Zvikamu ikoroji uye tsanangudzo pfupi. Huru zvezvakatipoteredza misoro

Man, kuva chikamu noosphere, akatarisana nhau nekuita nzanga pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza. Science, inoongorora uye inotaura kubatana zviri nevanhu zvipenyu pamwe nemumwe uye zvakavapoteredza, uyewo kudzidza matambudziko dzinongoitika zvikonzero pamusoro chirimwa, mhuka nezvimwe upenyu mhando, inonzi ikoroji. Kuti uwane kudzidza chirango ichi zvipenyu rakakamurwa sectors: synecology, autecology, vagari ikoroji, munhu ikoroji.

Vane Integrated uye tiri chikamu multidisciplinary kunzwisisa kuti harisi chete nzvimbo ikoroji, asiwo kune vamwe sayenzi: dzezvoupfumi, evanhu, zvepfungwa. Nyaya ino tichaongorora sectors kwezvakatipoteredza sayenzi kutsunga kukosha kwavo emunhu maererano zvakasikwa.

misoro zvezvakatipoteredza uye tsanangudzo pfupi

Chinangwa kurayirirwa kwakadzama uye zvikuru kwazvo kudzidza tsaukana nesayenzi: zvipenyu, zveupfumi. Somuenzaniso, chinotaura pamusoro peculiarities neukama zvinomera, mhuka uye utachiona kubva zvakavapoteredza kunopindirana ikoroji somunhu sainzi. Ecology inotsidza mumwoyo vanhu nechouviri nematambudziko zvinhu zvipenyu. Geoecology kufunga chaizvo yokurarama nharaunda kurarama chaiyo nenzvimbo ezvinhu: mumakomo, Freshwater madziva, makungwa, etc. Next, isu funga pamusoro nedzimwe zvemhoteredzo zvizere ...

zvinonyatsorehwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinangwa

Chinonyanya kukosha kwavari - kudzidzwa zviwanikwa zviri kwevari sangano ravo. chikamu akadaro sezvo autecology, anoronga kuratidzwa siyana kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, delimiting navo abiotic, biotic uye kwevanhu zvinhu pamusoro. Zvinonzi anozivikanwa sei kukosha tembiricha, okuvhenekesa mvura youpenyu zvinomera, mhuka uye vanhu. Masayendisiti uyewo vakaongorora kwadzakabva, yomuka pasi pokudzora kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu zvose vanhu uye biogeocoenose chechetere.

Synecology, kufanana nezvimwe namatavi ikoroji ano, rinoongorora kukurukurirana pamusoro zvinhu biogeocoenose pachiyero mapoka zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi. Ivo inoratidzwa zvakadai siyana sezvo mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvakatipoteredza zvinhu akadzidza ari nezvakatipoteredza pamwero, refracted kuburikidza mhando zvipenyu zvakasiyana upenyu, kuti ndiwo musiyano mukuru pakati pavo kubva pakutsvakurudza kuitwa Somuenzaniso, mamiriro okunze, ivhu sainzi uye hydrology.

Population ikoroji - kiyi kunzwisisa kushanda biocenosis

chino Environmental Science inodzidza ehupfumi anokosha STRUCTURAL vamapoka mhenyu hunhu - kwevanhu. Pfungwa iyi chinofukidza boka zvinenge zvakafanana kwemarudzi kurarama zvakafanana nzvimbo - dzinogarisana. kuranga Scientific, uyewo dzimwe anokosha zvakapoteredza nzvimbo, categorizes yevagari kupinda vemo, nenzvimbo uye zvipenyu marudzi. Inoongorora muudzame zvivako pakurarama uye munharaunda akadai kukwanisa bereka uye shanduka, ichijekesa nemarudzi avo - zvachose nezvenyama. Wokupedzisira ari nedanho phylogeny inogona kuva wechigarire kwevanhu kana chapedzwa.

How kusiyanisa mhuka vemunharaunda

The inonzwisisika kuenderera yokudzidza kwevanhu unhu zvipenyu ndiyo synecology. Iye, kufanana nezvimwe zvikamu zvavo ikoroji, inoongorora ukama mifananidzo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi kuti zvakatangwa mukufamba shanduka. Vanoratidza vakuru vakuru kuti zvinhu zvipenyu uye ine omurume siyana. Studies zvirimwa upenyu, tupukanana tusingaoneki, zvipfuwo zvavo dzinongoitika dzinogarisana zvinoitiswa nemasayendisiti kuti pakagadzwa mitemo, kuronga navo biocenoses.

How zvinenge ajairane kuchinja dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu?

Mubvunzo uyu uchapindurwa nokuongorora huru nyaya zvakatipoteredza, kunyanya anoranga sezvo autecology kwakadaro. It akagadzira mumwe postulates shoma, anotsanangura nzira kuchinja, vakadai murayiro optimum ezvinhu neimwe muviri muganhu hwake vose abiotic zvikonzero (anonzi miganhu wokubvumira). The nzvimbo iyi youpenyu uye dzinogarisana inonzi optimum. siyana ichi ndicho akanaka mararamiro chipenyu muviri.

Nokuda unopinza kuparara kwezvakatipoteredza zvesayenzi zvakava zvakakodzera kuziva kwadzakabva zvigadziriswe zvichiitika kubva zvipenyu somugumisiro physico-makemikari radioactive kusvibisa biosphere.

Human ekushandiswa pamusoro biogeocoenoses

It comprehensively kudzidza nevanhu anoranga akawanda dzesayenzi, izvo zvinosanganisira zvikamu Zvakarurama Ecology. Somunhu kuva bhizimisi uye kwezvivako, uye kurima. Zvinonzi kuchinja chiso dzinongoitika gadziriro? Sei kushandisa yepamusoro Nanotechnology vatendeuki chiso panyika? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi uye kutipa wemisoro kwezvakatipoteredza: Pfungwa nevanhu hurongwa, Urban ikoroji, Biospherology. Anthropogenic zvinhu, vaviri yakananga (semuenzaniso, kusvibisa hydrosphere pakati maindasitiri mudzimba tsvina mvura, dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya kwemiti, poaching) kana zvisina kunanga (somuenzaniso, pakusikwa chakagadzirwa gungwa - mvura reservoirs, kurima nyika, zvichitungamirira kwevhu uye ivhu salinity, abudise kuti wetlands), kushandura nengaidzo dzinongoitika biosystems - biocenoses uye vari zvakananga upenyu panyika. The Red Book - unoshamisa nokusimbisa tsotsi basa munhu, unoenda kutsakatika uye rufu akawandisa mhuka.

Zvakarurama Ecology tarisiro

Ichi davi mudiki sayenzi, nhengo zvakatipoteredza zvikamu. The tafura pazasi rinotsanangura zvose zvayo Substructure mapazi chokuita huru mabasa evanhu uye ukama hunhu.

Saka Bioresource uye mumaindasitiri ikoroji anopa kukudzivirirai nzira vanoparadza nyika yekurima, masango, makungwa, uye dzimwe zvinhu zvipenyu, zviri nechinangwa kuchengetedza wembereko dzavo uye yauinayo.

Kukasira Urban ikoroji tsvakurudzo

Kudzidza madhipatimendi zvemhoteredzo siyana, pfungwa kurangwa, chinovhenekera matambudziko mumaguta ezvinhu uye kuyeuka imbalances kukura mumaguta kwezvivako uye biogeocoenose umo urbanization kunoitika. Heating uye mvura, sewerage, zvekufambisa network, nzvimbo Kuraswa zvokufonongonwa tsvina akasikwa murume, kazhinji pasina hanya vakachengeteka dzinongoitika gadziriro. Nokuda rwokuzvarwa dondo ichi yecocoa kunyangarika, kuva kudzika madziva, kuderera nevanhu rezvipembenene shiri uye mhuka duku mararamiro. Somugumisiro, metropolises ano makuru conglomerates mukuru-richisimuka kuvakwa pamusoro mapurasitiki, girazi uye kongiri. Vanofanira zvachose mutorwa kuna yepanyama chaivo hurongwa.

Urban ikoroji ari kuedza kuwana chinogamuchirika, zvisingaenderani kushanda nzira kare vakavaka maguta, uyewo inorondedzera zvinodiwa vachivaka maguta zvitsva zvinodiwa zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinhu zvipenyu: zvinomera uye mhuka. Sayenzi hunofanotaura migumisiro yemabasa evanhu uye anoita ivhu ezvinhu zvichiongororwa, mvura uye mhepo mumaguta makuru.