Plant Sero. Zvinoumba chirimwa masero

The muviri zvipenyu ringava muchitokisi chete, boka ravo kana sesumbu hombe, rinosvika mabhiriyoni zvokutanga hurongwa. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira vakawanda dzakakwirira zvinomera. Kudzidza masero - the chinokosha marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita zvipenyu - iri paaivatambudza cytology. Bazi iri zvipenyu akatanga kukura nokukurumidza pashure yawanikwa Erekitironi maikorosikopu, avandudze chromatography uye dzimwe nzira nemakemikari omuviri. Funga huru zvinhu uyewo nyaya idzo chirimwa sero rakasiyana sechivako duku STRUCTURAL zviumbu mabhakitiriya, notumwe uye mhuka.

Okutanga masero R. Hooke

Dzidziso yacho duku Dzokuvaka zvose upenyu kumhuka, akayera mumazana emakore. The nemamiriro Kamudzira zvirimwa masero vanotanga kuonekwa maikorosikopu musayendisiti British Robert Hooke. General mbuva Sero pfungwa akagadzira Schleiden uye Schwann, vasati zvakafanana zvakawanikwa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi.

WokuEngland Robert Hooke aongororwe chikamu maikorosikopu kuti koko pomuouki, ndokumupa migumisiro pamusangano of Royal Society muLondon musi April 13, 1663 (maererano kumwewo, chiitiko kwakaitika muna 1665). Zvakaitika kuti muti omuti rinoumbwa masero tuduku rinonzi Hooke "masero." Masvingo izvi makamuri muenzaniso muchimiro rouchi, musayendisiti vaiona nyaya mhenyu uye mhango vakaziva upenyu upiyona marongerwo. Gare gare zvakaratidza kuti chirimwa uye mhuka masero ane fuma, pasina iro kuvapo kwavo, uye basa rose muviri.

sero dzidziso

An kuwanikwa yakakosha R. Hooke yakazokudziridzwa nemabasa dzimwe nyanzvi vakadzidza nemamiriro masero zvemhuka uye zvinomera. Similar STRUCTURAL zvinhu kwakacherechedzwa nemasayendisiti panguva nemaziso zvikamu zvipuka zvine masero akawanda notumwe. It Vakawana kuti STRUCTURAL vamapoka zvipenyu vane kugona kugovera. Pachishandiswa zveBhaibheri nevamiririri sciences zvoutachiona muGermany M. Schleiden uye T. Schwann akagadzira pfungwa kuti akava sero dzidziso.

Tikaenzanisa masero ose nemhuka vane utachiona, algae uye hunokuvadza akabvumira Vatsvakurudzi German kusvika zvinotevera mhedziso: Robert Hooke yakawanikwa "kamera" - kumboenda STRUCTURAL dzakabatana, uye kuzvizadzisa ari dzinotsanagura upenyu vari pamwoyo zvipenyu vakawanda Panyika. An chinokosha Kuwedzera chakaitwa R. Virchow muna 1855, pakuti sero nokupesana - chete nzira yavo maberekero nhandare. Dzidziso Schleiden-Schwann pamwe reserved kuramba kugamuchira zvipenyu.

Cell - zviduku chedziviriro marongerwo uye basa zvinomera

Maererano yokungotaura zvokudya Schleiden uye Schwann, kuti makemikari nyika ndiwo unoratidza munhu nemaziso marongerwo zvakafanana zvinomera uye mhuka. Kunze izvi kunzvimbo mbiri, kuvapo sero runozivisa notumwe, mabhakitiriya, uye tisina wanda. Kukura zvipenyu inopiwa iri kubuda masero matsva ari mubishi kugovera munazvo.

Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda - kwete kuunganidza STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Small STRUCTURAL dzakabatana anosangana mumwe kuumbika nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Celled zvinenge vanogara voga, izvo hakutadzisi kuti kusika dzaitongwa. The chikuru zviri masero:

• mano chinozvimirira;
• pachako muviri;
• nokuzvidzora kubereka;
• budiriro.

Mune shanduka oupenyu rimwe nhanho inokosha yaiva kuparadzana musimboti kubva cytoplasm achishandisa rwokudzivirira membrane. Kukurukurirana hwaponeswa, nekuti kunze zvivako izvi varege kuvapo. Zvino govera mbiri superkingdom - non-yenyukireya uye zvenyukireya zvinenge. Boka rechipiri ine zvinomera, notumwe uye mhuka, izvo mubasa kudzidza kuMudzidzisi zvikamu nesayenzi uye zvipenyu zvavo. Plant Sero ane neerekitironi, cytoplasm uye organelles, izvo zvichaita kuti kutaurwa pazasi.

A siyana chirimwa masero

Pakutanga kwezana yaibva visi, maapuro kana mbatatisi inogona kuonekwa akashama ziso mamiriro "muchitokisi", akazadzwa mura. Izvi parenchyma masero muchero une dhayamita 1 mm. Bast fibers - elongated maumbirwo kuva kureba substantially kupfuura upamhi. Somuenzaniso, mumwe muti sero, unonzi donje zvasvika munhu kureba 65 mm. Bast internet neshinda uye hemp vane Linear kukura 40-60 mm. masero Typical vari ndoda -20-50 microns. Funga izvi zviduku Dzokuvaka zvinogona chete kuva pasi maikorosikopu. Zvakakurukurwa duku vamapoka chirimwa muviri mamiriro zvinozarurwa kwete chimiro uye kukura kusiyana, asiwo mabasa anoitwa sechikamu munyama.

Dyarai Sero: dzinokosha zvechiratidzo chacho

Neerekitironi cytoplasm vari pedyo pedyo dyidzana uye kushamwaridzana mumwe, izvo kunosimbiswa tsvakurudzo nemasayendisiti. Ndiro huru chikamu muchitokisi eukaryotic, kuvimba vose vamwe zvinhu chacho. The tsanga rakashandiswa kuwanda uye kuchinjwa mashoko majini kunodiwa kuti mapuroteni usage.

musayendisiti British Robert Brown muna 1831 kokutanga vakaona ari kudyara muchitokisi iri Orchid nemhuri muviri chaiwo (Mwoyo wesero). Yakanga panozogadzirika takapoteredzwa Semi-cytoplasm. Zita fuma iyi iri shanduro chaiko kubva muchiGiriki "mukanyiwa kwamakamuri inokosha." Inogona kuva mvura kana viscous, asi kwete zvemapuranga aine membrane. Rokunze mumuhara Masero rinoumbwa zvikurukuru cellulose, lignin, wakisi. Chimwe zvatariswa iyo kusiyanisa masero ose nemhuka, - kuvapo ichi zvakasimba cellulosic rusvingo.

The nemamiriro cytoplasm

Menzvimbo chirimwa sero akazadzwa hyaloplasm kumisa mairi tuduku granules. Pedyo vanonzi goko endoplasma hunowedzera viscous ekzoplazmu. Zviri zvinhu izvi, izvo vakazadzwa chirimwa sero, vanoshumira senzvimbo nokukanganisika siyana uye zvokufambisa, kwakaita placement pamusoro organelles uye inclusions.

Inenge 70-85% of cytoplasm mvura, 10-20% ndivo mapuroteni, uye mamwe makemikari zvinoriumba - makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids, chicherwa yeimwe. Dyarai masero vane cytoplasm, sezvamakaropafadzwa pakati magumo-zvibereko kwetunhu varipo bioregulators mabasa uye yokutsiva zvinhu (mavhitamini, makemikari, anonhuwirira, starch).

moyo

Tikaenzanisa zvinomera nemhuka masero unoratidza kuti vane yakafanana hurongwa musimboti ari cytoplasm uye pokugara kusvika 20% cheBhuku kwayo. The wokuEngland R. Brown, kokutanga razopedza pasi maikorosikopu ichi zvinokosha uye zvechigarire chezvinonhuwira eukaryotes zvose, akamupa zita kubva muchiLatin shoko musimboti. Chitarisiko nuclei Kazhinji correlates pamwe muchitokisi chimiro uye kukura, asi dzimwe nguva yakasiyana. Zvaida zvinhu nemamiriro - Kamudzira karyolymph, kuti nucleolus uye chromatin.

Munguva Kamudzira raiparadzanisa musimboti kubva cytoplasm, pane pores. Pashure izvi zvinhu kupinda kubva musimboti kusvika cytoplasm uye musana. Karyolymph imvura kana viscous zviri kubva renyukireya chromatin kumatunhu. The nucleolus rine ribonucleic asidhi (RNA), rakapinza muruoko cytoplasm ari ribosome kuitawo mapuroteni usage. Other nucleic asidhi - deoxyribonucleic (DNA) - iri varipowo akawanda. DNA uye RNA vakatanga yakawanikwa masero mhuka muna 1869, pashure kuwanikwa miti. Core - ndiye "kudzora centre" pakati intracellular urongwa, kuchengetera nzvimbo mashoko ose nhaka zvatariswa yose muviri.

Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS)

Sechivako mhuka uye chirimwa masero ane simba sungano. Ruripo cytoplasm yomukati tubules akazara akasiyana mavambo uye Kuronga fuma. Granular siyana EPS chakasiyana pamberi kumeso mhando ribosomes pamusoro Kamudzira pamusoro. Chokutanga rinobatanidzwa kwetunhu mapuroteni, wechipiri wakakurira ingaita paumbwe makabhohaidhiretsi uye lipids. Sezvo dzakatangwa vaongorori, migero vasiri chete zvinopfuura cytoplasm, vari chokuita nechimwe organelle ane muchitokisi mupenyu. Naizvozvo, kukosha EPS zvikuru anoongwa sezvo nhengo muviri, kukurukurirana maitiro pamwe zvakatipoteredza.

ribosomes

Sechivako chirimwa masero kana mhuka Zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina izvi nezvimedu diki. Ribosomes vari vashomashoma, vanogona kuonekwa chete kuburikidza imwe Erekitironi maikorosikopu. Murwiyo masero vakawanda mapuroteni uye ribonucleic asidhi mamorekuru, pane zviduku uwandu calcium magnesium ions. Vanenge vose masero dzichiitika RNA ari ribosomes, dzinopa mapuroteni usage, "tichinhonga" zviri amino acids zviri mapurotini. The mapuroteni vari ipapo zvokudya kupinda migero uye kupararira EPS samambure yose muchitokisi, kupinda munzvimbo core.

mitochondria

organelles izvi masero vanowana simba rayo zvinomera, vanogona kuonekwa ne kuwedzera zvavo chiedza maikorosikopu. Kuwanda mitochondria kunosiyana-siyana mukati rakafara chaizvo mwero, vangava zviumbu sezvo vazhinji kana zviuru. Organelle mamiriro haisi zvikuru kunzwisisa, pane mbiri membranes uye chizvaro mukati. The mitochondria ine lipid mapuroteni, DNA uye RNA, ndivo basa biosynthesis pamusoro ATP - adenosine triphosphate. Nokuti fuma iyi chirimwa kana mhuka masero dzinoratidzwa pamberi phosphates matatu. The cleavage neimwe inopa simba zvakakodzera kuti pezvakaitwa zvose inokosha muchitokisi pacharo, uye rose muviri. Asiwo, va- residues ose phosphoric asidhi runoita kutamira uye chitoro simba akadaro munyika muchitokisi.

Funga mufananidzo pazasi pamusoro muchitokisi organelles uye mazita ndivo aunotoziva. Ona dhudhumira guru (vacuole) uye mitema plastids (chloroplasts). Tichakurukura navo delshe.

Golgi kunzwisisa

Complex ine sero organoid pellet membranes uye vacuoles. The kunzwisisa wakazaruka 1898 uye ainzi pashure wokuItaly zvipenyu. Zvinoumba chirimwa masero vari sezvo zvakaenzana kupararira Golgi nezvimedu yose cytoplasm. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti zvakaoma kunodiwa kuti murau mvura tigutsikane uye tsvina, bvisa zvakawandisa zvinhu.

plastids

chirimwa rinenge masero chete ane organelles manyoro. Uyezve, pane Hauoneki, yellow uye Orange plastids. Chimiro chavo uye mashandiro yemiti airatidza simba, uye vava kukwanisa kuchinja ruvara nokuda nemakemikari. The Mhando chikuru plastids:

• orenji yellow chromoplasts vakaumba carotene uye xanthophylls;
• chloroplasts ine chlorophyll zviyo, - munyoro ruvara;
• leucoplasts - Hauoneki plastids.

The nemamiriro chirimwa masero Rinobatanidzwa richisvika nayo nemakemikari kwetunhu zvinoitwa Organic zvinhu kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura uchishandisa chiedza simba. Zita iri chinoshamisa uye kunzwisisa chaizvo hadzichatori - photosynthesis. Reactions yaitwa nokuda chlorophyll, nefuma vanokwanisa akakunda simba chechiedza danda. Kuvapo uswa ruvara iri nokuda maitiro Ruvara mashizha, uswa madzinde, kuibva zvibereko. Chlorophyll zvakafanana mune chivako kuti Chizenga, ropa remhuka uye vanhu.

Red, yellow uye Orange ruvara zvakasiyana chirimwa nhengo nokuda pamberi mumasero chromoplasts. Dzavo hwaro huru boka carotenoids basa rinokosha mune muviri. Leucoplasts kukonzera kwetunhu uye kuunganidza starch. Plastids vanokura uye muwande vari cytoplasm wake kufamba achitevedza yomukati Kamudzira hwomuti muchitokisi. Ivo akapfuma makemikari, ions, vamwe pakugadzira kushingaira yeimwe.

The kusiyana nemaziso nemamiriro mikuru mapoka zvipenyu

masero Most kufanana tuduku mubhegi akazadzwa madzihwa corpuscles, granules uye matema. Kazhinji kune inclusions siyana muchimiro zvakasimba crystals, zvicherwa, Madonhwe mafuta, ari starch granules. Masero vari pedyo kuonana ari Zvinoumba chirimwa munyama, upenyu vakawanda kunoenderana nebasa duku mamiriro zviumbu nokuita chimwe.

Kana pane specialization kuti zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mamiriro kuti chinoratidzwa pana siyana vasiri mabasa uye mashandiro anoita nemaziso STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Vakatsunga kushandisa nzvimbo zvinyama ari mashizha, midzi, madzinde, kana rokubereka chirimwa nhengo.

Isu kumboremekedza huru pezvokuvamba bvunzo, chirimwa muchitokisi zvepakutanga vamapoka sechivako nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu:

1. Gobvu goko mamirire chete zvinomera, kuumbwa faibha (cellulose). In notumwe, ari Kamudzira rine rakasimba chitin (rinokosha mapuroteni).
2. Masero zvinomera uye hunokuvadza yakasiyana ruvara nokuda kuvapo kana kusavapo plastids. Mhuru kwakadaro, sezvo chloroplasts, chromoplasts uye leucoplasts, varipo chete cytoplasm hwomuti.
3. Pane organelles chinosiyanisa mhuka - a centriole (foni pakati).
4. ari mumasero zvinomera chete kupa huru huru vacuole akazadzwa mura mukati. Kazhinji, izvi sero muto mavara pigments namavara siyana.
5. Main kupembedza remubatanidzwa chirimwa muviri - starch. Notumwe nemhuka kuunganidza glycogen mumasero avo.

Pakati matope anozivikanwa zhinji kuroorwa, vakasununguka-zvipenyu masero. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai yakazvimirira Muviri chlamydomonas. Kunyange zvazvo miti Munokudzwa kubva nemhuka nokuvapo imwe cellulose sero rusvingo, asi utachiona masero vari kunyimwa yakadaro gobvu goko - ichi ndechimwe uchapupu kubatana makemikari nyika.