Zano racho pulmonary kuparadzirwa munzvimbo mhuka

The kweropa maitiro uye afemeruke vari interconnected zvayakaita uye vakuru. Pamwe chete wavanotipa anokosha ari muviri anobvumira kupa okisijeni nyama uye nhengo pamwe muviri. Uye kubva nemhuka pakutanga, pamwe akakunda nyika, pane kubatana idzi hurongwa. Rinotibatsira yepamusoro pamwero STRUCTURAL sangano uye Optimization kuti physiology kuna nderemagariro pasi.

Respiratoria uye kumwoyo kuti mhuka, amphibians, shiri uye zvinokambaira inoumbwa mumapapu, mwoyo uye ropa midziyo. Pazano iri pulmonary riparadzirwe rwunokwanisa inomiririrwa chiedza, kureva pulmonary capillaries, izvo kupa ropa kuti arteries, uye anopiwa mutsinga. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti STRUCTURAL zvipingamupinyi pakati pulmonary riparadzirwe hatisi, nokuda kwezvandakaitirwa kufema turakiti uye kumwoyo anoonekwa chimwe dzichipfekeka chimwe.

Magungano edunhu ari pulmonary kutenderera

Small denderedzwa rinonzi rakavharwa redunhu midziyo kuti takura ropa kubva pamoyo mapapu uye anotumirwa adzokera shure. Panguva iyoyowo, zvisinei kusiyana physiology ropa wokufambisa mashoko pulmonary kweropa kutenderera mhuka haisi akasiyana amphibians, nezvinokambaira uye kunyange shiri. With azvino mune mhuka vane zvakawanda zvakafanana kupfuura vamwe. Zvikurukuru, tiri 4-yokuvata mwoyo.

Sezvo miganhu pakati nhumbi muviri hakuwaniki, ipapo Zvimiso pakutanga pulmonary kuparadzirwa ichaongororwa rworudyi ventricle zviri mumwoyo mhuka. Maro pulmonary hunde ropa kunyimwa okisijeni, izvozvo inoendeswa pulmonary capillaries. Kurongedza gasi diffusion kuitika alveolar epithelial masero, akamiswa kusunungurwa mukati lumen pakati Formação de, uye carbon dioxide kubatwa oxygen. Last asunga kuti Chizenga uye inoendeswa kurutivi mwoyo rworuboshwe parutivi pulmonary mutsinga. Inoratidza dhayagiramu pakati pulmonary riparadzirwe, painoguma iri atrium kuruboshwe, uye ropa riyerere systemic kubva ventricle kuruboshwe kunotanga.

A denderedzwa duku ropa kutenderera shiri

The physiology of kufema uye kumwoyo shiri dzakawanda sezvinoita mhuka, uyewo tine 4-kamuri mwoyo. In amphibians uye zvinokambaira mumoyo 3-kamuri. Somugumisiro, duku denderedzwa shiri akaparadzirwa redunhu kwakafanana mune mhuka. Pano, kubva kurudyi ventricle runoyerera venous ropa riyerere kune pulmonary capillaries. Oxygenation Anopfumisa neropa okisijeni kuti masero matsvuku eropa kubva arterial ropa zvifambiswe kuti atrium kuruboshwe, uye kubva ikoko - iri ventricle uye systemic kweropa.

Pulmonary riparadzirwe shiri uye mhuka

Unofanira Zvichida edza iyo ropa runoyerera ari mutsinga ari pulmonary kuparadzirwa munzvimbo shiri, mhuka, nezvinokambaira uye amphibians. Saka, muna mhuka kuti pulmonary tsinga kune capillaries inoyerera venous ropa kwezvinoshandiswa okisijeni uye ine carbon dioxide inobvisa akawanda. Pashure oxygenation rimwe arterial ropa kuburikidza mutsinga runotungamirirwa pamwoyo. Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune iri systemic riparadzirwe anogara inoyerera arterial ropa kubva mumwoyo kuburikidza arteries chete, uye venous kudzokera mwoyo kubudikidza mutsinga.

Pulmonary wokufambisa nezvinokambaira uye amphibians

Paakadzinga pulmonary kuparadzirwa datya hakuiti akasiyana mhuka. Zvisinei, pamusoro physiology zvakasiyana: nokuda 3-yokuvata cardiac venous uye arterial ropa yakavhenganiswa. Nokuti arteries muviri kusanganisira zvemapapu, ruchiyerera vakavhengana chaivo mvura. A venous mutsinga ari shure kusvika mwoyo muviri, uye ipapo kusanganiswa imwe-kamuri matatu mwoyo. Naizvozvo, iri kukwana kumanikidzwa kuti okisijeni iri arteries zviduku uye makuru kweropa rakapotsa zvakafanana. Nekuti zvinokambaira vari ine utsinye.

Zvinokambaira tiri-chambered matatu mwoyo, asi okumusoro zvikamu zvachose ventricle pane utachiona kubva partition. Makarwe zvose partition pakati kurudyi uye rworuboshwe ventricle iri rinenge kuumbwa. Ane chete imwe nhamba maburi. Somugumisiro, makarwe zvakawanda akaomarara uye makuru zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nezvinokambaira. Panguva iyoyo haina kuzivikanwa kuti dinosaurs aiva mwoyo, uyewo kuva mukirasi nezvinokambaira. Zvimwe ivo vaiva anenge zvizere partition ari ventricles. Kunyange zvazvo uchapupu angangotadza kuwanikwa.

Kuongororwa zano duku denderedzwa kweropa kwevanhu

Muvanhu, gasi mukutsinhana rinowanikwa mumapapu. Pano, ropa anopa, carbon dioxide uye oxygenated. Ndiro ukoshi chikuru pulmonary kweropa. Chero zvedzidzo zano pamusoro pulmonary riparadzirwe, yakasimbiswa pachishandiswa kufema tsvakurudzo physiology, kutangira kubva kurudyi ventricle. Zvakananga kubva pulmonary vharuvhu pulmonary hunde unotii. Nokuda kwayo weboka muzvikamu zviviri kutama davi pulmonary arteries kurudyi rworuboshwewo zvemapapu.

Pulmonary tsinga pacharwo kakawanda yakakamurwa nowakapwanyika kuna capillaries, rakapinza rizere muviri tishu. Gas Exchange kunoitika zvakananga kwavari kuburikidza mhepo-ropa chipingamupinyi Kunoumbwa pamusoro alveolar epithelial masero. Pashure oxygenation ropa inounganidzwa mu venules uye mutsinga. Mapenga maviri kubva neimwe zvemapapu rworuboshwewo atrium runoyerera 4 pulmonary mutsinga. Vanotakura arterial ropa. Panguva pulmonary kweropa redunhu inoguma uye zvinobva systemic kufamba kweropa.

The zvipenyu zvinorehwa pulmonary kutenderera

Small denderedzwa rinowanikwa phylogeny ezvinhu zvipenyu kuti vanotanga nyuchi nyika. In mhuka kurarama mumvura uye nekugamuchira ichiputswa okisijeni vasipo. Evolution akasika uye dzimwe kufema nhengo: kutanga nyore traheistye mapapu uye ipapo - alveolar kunzwisisa. Uye zvakaita nokuuya pamusoro zvemapapu hwapedyo uye pulmonary kufamba kweropa.

Kubva iyi Kushanduka zvipenyu panyika, zvainanga optimizing yakachena kubatwa uye kutakura nayo nyama unoparadza. Kushaikwa ropa vaiitawo ari mhango pakati ventricles ndiyewo rinokosha shanduka mashandiro. Pamusana kwaari, akapa kwoushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo mhuka neshiri. Uyewo, zvakakosha, 4-chambered mwoyo ndiko kuva nechokwadi kukura kwouropi, nokuti unopisa kota vanosvika oxygenated ropa.