Mhando nemaikorosikopu: tsananguro, chikuru maitiro, basa. The Erekitironi maikorosikopu akasiyana chiedza?

Shoko rokuti "maikorosikopu" rine midzi Greek. Inoitwa mashoko maviri rinoreva kuti "zviduku," uye "kutarira." The chikuru basa maikorosikopu iri kushanda kwayo kana tichifunga zvinhu chaizvo duku. Uyezve, mudziyo uyu unokubvumira kuona kukura uye chimiro, mamiriro nezvimwewo maitiro usingaonekwi akashama ziso, Tel.

History chokusika

mashoko akarurama pamusoro ndiani vakatanga maikorosikopu, kwete nhoroondo. Maererano nedzimwe data, rakavakwa muna 1590, baba uye mwanakomana Janssen, vanatenzi nokuti kugadzirwa pfungwa. Chimwe kurwa nokuti zita vakatanga maikorosikopu - Galileo Galilei. Muna 1609, masayendisiti ava akaunzirwa huchashandiswa pamwe concave uye convex lenses pachena kuratidzwa muna Accademia Dei Lincei.

Kwemakore marongedzero kufunga nemaziso zvinhu dzakabudirira uye akavandudzika. Danho huru munhoroondo yacho yaiva nokugadzirwa kungoti achromatic doublet chinja mudziyo. I akasuma ino Dutchman Kristian Gyuygens mukunopera 1600s. Eyepieces ari muvambi dziri kugadzirwa nhasi. drawback ravo chete ndiro kushaya upamhi munda maonero. Kuwedzera, zvichienzaniswa kuti midziyo zviridzwa ano Huygens eyepieces vane zvakavaomera nzvimbo meso.

Special mupiro nhoroondo maikorosikopu akaita mugadziri vakadaro mano, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 gg.). Ndiye vaivhomora pfungwa zvinhu zvipenyu kuti chikwata ichi. Leeuwenhoek akanga kubudisa duku zvigadzirwa, akashongedzerwa rimwe chete, asi simba chaizvo izvo. Kushandisa kwakadaro mano kwave kusagadzikana, asi havana kaviri mufananidzo zvikanganiso vakanga varipo vari mukomboni maikorosikopu. Kugadzirisa kukanganisika ichi, kuti vanotanga vaigona papera makore 150 chete. Pamwechete kukura kwakavandudzwa mufananidzo unhu Manyiminya rinoumba namano.

Kuvandudza nemaikorosikopu kuramba nhasi. Saka, muna 2006 masayendisiti German kushanda panguva Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Mariano Bossi uye Stefan Hella Latest Manyiminya maikorosikopu yakazokudziridzwa. Nemhaka kukwanisa kuchengeta zvinhu pamwe kukura 10 nm uye yepamusoro-dimensional matatu 3D-mufananidzo mudziyo unonzi nanoscopy.

kupatsanura nemaikorosikopu

Pari zvino pane zvakasiyana-siyana mano zvakagadzirirwa anyorere maduku pakukura zvinhu. muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano kwavo rinoitwa yakavakirwa parameters siyana. Izvi zvinogona kugadzwa maikorosikopu kana akagamuchira nzira chiedza, nemamiriro kushandiswa Manyiminya wedunhu uye zvichingodaro. D.

Asi sezvo mutemo, chikuru marudzi nemaikorosikopu dzinoiswa ne ukuru microparticles mvumo, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa nokubatsira ino. Maererano weboka iri, nemaikorosikopu vari:
- Manyiminya (chiedza);
- Electronic;
- X-ray;
- kushanda pakuvheneka vachiongorora.

Yainyanya kushandiswa mhando chiedza nemaikorosikopu. Avo vakapfuma vakasarudzwa rinowanika Manyiminya muzvitoro. Achibatsirwa mano aya anogadziriswa chikuru basa pakudzidza chinhu. mamwe marudzi ose nemaikorosikopu zvinosanganisira unyanzvi. Kushandiswa ravo akaita, sezvo mutemo, murabhoritari.

Mumwe nomumwe kwemarudzi aya mano ine subspecies ayo, izvo zvinoshandiswa imwe nzvimbo. Uyezve, nhasi pane mukana kutenga maikorosikopu chikoro (kana kudzidzisa), inova kupinda-yakati hurongwa. Rinopa vatengi uye nyanzvi midziyo yemagetsi.

kunyoresa

Ko sei uchifanira kuva maikorosikopu? Ziso remunhu ari raikosha Manyiminya hurongwa zvoutachiona mhando ane pamwero resolution. Nemamwe mashoko, pane risingamboshandisi kure pakati vakachengeta zvinhu apo vanogona ichanzwisiswa. Kune chakaipa ziso kwakadaro mvumo mukati 0,176 mm. Asi kukura kupfuura chirimwa uye mhuka masero, tupukanana tusingaoneki, sekiristaro microstructure alloys, simbi uye m. P. Zvikuru isingasviki ukoshi ichi. Saka, kudzidza uye kuchengeta zvinhu zvakadai? Pano kubatsira vanhu vauye mhando akasiyana nemaikorosikopu. Somuenzaniso, Manyiminya mhando mano kubvumira kusiyanisa nemamiriro, apo daro pakati okunze ari zvishoma pamusoro 0,20 microns.

Ko maikorosikopu?

Mudziyo kuburikidza iyo ziso munhu anova iripo kuongorora nemaziso midziyo, ane chikuru zvinhu zviviri. Ndivo izvo uye eyepiece. Data ngadzirambe dziri chinjwa chikamu maikorosikopu chubhu, riri pamusoro simbi chawo. Inowanika uye chikuva.

Mhando ano nemaikorosikopu kazhinji nepokuongorora okuvimba hurongwa. Izvi, chaizvoizvo, condenser rine maziso. Vanosungirwa kwakakwana akagadzirwa pakukudza mano ndivo micro uye makrovinty, izvo zvinoshanda kugadzirisa kuti tinoshandisa. Pamasikiro maikorosikopu inopiwa uye Kuwanikwa hurongwa kudzora nzvimbo condenser.

In kushandiswa, yakagozha nemaikorosikopu anowanzoshandiswa uye dzimwe humwe hurongwa uye namano.

Lenses

Tanga rondedzero maikorosikopu angada aine nyaya yemumwe yayo huru zvikamu, kureva izvo. Ndivo kunzwisisa Manyiminya gadziriro, anowedzera kukura nenyaya iri mufananidzo mundege. gogorosi magadzirirwo chinayo ane hurongwa yose, kwete chete chete, asiwo waakaita vaviri kana vatatu nezvidimbu lenses.

Kuoma kunzwisisa kwakadaro opto-zvokuimba zvakagadzirwa ane kunoenderana siyana mabasa kuti zvinoda kugadziriswa mune dzimwe mudziyo. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi envisaged kuti gumi lenses ari mukomboni maikorosikopu.

The gogorosi vari nhengo frontal chikamu uye, hunotevedzana kuti maitiro ayo. Chii chinoita kuti pakuvaka zvandinenge mufananidzo quality, uyewo operative chinzvimbo? gogorosi ino pamberi kana hurongwa. Teverai gogorosi inodiwa kugovera kutsvakwa magnification, muzinda urefu uye mufananidzo unhu. Zvisinei, kuti Implementation mitambo izvi zvinowanikwa chete pavanoparidza mberi izvo. Zvinofanira akati kuti pamasikiro haizopereri zvainoita nokureba chubhu uye kureba izvo chikwata.

eyepieces

Idzi dzinomiririra chikamu maikorosikopu Manyiminya ezvinhu zvakagadzirirwa kuvaka kutsvakwa nemaziso mifananidzo iri the retina ari mucherechedzi ziso pamusoro. mapoka maviri gogorosi tiri chikamu eyepiece. Pedyo ziso anonzi ziso dzendege, uye kure - munda (tichibatsirwa kuti izvo anovaka mufananidzo chinhu akadzidza).

chiedza hurongwa

The maikorosikopu inopa kunzwisisa kuvakwa diaphragms, magirazi uye lenses. With aigovera dzakafanana jekeso ari chinhu pasi kudzidza. Muzana rokutanga chaizvo nemaikorosikopu, basa iri rakanga raitwa dzinongoitika chiedza zvinyorwa. Sezvo mberi mune Manyiminya mano vava vakashandisa pakutanga sandara, uye ipapo concave girazi.

Achibatsirwa vakadaro nyore mashoko mwaranzi kubva zuva kana rambi kutungamirirwa chinhu kudzidza. Mazuva nemaikorosikopu chiedza hurongwa zvakawanda akakwana. It rine condenser uye nomuteresi.

siteji

Nemaziso gadziriro kuti zvinoda kudzidza, anoiswa pamusoro sandara penyika. Ndiro danho. -siyana nemaikorosikopu anogona kupiwa pamusoro zvakavakwa kuitira kuti chinangwa pakudzidza chichakurukurwa zvayaitenderera paguyo ari mumunda maonero ari mucherechedzi yakatambarara, vertically kana pane imwe akachinjikana.

musimboti oparesheni

In wokutanga Manyiminya mudziyo izvo hurongwa akapa neizvi mufananidzo nemaziso zvinhu. Izvi akatibvumira kuona chimiro yacho uye duku details, zvakange pasi kudzidza. Nheyo nokushanda maikorosikopu chiedza nhasi zvakafanana basa kuti anotakura refractory teresikopu. In mudziyo ichi, chiedza refracted apo nomunyika girazi mugove.

Sei kuwedzera yepamusoro chiedza nemaikorosikopu? Tapinda danda chiedza mwaranzi mudziyo Kushandurwa yavo yakafanana rukova. Chete ipapo refraction chiedza muna eyepiece, uye pakudaro kunowedzera mufananidzo nemaziso zvinhu. Uyezve, mashoko aya anoenda kurudyi ive mucherechedzi muchimiro waro kutarisana analyzer.

Subspecies chiedza nemaikorosikopu

Modern Manyiminya zviridzwa dzinoiswa:

1. Maererano nokutsvakurudza kunzwisisa mukirasi, basa uye chikoro maikorosikopu.
2. chikumbiro kuna zvomusejari, chaivo uye michina.
3. By nemhando microscopy kwakaratidza uye inoparadzirwa-chiedza midziyo, Pasika kuonana, uye fluorescent polarization.
4. kutungamirirwa chiedza nekubudisa pamusoro inverted uye yakananga.

Erekitironi nemaikorosikopu

Nokufamba kwenguva, mudziyo kuti kuongorora nemaziso zvinhu kuri yakagozha. Kune mhando dzakadai nemaikorosikopu, yaishandiswa zvakasiyana zvachose, yakazvimirira uchishandisa pfungwa chiedza refraction. In kushandisa noungwaru mhando zvaisanganisira zvemagetsi. Kwakadaro hurongwa kuti tikwanise kuona dzakadaro duku zvikamu zvinhu kuti kungorega ichiyerera akapoteredza chiedza mwaranzi.

Ko sei uchifanira kuva maikorosikopu yemagetsi mhando? With nayo, kudzidza masero uye subcellular mumatunhu. Uyewo, zvakadai mano anoshandiswa pakudzidza wanda.

The mudziyo Erekitironi nemaikorosikopu

Chii chiri pa hwaro matsva mano kuti kuongorora nemaziso zvinhu? The Erekitironi maikorosikopu akasiyana chiedza? Varipo here pakati pavo chero zvakafanana?

The kushanda nheyo Erekitironi maikorosikopu inobva ehupfumi kuti vane minda yemagetsi uye rinobva. rotational symmetry wavo anogona kupa munhu kungotarira zvainoita Erekitironi matanda. On hwaro ichi, zvinokwanisika kupindura mubvunzo: "The Erekitironi maikorosikopu akasiyana chiedza?" Mariri, kusiyana Manyiminya mudziyo, hakuna izvo. basa ravo nemazvo yakagadzirwa rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda. Zvasikwa windings pamusoro Coils kuburikidza iyo ano inoyerera. Uyezve, minda izvi sevadzidzi converging izvo. Nokuwedzera kana kudzikira ano simba chikwata anochinja musimboti wokuzadzika kure.

Kana pfungwa, zvino Erekitironi maikorosikopu zvakafanana Zano chiedza chikwata. Musiyano nhema chete pakuti Manyiminya zvinhu inotsiviwa zvakadai magetsi.

Kuwedzera Erekitironi nemaikorosikopu chinhu kunoitika nokuda refraction chiedza danda muitiro, nomunyika chinhu pasi kudzidza. At siyana pamakona mwaranzi kupinda chinangwa izvo ndege, uye zvine munhu magnification dzokuenzanisira wokutanga. Uyezve, maerekitironi zvakaitika nzira kune zvenguva izvo. Zvinochinja zvakanaka zvinowedzera kukura chinhu. The yokupedzisira mufananidzo mashoko anopa fungidziro izvo. Kubva mufananidzo wake rikawira pasi fluorescent sikirini.

Mhando Erekitironi nemaikorosikopu

Mhando ano pakukudza mano dzinosanganisira:

1. Tem kana hutachiwana Erekitironi maikorosikopu. In ichi midziyo mufananidzo nhete kwazvo, kusvika 0.1 microns paukobvu, aumbwa ari chinhu ari kukurukurirana pamusoro Erekitironi danda kuti kubaya nefuma uye haizopereri kuwedzera simba renyika rinonzi magnetic lenses riri izvo.
2. SEM, kana kushanda pakuvheneka Erekitironi maikorosikopu. mudziyo Izvi zvinobvumira kuwana mufananidzo chinhu pamusoro dzakakwirira pakaitwa chisarudzo musi Unorudzi nanometers anoverengeka. Kana kushandisa mamwe nzira dzakadaro maikorosikopu outputs ruzivo kubatsira kuona makemikari anoumba pemvura akaturikidzana.
3. Mugero kushanda pakuvheneka Erekitironi maikorosikopu, kana STM. With mudziyo uyu akayera zvakazorodza conductive hukawanika dzakakwirira spatial resolution. In mashandiro, kuti STM pamwe tsono simbi jeko iri vaipa kune chinhu pasi kudzidza. Panguva iyoyowo kuramba chinhambwe angstroms mashomanana. Zvadaro, tsono kushumirwa chiduku kukwanisa, saka pane tunneling kuitika. Panyaya iyi, aiona anogamuchira-dimensional matatu mufananidzo chinhu pasi kudzidza.

Nemaikorosikopu "Leeuwenhoek"

Muna 2002, munyika America, kambani itsva yakatsaurirwa kuna kugadzirwa Manyiminya mano. The musanganiswa mazita zvinhu ayo nemaikorosikopu, materesikopu uye mabhainokura. mano ose aya yepamusoro mifananidzo.

Musoro yebazi uye kubudirira dhipatimendi wekambani dziri muna USA, muna Frimonde (California). Asi sezvo kugadzirwa vanokwanisa, vari China. Izvi zvose zvinoreva kuti kambani anopa musika pamwe yepamusoro uye yepamusoro zvigadzirwa mukana wekuti mutengo.

Unoda maikorosikopu? Levenhuk kuuya runodiwa kuzvipedza. Kuwanda Manyiminya michina makambani kuwedzera chinhu kuitwa vakadzidza digitaalinen uye zvipenyu namano. Mukuwedzera, mutengi akabayira uye magadzirirwo yokutevedzera, akaurayiwa mavara mavara.

Maikorosikopu Levenhuk ane zvakawanda functionality. Somuenzaniso, kupinda pamwero kudzidzisa mudziyo anogona kwakabatana kuti kombiyuta, uye anokwanisa kuita zvidzidzo videotaping. In muenzaniso uyu akashongedzerwa ane dzichipfekeka Levenhuk D2L.

The kambani inopa zvoutachiona nemaikorosikopu panguva dzakasiyana siyana. Uyu muenzaniso nyore, uye zvinhu zvitsva kuti zvichaita inoenderana nyanzvi.