Manufacturing uye kugadzirwa mugadziriro: tsanangudzo, mitemo uye azvo

Production hurongwa zvivako izvo zvinobatanidzwa munyaya midziyo uye vanhu vanoshanda pamwe chete. Ivo vanoita mabasa avo imwe nzvimbo mamiriro, ari kushanda zvakatipoteredza maererano mabasa. Manufacturing uye kugadzirwa nehurongwa vari Kunoumbwa dzakananga zvinhu.

General unhu

Production hurongwa vanokwanisa voga kana pachiimbwa mumwe kusangana izvi kana zvimwe mibvunzo, uye zvinogona zvinodiwa nevatengi kuburikidza kugadzirwa zvinhu uye mabasa. The chidzoke pezvivako akadaro anokonzerwa nechitarisiko kana paumbwe musika kudiwa. Vanofanira dzakashandisa kusangana kwenguva nevatengi kudiwa. Saka, chinangwa kugadzirwa hurongwa kunoratidzwa kugadzirwa uye rokutengesa mishonga akabvunza mumusika.

siteji

The hurongwa okuwana pezvakaitwa ari kutevedzana remapazi chokuita kuchinja zvinhu uye pakugadzira zvinhu nezvinhu uye mabasa. Mukati kunzwisisa ichi pane kuchinja mari inoshandiswa pabasa. Vanoenda kuburikidza anotevera matanho:

1. Mechanisation. Sechikamu ayo remaoko ari pamwe ne muchina.
2. Kushandisa michina. Zviri kutamira rakazara zvokushandisa zvemaziso kushandiswa. Kushandisa michina waanodzikisira kubatanidzwa kwevanhu basa.
3. Standardization. It anotora kufanana nezvikamu, kushandiswa, zvigadzirwa, nokuda izvo chigadzirwa zvinoriumba uye vanhu vari kuchinjaniswa.
4. Computerization. Kunoitawo kuti mikana yokuti kusanduka Kuchinja zvokushandisa kugadzirwa munhu siyana zvakawanda zvigadzirwa.

Types okuwana nehurongwa

Vakatsunga maererano zvokukura paumbwe ano indasitiri. Zvichienderana Mari-achicheka nzira, sangano, kwezvinhu pamwero marudzi anotevera:

1. Soft pre-kwesayenzi (mauto anarchic).
2. Soft sainzi, yakavakirwa kusanduka ruzivo (toyotizm).
3. Hard sainzi (Fordism).

Ngatimboongororai izvi okuwana enyika zvizere.

Military anarchic mamiriro

gadziriro yakadaro ine maindasitiri basa rine zvinotevera zviri:

1. nzvimbo Key - the kubatwa kuti misika mitsva nokuda kutengeswa nhumbi dzavo isingadhuri.
2. Manufactory uye fekitari yakaitwa zvigadzirwa. Zvinonzi kwakavakirwa Mechanisation, kuchinjwa kiyi mashandiro anoita midziyo, inopa yakatetepa, nyore vashandi dzakagadzirirwa.
3. Templates uye polushablonnaya monotonous basa.
4. Kudzosera mutinhimira basa, akapiwa muchina.
5. kushandiswa zvikuru mashoko evanhu zvinhu nokuda rutapudzo kwavo mutengo.
6. Simple oparesheni.

kugadzirwa kutarisirwa wemuTesitamende iyi ndiyo hunhu kunetsana. Chaizvoizvo, nekuda ichi, akatumidza muchiuto-anarchist. Mugadziriro okuwana ukama zvikuru kusagadzikana.

Fordism

Muvambi ino kugadzirwa maitiro vakava G. Ford. Akakurukura pfungwa kuti kiyi zvokudya izvo ndeinotevera:

1. High mari mushandi wacho basa.
2. Kudzora uwandu maawa. The mushandi anofanira kushanda maawa 48 pavhiki, asi hapana zvimwe.
3. Kuona yakanakisisa mamiriro michina yavo Mhedziso kwomwoyo.
4. Kurimwa kuremekedza vanhu pachavo uye kune mumwe.

Maererano nenheyo izvi kwave akasuma 8-awa nezuva uye akaisa mari kaviri sezvo envisaged iri kazhinji akagamuchira dzemunharaunda. Ford zvakare akasika chikoro pamwe dzidzo, akazarura Sociological rabhoritari, iyo akaita kudzidza basa ezvinhu, yokufaranuka uye vashandi neimba. Panguva iyoyowo akatora kutarisira zvinogona vatengi. Zvikurukuru, vainyatsotarisirwa rwakabhadharwa kuna kugadzirwa yepamusoro zvigadzirwa, kukura kwebasa network, motokari kwakaramba nani, akaramba realizable mutengo. Somunhu kuzviomesera chinodiwa waitsigira pakatanga michina basa rakaoma, nokukurumidza utsanzi. Mukanyatsochengeta kudzora utsanana, utsanana, kufunga vasiri zvechadenga vashandi vari kuparadzira kuti vaite zvimwe akavhiyiwa (rinoda okusika chiratidzo kana monotone). Ford aiva mumwe wevaya akasika uzivi kudzidzira. Kukosha uyu uye nevamwe waitsigira pfungwa dzakafanana, kunoratidzwa kusimbisawo kiyi misimboti underpinning sangano okuwana enyika. Pari, havana kurasa kushanda kwayo, asi nekusiyana, akava kupfuura kudiwa.

Key zvinhu

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha Fordism mukuderedza kugadzirwa mari. Pakati kiyi zviri zvinotevera hurongwa vanogona kutaurwa:

1. kugadzirwa pipelining.
2. Kuwanikwa Park specialized michina.
3. Hwakarongwa nyore basa.
4. Kudzosera mutinhimira, vamwe conveyor.
5. Low-unyanzvi mudonzvo.
6. Serial (vakawanda) kugadzirwa.
7. Maduku mari yokurerwa mari kuvaka Mapaipi itsva.
8. A guru mudonzvo turnover.

utariri

Zvinosanganisira:

1. Production kuronga. Rakanga akatakurwa ari muchimiro iwe zvemari, dzevanhu uye pfuma.
2. Hwokutiparadza. Zviri Kugadzirwa sequences uye makwara nhumbi kuburikidza midziyo.
3. Vachizvitumira. Inopa vakagovera nzira-routings uye kugadzirwa mabasa nokuda vachida dzakabatana.
4. Kuronga. Ndicho paumbwe Graphics uye Kufambisa-siyana nzendo kubudiswa uye kugadzira nzira (mu dzinotevedzana kana zvakafanana).
5. Quality kuzvidzora.
6. Improvement kuti huku uye kuparadzira mashandiro pakati netsvimbo.

Toyotizm

Kugadzirwa hurongwa dzinokurukurwa pamusoro vasiri kuzivikanwa mukana wokushandiswa uye kukwanisa kuchinja kuti kuchinja mamiriro. Toyotizm - mhinduro kudiwa zvikuru vanokwanisa nezvokurara, kukura indasitiri mufambo. It anoita somunhu ano kugadzirwa uye zvoupfumi. chinokosha musimboti Its ndiko kuwana Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri wemishonga dzevanhu tsika, kudzidzisa, chinopfuurira kuchinjira kumamiriro dzichichinja ezvinhu. Zvinotarisirwa kuti akwezve zvikuru vanokwanisa mudonzvo, kushandisa polushablonnogo uye zvakasikwa. In framework ichi, kuchinja magadzirirwo uye kugadzira enyika. All mabasa zvakasimba sezvo kutaridza zvikuru unyanzvi makambani, vakatanga richikurukura pamatavi.

Kukura kugadzirwa gadziriro kusanduka mhando muJapan

Vakatanga kusumwa tichishandisa yapfuura, pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Pakukura pagadzirwe enyika mhando munyaya Japan. Panguva emakambani akatanga kushandisa munhu makombiyuta muenzaniso. It rinoronga mashoko ose STRUCTURAL dzakabatana uye kunovimbisa mabhizimisi chamazuva. Production uye hwokugadzira gadziriro ino mhando kunobatanidza Hurumende zvakananga weboka goho uye kudzora uwandu. Chamazuva inopiwa chokuendesa zvinhu "panguva yakakodzera" panzvimbo chaiyo uye iri runodiwa uwandu. muenzaniso uyu anonzi "kanban". Vakaronga zvebhizimisi dhipatimendi hwapedyo vhiki nevhiki kana pamwedzi purogiramu kugadzirwa zvinhu zvitsva. Saka hazvishandi ave kugadzirwa zano rimwe chirimwa. Operational nepurogiramu yakatanga ose zuva, basa chikwata chikuru conveyor chete. Other okudhindira aunoita kuburikidza kwegadziriro "kanban". Nzira Japanese anozivikanwa munyika yose nokuti unhu kwayo. kukurumbira kwakadaro kwakaitwa wakaoma kudzora kambani. mushandi Chero dzose kambani anonzwa nomumwe mutoro kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Special madenderedzwa ari kambani yakaumbwa kuti unhu kudzora. nhengo dzavo vanofanira nguva kuvandudza unyanzvi hwavo uye ruzivo.

misimboti

Main inogadzirwa enyika munyika nhasi dzinobva:

1. Resource kuronga. Maererano vakawanda basa muzvirongwa nokuumba ezvinhu for, financials, injiniya kukura, basa purogiramu.
2. Quality kuzvidzora.
3. Human Resource Management. Chinosanganisira kudzidza nomumwe zvinoitwa munhu inonzi chamazuva uye kuchengeteka. In emakambani akatanga kuchinja purogiramu, kuwedzera kuwanda mudonzvo mabasa. Vashandi pachavo zvinobatanidzwa sangano kugadzirwa. Pfungwa iri rwakabhadharwa kuna uye dzomunyika kuzvidzora nyanzvi boka.

Features yeRussian indasitiri

Pari mabasa zvebhizimisi womuenzaniso, kufukidza muzvikamu zvose zvavakanga vachida kuita. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete chete rakananga goho, asiwo kugoverwa mbishi zvokuvakisa ayo kugadzirwa, uye kumusika pamwe apedza zvigadzirwa. On sei zvinobudirira kuronga hurongwa kunoenderana unhu kwenhumbi, pachiyero mari, chekambani makwikwi. Sezvo zvinokosha constraining kukura kugadzirwa enyika muna Russian Federation, ndivo kushaya vanokwanisa mamaneja uye kushayikwa ruzivo pamusoro dzingangoitika uye tariro mazuvaano.

Kutarisirwa Specificity

kugadzirwa kutarisirwa hurongwa chinhu vanoziva murau yose vachida. Wokutanga Chirongwa kuti kukudziridzwa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri muenzaniso kushanda kambani. Management kunosanganisira kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro nzvimbo zvivako, pakatanga mitemo uye mitemo. Hurongwa inoshanda inofanira kugara kuongororwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane zvinofanira kusimbiswa nzira kupfuura mirairo, rinorondedzerwa nezvaiva kusarenda yavo. Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti ndiye kuchengeta zvinhu, zvinoriumba, nhengo uye zvigadzirwa mukati zvavakanga vachida kuita. kuongorora kwakadaro kunofanira nechokwadi panguva mumatanho ose kambani. Kuti vabudirire makwikwi pakati zvebhizimisi vanofanira kubudisa amupe chigadzirwa pamusoro pamusika. Muchiitiko chino, chinofanira kuva pachake zvachiri kuti zvinoita zvakasiyana nani kubva zvibereko zvimwe yemakambani. Panyaya iyi, boka unyanzvi ndiko kuva chigadzirwa magadzirirwo inobudisa kambani, kana kuti kushandisa kwavo huripo vaizotibata zviitiko.