MaSeneta - ndiani ichi? Ndezvipi zvinofanira kuita sezvinoita Seneta

Seneti akadana mumwe pamusoro zviremera vanoverengeka munyika, iyo anobata nyaya kugadzwa, enyika kuferefeta, tsanangudzo mudzimba uye dzimwe negwaro. The State midziyo hwemazuva vakaisa shanduro avo sangano iri Russia, USA, Italy uye France, Spain, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, Poland, Australia, Colombia nevamwe vazhinji. Kazhinji muviri ichi anonzi zvakasiyana - yokumusoro imba yeparamende (zvemitemo gungano).

tsananguro

MaSeneta - ndivo vakuru zvamatanda iri tsika iyoyo. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nyika yazvino democratic ino izwi inonzi kuparadzana, chikamu dzamavanze yepamusorosoro.

Kuti uone shoko "Seneta" chii, ndapota anoreva rechiLatin midzi shoko. Mumutauro yekare, ikozvino harishandiswi pakutaura kwezuva nezuva shoko «senatus». It anopa tsanangudzo boka, ungano vanhu vakwegura uye, akavapindurawo, rinobva "senex", zvichireva kuti "murume akwegura." Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti chiri chokuita rudzi evanhu sangano, apo simba vaiva vakuru vamarudzi kuti gare gare kunzi vakuru. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kwenguva anenge makore chiuru panguva upenyu reRoma rekare. First kwakamboitwa yekare nguva, pfungwa weSeneti sezvo chevanorwara enyika akarerwa nyika dzakawanda kwenguva refu nhoroondo nguva kusvikira nhasi.

tanga Seneti

Zvisinei, iye zvino uye mune kare vakuru - Machinda maviri akasiyana. Vakabva vaionekwa vamiririri yokumusoro kirasi. Iri raiva zita upenyu hwavo. Mambo aiva nesimba kugadza vanhu munzvimbo idzi, sezvo vakapfuura nzvimbo yake nhaka. With pokugadzwa zvokuvhoterwa pamusoro 6 remakore BC. e. Seneti rakabva dare revakuru rinomiririra patrician nemhuri. Saizvozvowo mweya pamwe nemamwe masangano, akava rinokosha muupenyu paruzhinji. Nhengo dzayo dzakanga rakava ekare vatongi kuti upenyu, kuti ndiye wevasungwa simba rezvematongerwo enyika uye zvakaitika Rome.

MaSeneta aidzidza rokutanga uongororwe mitemo muchiuto, akatungamirira munyaya mauto akatsunga vavatorwa mutemo, mari, achitarisira paruzhinji pfuma, inoitwa rinotarisira ezvitendero zviduku, yakazivisa mauto atonge. In tsika hwavanorarama mamiriro.
Sarudzo dzavo vane simba mutemo. In yeRoma nguva, simba maSeneta zvishoma zvishoma, kunotozongoita kufunga mambo. Sezvo rinodzora rava musangano vamiririri anokudzwa vapfumi mhuri, Seneta ose, chinzvimbo riri nhaka, vasisina enyika zvikuru muupenyu.

Russian Way

MuRussia, mambo wokutanga weSeneti akaisa naPetro Mukuru muna 1711 sezvo chepamusoro nhengo wehurumende simba uye zvemitemo basa. Sezvo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, kugadzwa chaiva kutakura fomu supervisory basa pamusoro basa paruzhinji masangano. Uye, maererano yakakwirira chirevo, kubva 1864, yakanga yakagoverwa imwe nyaya inokosha - chiito sezvo repamusorosoro of Cassation. Zvisinei, asati 1917, dare uye nhengo dzayo kunge akaendesa somugumisiro yaOctober Revolution, zviitiko akumbirwa "Chirevo pamusoro dare."

Chevaux Potr Veliky kazhinji vabve munyika, iyo kwavatadzisa naye kubva kuzvipira zvakakwana pachavo kuti chibate hurumende. Tiine chinangwa nhume simba, akaramba akarayira zvakanangana akasarudzwa nevanhu. kekutanga masimba aya akafanana kwekanguva private mirayiridzo. Asi kubva 1711, izvi mabasa vakatumirwa kupfungwa itsva, yainzi Dare Seneti. Akanga asina kufanana vatorwa masangano ari nguva (Poland, Sweden), uye akanga hwaiitirwa chairwo ezvinhu oupenyu Russian. Kukosha kwesimba inopiwa vakuru pakutsvaga wamambo, izvo akajekesa nezvainoita yakaenzana usakurirwe munhu wake mambo. Izvi kusvika pamwero kwakakanganisa zvinorehwa neshoko "Seneta" mumutauro wokuRussia dudziro yacho.

Petro kuchinja

Kana nguva tisipo Petro akamira, mubvunzo pokufa vakuru havana simuka. Pokugadzwa sangano inova, apo zvinhu zvinokosha zviri kuitika utariri, kumatare uye zviitiko zvenyika mutemo ano. Mumakore achangopfuura, ushe Peter yemaguta masimba vakuru vakarasikirwa zvazvinoreva, kunyanya mune zvemitemo mabhizimisi. Umbwa muna 1726 , Dare achizivawo Council akatanga musangano simba, zvokuti nzvimbo weSeneti hwachinja zvikuru, uye vakawanda nhengo dzayo vakatamira chinzvimbo muna Council.

Dzinotevera yakavambwa Peter makore anenge mazana maviri, sangano rokutanga chakachinja kakawanda: zvakanzi rakakamurwa madhipatimendi, reworked muhofisi, ivo Komiti Vashumiri, vaiita masimba, mabasa uye kodzero zvose nechomukati uye pachiimbwa nemamwe mamiriro masangano. pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kusvika pokuchinja uye vanhu simba zvakaita kuti pasave chekuenderera mberi kuvapo. Pokugadzwa uye nhengo dzayo asunungurwa kubva mabasa ake.

Modern kumwedzi

The kumumvuri rokutanga weSeneti muSoviet nguva Russia kwave chinozoiswa kubudikidza muenzaniso Federation Council (kurongwa marwadzo - Federation Council) muna July 1990 sechinhu Advisory muviri pasi President of USSR muna 1990-1991. Iye vakananga zvakananga musoro nyika uye yaisanganisira ari midziyo yacho yepamusoro vakuru. Raisanganisira 31 nhengo pakati chairmen pakati Councils of zvionera chinoda, kumatunhu uye maruwa, uyewo sachigaro vamwe 31 kwematunhu uye guta zviremera. By muenzaniso zvinoverengeka dzimwe masangano, vanhu vakatanga kudana weSeneti of Federation Council, uye ayo nhengo - vakuru.

Nhasi mu Russia akasimbisa yokumusoro imba Federal Assembly of Russian Federation. Zvinonzi inobva simba yeSoviet kumwedzi, uye anoshanda panheyo yacho dzenhoroondo Seneti. The Federation Council urege zvazvichanyungudutswa neMutungamiriri weNyika. Musangano mairi vachinzi aparadzane misangano vevatariri muna State Duma. Works sezvo muviri zvachose, nhengo vanoita mabasa avo pahwaro zvachose.

yokumusoro imba

Ichi muviri mamiriro achiumbwa uye anoumbwa vasiri partisan hwaro. Tsanangudzo iyi zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzayo havaumbi Mapato uye mapati. Vamiririri Upper House rusununguko kutapata wavo yose rokuti hofisi. Legislative basa maererano pokugadzwa State Duma anofarira omurume basa. Saka, mabasa kare munyaya Duma, uye chete pashure zvakanaka kunyatsoongorora kuti vakagamuchira Sovfeda.

Mumakore okupedzisira 20 apfuura Russian "Seneti" kwapfuura zvikamu zvina zvokuvandudza. Mumwe nomumwe wavo vakatakura nokuchinja emunharaunda vatungamiri, yakanatswa zvigadziriswe kugadzwa, vakatsunga suo zvinodiwa. Somuenzaniso, nhamba vakawanda zvinodiwa kuti vakasanangurwa musarudzo yazvino muganhu makore 30, kudiwa 5 makore osodlosti uye wakavimbika mukurumbira. Seneta ose muRussia - ndiye Paramende kana kuti Executive muviri Federation.

Sezvazvakanyorwa kuitwa America

MaSeneta - Ndiyo rezvematongerwe enyika yechipiri vanhu hurumende mushure gavhuna. nhamba yavo zvachose muUnited States - 100 nhengo, 2 vamiririri vaibva kwehurumende. Kusarudzwa nokuti US Senator, sezvinoita mutemo, zviri yakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru kupfuura Congressman:

• ndivo vanhu vaviri chete kubva ehurumende uye haachipo;
• US vakuru vanosarudzwa kuti izwi kwemakore matanhatu, kureva 2 makore ose rutsigiro kuti chetatu uwandu nhengo ..;
• sarudzo nzira anokwanisa kutora vazhinji zvemari uye mupfungwa zvinhu.

Kuti mukana chaicho pamutemo kukwikwidza nekuda weSeneti, mutemo unorayira:

• nguva yakakwana kuva anozivikanwa munhu, kunyanya sezvo rehurumende uye yeUnited pamwero enyika yakapoteredza;
• vane zvakanaka munzanga: mubati, mumwe Congressman pamwe ruzivo, meya rimwe guta guru, dzimwe dhigirii uye kubudirira;
• nzvimbo dzakapoteredza hombe simba uye mari chinzvimbo;
• Mumwe musarudzo inofanira nominated neHurumende sangano bato Maverick murwi kuhwina sarudzo kwazvo zvakaoma States.

The musarudzo nokuti weSeneti rakaitirwa saizvozvo munhu anotyisa, sezvo sarudzo dzemutungamiriri wenyika. Mugore, mamiriyoni evanhu zvaparadzwa vezvenhau ose zvino uye mifananidzo inokukurudzira kumusoro zvinonyadzisa. Kukwikwidzana mune hondo mumwe mukwikwidzi kubva Republican uye Democratic mapati. Kana kusarudza itsva akaratidza nemigumisiro yakanaka kokutanga, ipapo panguva musarudzo, anova akapotsa asingakundiki. Senator iri US - chiri pachena mushumiri akabata chinzvimbo chake dzimwe nguva kusvika makore 30.

mabasa Senator

Nhengo weSeneti upi mamiriro hwakapiwa simba vanoverengeka masimba uye mabasa, kuita izvo rinoda vavhoti ayo. Sezvo zvinokosha basa rine misangano uye kukurukurirana, zvinyorwa, mukuru anofanira hazvo Zvinoshingaira mudzimba kumisangano idzodzo, nhengo yaari. MaSeneta vari kufunga mabhiri kuti havatsananguri nechinzwano kwokunze mitemo yacho Company pokuita zvemari utariri, voruzhinji pfuma, tsika nhau, maindasitiri, uye dzidzo. Nhengo masangano nzvimbo yavo inopa kumiririrwa vakaenzana nomumwe nyaya Federation iri zviremera mukuru. Ari vanosarudzwa kwenguva refu kupfuura muParamende, uye nhamba yavo yose iri yoku- kakawanda. MaSeneta vane mabasa zvakafanana rezasi Chamber of vevatariri. Kana kuwadzana Paramende weSeneti ndiye dzinobvisa mhinduro ine populist hwakakungwa.