Supreme achizivawo Council: mugore zvisikwa uye vechikamu

Supreme achizivawo Council yakavhurwa afa Peter Mukuru. accession Catherine pachigaro kwakaita kudiwa sangano rake kuti kujekesa zvinhu zvinoti: Empress akanga asingakwanisi anotarisira mabasa hurumende yeRussia.

prerequisites

Pokugadzwa Supreme achizivawo Council, akanga akafunga, chaiva "kunyevenutsa kuzotadzira manzwiro" hwekare kwamachinda, zvachose nhamba nerodovitymi utariri. Hazvina aifanira kuchinja chimiro, kureva hunhu uye zvinoreva mukuru simba, nekuti, apo ukaramba dzavo mazita, yava ikava revoruzhinji.

Vakawanda vanyori venhau dzakaitika dzakaratidza kuti maonero kuti huru pachiri wegadziriro yakatangwa Peter zvitunha guru simba kwaiva kutadza tichibatanidza hunhu Executive simba pamwe nheyo collegiality, uye saka Supreme achizivawo Council rakaumbwa.

Zvakaitika kuti chidzoke kuvakuru Advisory muviri uyu kwete zvikuru nemhaka pavanotaurirana enyika zvido, sezvo zvakafanira, ukama pakakoromorwa munyika kukwana Petrine ezvinhu panguva vekambani pamwero. Migumisiro pfupi basa Council havana zvinokosha chaizvo, nokuti aifanira kuita pakarepo pashure zvikuru uye kushingaira nguva, apo mumwe zvinhu chakatsiva mumwe, asi munyaya zvose zvoupenyu wavose akanzwa zvakasimba kufara.

Chikonzero asika

Creation Supreme achizivawo Council akasikirwa kunzwisisa zvinetso zvakaoma pamusoro Petrine zvinhu, anoramba zvisingagadziriswi. basa rake akaratidza pachena kuti akanga nhaka kubva Catherine hunobatsira nguva, uye kuti anofanira kurongwazve. Kutevedzana yose Supreme Council akatevera mutsara aisarudza Petro ari policies chokuita maindasitiri, kunyange zvavo vanhu vakawanda zvinoitwa kwayakaita anganzi kuyananiswa zvido zvevanhu vane zvido vehondo, Kurambwa kwakakura rutsigiro rwemauto uye kukundikana chero zvinhu mauto eRussia. Panguva imwe chete, kuti sangano airatidza mabasa ayo uye zvinodiwa dzemabhizimisi, izvo zvaida pakarepo mhinduro.

Nhengo Supreme achizivawo Council

Musi pakagadzwa chemhando Advisory mamiriro sangano rakatanga muna February 1726. Nhengo dzayo dzakanga akagadzwa Serene Wake nokukwirira Prince General Field Marshal Menshikov, Golovkin goskantsler General Apraksin, Count NdiTolstoy, Baron Osterman uye Prince Golitsyn. Kwapera mwedzi, nhengo dzaro rakaiswawo uye Duke pakati Holstein - mu-mutemo Catherine, kupfuura aivimbwa munhu ari Empress. Kubvira pakutanga chaipo, nhengo mukuru muviri vakanga chete vateveri Peter, asi nokukurumidza Menshikov, uyo pasi Peter Yechipiri yaiva muutapwa, akadzinga NdiTolstoy. Kwapera nguva, Apraksin akafa uye Duke pamusoro Holstein uye kupinda misangano zvachose. Kubva nhengo pakutanga yakatarwa Supreme achizivawo Council zvayo pamisara kune vatatu chete nhengo - Osterman, Golitsyn uye Golovkin. The Zvinoumba ichi muviri Advisory yachinja zvizhinji kwirirei. Zvishoma nezvishoma simba yakapfuura mumaoko simba machinda mhuri - Golitsyn uye Dolgoruky.

basa

Achizivawo Council varayirwa Empress vakakundwa uye neDare, izvo pakutanga kwakadonha pamberi vakasarudza kutuma naye kubva mirayiro Revafundisi yakaenzana rokutanga naye. Menshikov panguva ichangobva akasika muviri akaedza kusimbisa simba pachavo uye hurumende. Vashumiri akamudana senhengo, pamwe chete vakuru vakatora mhiko kuna Empress. Zvakanga zvaisambobvumirwa kuita mirairo kwete chasainwa mambokadzi wake mwana, unova Supreme achizivawo Council.

Maererano Catherine Testamende Chokutanga, kwaiva muviri ichi vashoma pakati Peter II akapiwa simba, ndiyo yakaenzana simba amambo. Zvisinei, kuchimbudzi Council akanga asina kodzero kuchinja chete kuti yokugara pachigaro choumambo.

Changing wechinhu hurumende

Kubvira pakutanga nguva pokugadzwa sangano, vakawanda kunze kumbotarisira mukana kuedza kushandura hurumende muRussia. Uye vakanga zvakanaka. Paakafa , Peter II, uye zvakaitika pausiku January 19, 1730, pasinei nechido Catherine, vazukuru vake vakarambidzwa choushe. The chokumupomera aiva muduku uye isina basa inongoita Elizabeth, mumwe muduku mutsivi waPetro, uye mucheche muzukuru wavo - mwanakomana Anna Petrovna. Mubvunzo nesananguro wokuRussia mambo kwakagadziriswa inzwi simba pamusoro Prince Golitsyn, uyo akati kuti munhu anofanira kuteerera vakuru mutsetse nemhuri yaPetro, uye saka akafunga candidacy Anny Ioannovny. Mwanasikana John A., nemapfumbamwe makore vaigara Kurland zvienderane vose, nekuti akanga asina favorite muRussia. Airatidzika kudzoreka uye rakapfava, pamwe havatombodi despotism. Uyezve, mutongo uyu nokuda asiri omumwe Golitsyn Petrine zvinhu. Izvi kusanyatsotsanangurwa nomumwe maitiro yakabuda kare uye akabatana plan, "mukuru" kuchinja chimiro hurumende, izvo, chokwadi, zvakanga nyore kuita paitonga Anna asingabereki.

"Conditions"

Kushandisa zvinhu, "Dare achizivawo Council", uchisarudza kuti kushomeka uwandu autocratic simba, wakakumbira kuna Anna kusaina zvimwe zvinhu, vanonzi "mhepo conditioner." Maererano navo, simba chaicho aifanira nacho, Dare achizivawo Council, uye basa mambo wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika mumiririri chete mabasa. chimiro akadaro hurumende iri Russia yakanga itsva.

Pakapera January 1730 idzva-kuwanikwa Empress akasaina amupa "ezvinhu." Kubva ikozvino pairi pasina kufarirwa Supreme Council vasingagoni vasunge hondo, kugumisa rugare zvibvumirano Kusuma mitero zvitsva kana havateri. Kwete mukati kugona kwayo uye rekuwana homwe dzavo pachavo kushanda panhengo pamusoro chinzvimbo konoro, mari Estates, kwamachinda yezve upenyu kana zvinhu pasina kutongwa, uye Chikurukuru - kugadzwa mugari wenhaka pachigaro.

Kutamburira amboshandurirwa "Conditions"

Anna Ivanovna wakati inopepereswa kune akakwegura, akaenda Cathedral iri kubvuma, uko vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye hondo akapika Empress. The chimiro mutsva mhiko yakanga kunyimwa zvimwe yekare okuti kureva autocracy, pakanga pasina panotaurwa pamusoro kodzero rwevharanda Supreme achizivawo muviri. Zvichakadai, unopinza hondo pakati pemapoka maviri - "mukuru," uye vatsigiri autocracy. In panhengo yokupedzisira wakashanda chaizvo Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Feofan Prokopovich A. Osterman. Vakanga anotsigirwa dzakafara zvikamu kwamachinda, vakanga vachida kuongorora "Conditions." Kusagutsikana ainyanya nokuda inoponesa rakamanikana yakaurungana nhengo kuchimbudzi Council. Mukuwedzera, mamiriro ezvinhu oruzhinji vamiririri kwamachinda, namazuva iwayo yainzi kwamachinda, akaona chinangwa kuti mukudenga Russian oligarchy uye chido kuti ndipe mazita maviri - Dolgoruky uye Golitsyn - kodzero vasanangurwa namambo uye kuchinja hurumende.

Kukanzura "Conditions"

In February 1730 boka guru vamiririri kwamachinda, akanga, maererano nedzimwe manyuko, kusvikira vanhu vasere, akanga mumuzinda kuzviisa pasi chikumbiro kuna Anne Ioannovne. Pakati pavo paiva vazhinji Guards wemapurisa. In chikumbiro kuna Empress akaratidza chikumbiro kukurumidza pamwe kwamachinda kamwe kuongorora chehurumende zvakare kuti zvinofadza yose vanhu Russian. Anna, pachisikirwo kwavo zvishoma siyana, asi nomukoma wake - Ekaterina Ioannovna - akamukurira kuti vachiri nemasaini chikumbiro. It vanokudzwa akakumbira kutora uchangamire kwakakwana uye kuparadza zvinhu "Conditions."

Anna pamusoro mamiriro itsva yakasimbiswa kufarirwa akakanganiswa "mukuru": saka hapana chakasara, chete nods misoro yavo. Maererano vomuzuva, vakanga vasina imwe sarudzo, nekuti kuchangotanga kushorwa kana kusatenderwa, varindi vangadai mabhomba. Anna nomufaro pachena akatsaura kwete chete "ezvinhu", asi yake tsamba kugamuchira zvinhu.

Kuguma kunonyadzisa kwevavengi Council

The wokutanga March 1730 pasi chibvumirano zvizere uchangamire vanhu vakatora mhiko kuna Empress kamwe zvakare. Uye shure kwamazuva matatu chete Manifesto yaMarch 4 abolition Supreme achizivawo Council.

Njodzi yayo vaimboshanda zvave zvakasiyana. Prince Golitsyn yakati yapararira, asi pave paya akafa. munin'ina wake, uyewo matatu mana Dolgorukov, akaurayiwa yokutonga Anne. Udzvanyiriri vakarega chete mumwe wavo - Vasily Vladimirovich, kuti apo Elizabeth mhosva, vakadzoka pakutapwa uye, uyezve, akagadzwa musoro Military Collegium.

Osterman paitonga Empress Anny Ioannovny kwaikosha hurumende mbiru. Uyezve, mumakore 1740-1741 iye muchidimbu akava of facto mutongi munyika, asi pamusana mumwe mumuzinda kubvuta masimba vakakundwa uye vakatapwa vari Birch.