriya. Nadmembrannye zvivako notumwe dzinewo cellulose uye mhuka starch - glycogen. Somuenzaniso, makemikari mamiriro mbiriso sero rusvingo anomiririrwa kunyanya makabhohaidhiretsi - glucan uye mannan. Wall pachayo kwavari yakasimba zvakakwana uye ari kusvibisa ozeyewa mune nemudumbu mhuka, saka zvokudya hazvina nyore nyore uye mbiriso havasi woga epithelium yacho ura duku.

Features utachiona

Kana sero Kamudzira vasipo mu protists, prokaryotes zvino ine chaizvo kunzwisisa chivakwa, kusanganisira murein, lipoproteins uye lipopolysaccharides, uye teichoic acid. rusvingo lipopolysaccharides kukurudzira kuti dzakasiyana-siyana substrates adhesion mabhakitiriya Somuenzaniso, kuti zino enamel kana kuti membranes ose eukaryotes. Naizvozvo, sero rusvingo utachiona uye asi ane antigenic ehupfumi.

Mabhakitiriya Most pamusoro porusvingo chakafukidzwa mucous Kamudzira (capsid), pamusoro izvo zvingazivikanwa riri mumwe unodzivirira rukoko - peplos. Zvichienderana ayo mamiriro, mune zvidukuduku utachiona zvose vari akakamurwa giremu-akanaka uye giremu negative.

Kusiyanisa mabhakitiriya kubudikidza nokukanganisika sezvamunoita

Nzira inobatsira kusiyanisa prokaryotes pamusoro chaizvo zviri kwemakemikari maumbirwo anoshongwa dzavo, akanga aronga nokuda Danish musayendisiti G. giremu mukupera XIX remakore. Akawana kuti mamwe marudzi utachiona akasvibiswa zvakanaka aniline madhayi uye kuumba akatsiga yeimwe yepepuru ruvara anoumba sero membrane.

giremu kwakadaro akanaka prokaryotes kunge zita: somuenzaniso, anonzi Staphylococcus uye Streptococcus. Vose vanogona kuti nhamba inorwisa mabhakitiriya kuti penicillin uye actinomycin. Other Mabhakitiriya, rinonzi giremu negative, regai aizonyatsovachenesa pamwe methyl Violet. Ivo husingakwanisi kuti penicillin, nokuti vane hwakasimba pasi-permeability Kamudzira uye masero rusvingo. Izvi zvinosanganisira Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Sero Kamudzira mabhakitiriya, iro rine yakasiyana makemikari anoumba, zvinokosha microbiological maitiro izvo zvakanyorwa pharmacology uye mushonga.

Zvinoumba mycoplasmas

Ngatikurukurei kugara boka utachiona vashomashoma - mycoplasma. Zvidzidzo nemaziso zvakanzi kuratidzwa kuti sero Kamudzira vasipo mazviri, saka mycoplasmas tisanzwe zvimwe nemishonga, akadai tetracycline. Mycoplasmas vari rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa, ndivo causative vaishandira zvirwere zvakawanda, kusanganisira urogenital womunhu hurongwa.

mycoplasma Most mu muviri wavo kunodiwa kushandisa okisijeni uye kunyatsoomerera aerobes. Sezvo tupukanana vanhu uye mhuka, ivo zviwande nokukurumidza, sapamazuva murwiyo foni membranes kuvapo remafuta akawandisa, inova yakanaka substrate nokuda kukura uye kubereka vana mycoplasmas.

Kwadzakabva iri nyore

Pakuvamba, isu akataura chokwadi kuti sero Kamudzira vasipo mune ciliates uye mamwe chete-celled mhuka Somuenzaniso, rhizopods. Zoologists vakaona kuti protista makazadziswa mhuka muviri, ine zvose mashandiro anoita: kukura, kubereka, kudya kunovaka, afemeruke, excretion. Uyezve, achigara hwemvura ezvinhu kana ivhu nyoro, protists anoitwa kuburikidza nhete Kamudzira chokufambisa nemvura chicherwa munyu, zviri kwokunze zvakatipoteredza uye yoga yeplasma Kamudzira kuburikidza pores vane metabolic zvigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, hapana unicellular mhuka kuoma nadmembrannyh zvivako zviri idioadaptatsy kuti zvinoitwa ambient ezvinhu.

Kudzivirira uye kuchengetedza kuvimbika goko majemusi vane pelikulu - denser chokunze rukoko ectoplasm. Nokuda pelikule rine elasticity uye mukurumari anodzokororwa kuramba Maumbirwe muviri remhuka.

In neKwayedza, marongerwo makemikari anoumba sero membranes rave kudzidza tsika zvirimwa masero ezvinhu zvipenyu, uyewo utachiona uye hunokuvadza.