Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich: Biography, mhuri, okugadzira zvinhu

Nhasi zita Mstislav Rostropovich - zita rimwe chikuru vaimbi dzinofinha pamusoro XX remakore. Akanga asina chete rakasiyana tarenda yokuita, asi aiva munhu musimboti, vaishora mutemo pakati pevatongi ezvinhu ari USSR. Panguva iyoyo Rostropovich akanga adzingwa munyika. In kumavirira, akaita basa nyika-mukirasi, achibva adzokera kumusha kwake, uko necommunism rawa.

udiki

Future kondakita uye cellist Mstislav Rostropovich akaberekwa musi waMarch 27 , 1927 mu Baku. Vabereki vake navanasekuru vaiva vaimbi, saka remangwana mwana rinotsanangurwa kunyange asati aberekwa. Muna 1932-1937 gg. Rostropovich akadzidza paChikoro Gnessin School muMoscow. Rakanga mumwe yakanakisisa masangano mimhanzi dzidzo munyika.

Pakatanga hondo muna guru, akatanga vakawanda kubvisa zviri zvavo. I apinda mariri, uye Rostropovich-makore 14. Biography kondakita raiwanzobatana muguta Chkalov (Orenburg). The kubvisa akafa baba Mstislav vake, uye ari kuyaruka vakava of facto musoro wemhuri. Pazera remakore gumi akatanga kudzidzisa pachikoro mumhanzi omunharaunda uye nokudaro vaifudza mhuri.

Paivawo wokutanga akazvimirira mabasa, zvakanyorwa Rostropovich. Biography wechiduku Munyori aizivikanwa pakusikwa detembo nokuda chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello, piyano concerto uye Piano Preludes. Munguva yehondo, kuti muimbi akava Pandakatenderera Artist. Aakaita pamwe mumhanzi of mały Theater, kuita mabasa kubudikidza Tchaikovsky. Rostropovich akapawo Concerts muzvikamu echiuto, zvipatara, dunhu nzvimbo uye mapurazi.

inotungamirwa

Mumakore 16, muimbi chipo vakasvika guru kubva Moscow Conservatory, apo akatanga kudzidza unyanzvi kuridza chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello uye kunyora unyanzvi. mudzidzisi wake vakadzokera Urume Kozolup. Akabva aona zvaikwanisa kuti inovanza munhu Rostropovich. Biography muimbi angadai vaenda zvakasiyana kana akanga asina kuoneka ngaiteerere uye kunoda kushanda Kozolupov maoko.

The Conservatory Rostropovich akasangana Shostakovich uye akamuratidza mamakisi pamusoro piyano yake concerto ndikazviita nokuda zvijeke. Dmitry chaizvo zvinoitwa muduku mudzidzi uye akamukumbira kuti kuita somunhu oga kunatsiridza unyanzvi compositional.

Gare gare, zvisinei, Rostropovich uye haana kugadzira mimhanzi yake. Chikonzero chaiva nyore. Paakatanga kunzwa Eighth Symphony pamusoro Shostakovich izvo yakabereka kukuru pfungwa paari, cellist akasarudza kudhonza chivhariso pamusoro wenziyo wayo ramangwana, tichiziva kuti aisazowana kusvika tenzi revarombo. Zvichida ichi chaiva roujaya kupamhidzira, asi chisarudzo charo Rostropovich akagamuchira. Time yakaratidza kuti akaita chisarudzo chakarurama, nokuti yose nyika kumuyeuka sezvo yakasiyana inimitable Artist.

muzvinafundo

Muna 1945, iye akapfuura rinotevera All-Union makwikwi musicians vaduku. I Award mukati makadirwa Mstislav Rostropovich. Biography cellist kwakaratidza mubairo wokutanga, kunyange zvazvo panguva hwake achiri vazhinji vavo. Kubudirira uku akabvumira-gore rechipiri vadzidzi kuenda zvakananga wechishanu. Muna 1950, muimbi wechidiki akakunda mumakwikwi ainzi Hanuš Wigan, yakaitirwa muPrague.

Panguva iyoyo akanga atova kudzidza chikoro Conservatory uye akapedza kudzidza. Rostropovich rava nokukurumidza kuva unoshamisa uye mudzidzisi kunoyemurika. Makore 26 akanga aishanda Moscow Conservatory uye 7 makore - muna Leningrad. Kwemakumi emakore matatu, Mstislav Rostropovich akadzidza zvakawanda nyanzvi nyika-kirasi. Pakati pavo paiva Natalya Shahovskaya, Natalia Gutman, Iosif Feygelson Sergei Roldugin, David Geringas, Maris Villeruša Ivan Monighetti zvichingodaro .. Vazhinji vevadzidzi ava gare gare vakava mapurofesa vatowanda nomukurumbira mumhanzi zvikoro munyika.

okugadzira zvinhu Rostropovich

Chii anoyeukwa ari muiti Mstislav Rostropovich? The muimbi Vaitamba guru repertoire mabasa. basa rake inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zviviri. Chokutanga, kwaiva cellist Rostropovich (ensemblist uye ano), uye chechipiri - the symphonic uye operatic chevaimbi. tarenda ake chaizivikanwa kwose - mabasa anenge 60 zvakanakisisa Vanyori zvenyika zvakanyorwa kunyanya Mstislava Leopoldovicha. Akatanga mabasa anopfuura zana mabasa nokuda chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello uye akapa mumwe 70 Premier kwaya. Somunhu kondakita Rostropovich akaita debut yake muna 1957, apo pasi akutungamirire panguva Bolshoi Theater akatengeswa kunze "Eugene Onegin" by Tchaikovsky. Yakanga maungira kubudirira.

MuSoviet nguva yake basa, cellist Rostropovich ave kuzoona yose Soviet Union. Iyewo akaita se kamuri muimbi ari Ensemble pamwe Davidom Oystrahom uye Svyatoslavom Rihterom. Wife, yokudhirowa akava dhanzi muimbi Galina Vishnevskaya. Rostropovich kazhinji akataura naye pamusoro chete pachikuva, nechati wake. Muna 1951, muitisi akagamuchira Stalin Prize muna 1965 - Lenin, uye muna 1966 akava vanhu Artist of USSR.

kuchengetedzwa Solzhenitsyn

Mstislav Rostropovich, ane upenyu pachake kwave chokuita zvakasiyana-siyana neshamwari, haana kutya kuvarega pamberi pevatongi mamiriro, kunyange kana aifanira pangozi munzvimbo yake. Muna 1969, munyori anodzivirira kwake dacha vakatapwa munyori Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Pakazosvika nguva akaramba kare ari Khrushchev nyungudika uye Brezhnev hurumende yakatanga kuchetura nemunyori "Rimwe Day muna Ivana Denisovicha" uye dzimwe akakurumbira mabasa pamisasa.

Muimbi, kwete chete akafukidza pana Solzhenitsyn, asiwo akanyora achidzivirira tsamba yake yakashama, rwunotumirwa mukuru pepanhau yeSoviet "Pravda". Pashure paizvozvo, vakuru cellist Rostropovich akanga nezvinetso zvakawanda. Zviremera haana kumubvumira kuti aite pamwe mikuru vairidza uye haana kubvumirwa kutenderera kunze. Nhau vakatanga kusateerera cellist. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akava adzingwa kuti Soviet nehurumende uye muvengi rwechisikirwo.

Upenyu USA

Muna 1974, Mstislav Rostropovich wake Galina Vishnevskaya, vadzingwe USSR. Muna 1978, vakanga kunyimwa chizvarwa weSoviet. Nhoroondo yose guru muimbi opals vakatanga vaine tsamba yakazaruka kuti "chokwadi". Kunyange mushure chakurirwa uye adzokera democratic Rostropovich Russia muna yekutaura, akati anodavira kuti fambisa achidzivirira Solzhenitsyn kwakaita yakanakisisa chinhu kuita muupenyu hwangu, saka chaiyo sei akayananisazve muitisi nehana yake.

Abva Soviet Union, kwakabva muimbi uye nemhuri yake vaigara zvikuru muUnited States. Iye waiva baba vanasikana vaviri. Olga uye Elena Rostropovich akaberekwa 50s nevana vakasiya nyika yokumusha kwavo. Muna 1977-1994 gg. kondakita yakatungamirira Washington National Symphony Orchestra. Pamakore mana chikwata airidza wokutsaurira US President. Rostropovich wo akaita aigara ari gala konzati yakatsaurirwa kuna Independence Day musi July 4. Uyezve, iye kuzoona pose. At kukokwa aakaita pamwe mikuru vairidza muFrance, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Japan uye zvichingodaro. D.

nyika nyeredzi

Its 60th mhemberero Rostropovich vakasangana Washington. Muna 1987, panguva musi uyu US guru vaipinda First World Congress of cellists. Ipapo Ronald Reagan akapa kondakita chikuru hurumende mubayiro - the menduru Worusununguko. Rostropovich akashanyira kunyange Queen Elizabeth II.

The muimbi aiva pachisikigo murume extroverted uye hedonistic. Mumakore dizzying mbiri kunze awana rakawanda shamwari nechinzvimbo chepamusoro uye neshamwari. On ake okuberekwa KUUNGANIDZA yose zvekuimba vepamusoro. Rostropovich vaiva shamwari Picasso, Chagall, Dali, Galich uye Brodsky. Muna 1994, apo muitisi akazivisa kugumiswa pamwe chete Washington National Symphony Orchestra, achisimudzira mukuru gala konzati. Letters kuonga akatuma Rostropovich zvose Vatungamiri American, uyo akanga asangana wake "hofisi": Carter, Reagan, Bush uye Clinton.

Muimbi uye Citizen

KuMadokero, Rostropovich akava nomukurumbira kwete chete somunhu consummate muimbi, asi uyewo murwi kwekodzero dzevanhu. Kazhinji akapa Concerts mu kunyanya kunetseka kumatunhu nenyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 1989, ari Maestro kwainge Bach chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello Inn panguva Berlin Wall. Muna 1974, iye akakunda mubairo, paakavapa kwaari League of Human Rights.

Zvichakadai, mamiriro ezvinhu munyika yachinja. MuSoviet Union akauya simba mutungamiriri mutsva munzira zvinhu. Muna 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev akadzima chisarudzo pamusoro izvo Rostropovich uye Vishnevskaya kunyimwa citizenship mibayiro uye kumuremekedza. Zvisinei, muimbi aida kugara "mugari wenyika." Haana kutora musana wake chizvarwa Soviet uye gare gare Russia. Muna 1991, apo wokupedzisira femo yeSoviet ezvinhu reactionaries kufanorongwa nevapanduki putsch, zvikuru kubva Paris Rostropovich nendege kuMoscow uye akabatana revanhu, pakudzivirira White House.

akaramba basa

Munguva nineties uye zero, muimbi akaramba kutenderera. Rostropovich chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello yakarira mumaguta makuru pasi pose. Somunhu kondakita, aakaita pamwe "Mambokadzi nefoshoro" muSan Francisco, pamwe "chevaux kuti Mwenga" - muna Monte Carlo, ne "Lady Macbeth" - muMunich. The muimbi yave zvakare akatanga kupa Concerts muRussia. Muna 1996 iye achiita panguva Bolshoi Theater ne "Khovanshchina".

Rostropovich kazhinji akanyorwa kuti redhiyo Concerts. Muna 2003, akagamuchira ichangobva mubayiro wake "Grammy". nguva ino, iye akanga ane mbiri kukunda -. Nokuti "upenyu muzvinyorwa" uye "hunoshamisa basa" Total Mstislav akava Kumukundi kuti "Grammy" mubayiro kashanu. Kwoupenyu hwake basa, vatsoropodzi akacherechedza virtuosity, manzwiro, kufemera uye zvinoshamisa runako chomutambo Maestro.

Fund uye Rostropovich Festival

Somudzidzisi kondakita muna 2004 akavhura chikoro Valencia, apo akadzidzisa yepamusoro nziyo unyanzvi. KweSangano unyanzvi cellist kunoonekwa ake nesimba basa uye kusikwa mitambo chitsva. Zviitiko zvakadaro kubvumira kuzarura mazita matsva vaduku matarenda Artists kunyika. Nhasi, kuyeuka muimbi mukuru Rostropovich Festival inoitika ose gore.

Muimbisi akava purezidhendi yake mari. mari yayo akaenda kubatsira chipo vadzidzi. Pamusana kwaari, muRussia maiva dzidzo itsva uye anopa kuti musicians vana. Nhasi vanonoka baba Music Fund hunange naOlga Mstislavovna Rostropovich.

Help mushonga

Somunhu philanthropist, Rostropovich akazivikanwa nokuda kwayo zvirongwa kubatsira vanachiremba masangano weRussia. Basa iri raisanganisira uye vaita "anoyamura Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation." Nhasi zvinonzi inotungamirirwa mwanasikana Artist Elena Rostropovich.

Muna 2000, sangano rakatanga kushandisa chirongwa kuti baya vana pamusoro nehepatitis B. Panguva iyoyo, yaiva yokutanga chirongwa chakadai kubva pakaparara Soviet.

rufu

Muna 2006, nhepfenyuro akazviratidza ruzivo pamusoro Kuipa utano Mstislava Leopoldovicha. The muimbi aiva kuvhiyiwa, yakaitirwa kuGeneva, Switzerland. Muna December, muitisi muchipatara pashure achidzokera kuMoscow vachibva Voronezh.

Pachipatara, akapedza mwedzi mitatu. Nokukurumidza pashure pokusiya muna March, asi Maestro akati gore-gore 80. chakakodzera ake congratulated yakakurumbira mumhanzi chitoro navo, vezvematongerwe enyika, voruzhinji uye neshamwari dzakare. pakupemberera Arakure rakakudzwa Moscow Kremlin. Nokukurumidza Rostropovich ezvinhu akawedzera kuipa zvakare. April 27, 2007, akafa. Pakafa ngano muMoscow Rostropovich Music Festival anotora nzvimbo dzose gore.

ndangariro

Rostropovich aiva nhengo French Academy of Arts, Academy of Sciences uye Arts, Royal Academy of Music muEngland, etc. In zvinopfuura 50 mumayunivhesiti muimbi akava purofesa, uye akawanda mumaguta pose - .. An honorary mugari. France paakavapa pake Legion Kukudzwa, uye Japan Association of Art vaipemberera zvinhu kondakita of Imperial Prize. Zviremera British apedza honorary knight Rostropovich.

Mune US, kuti muimbi vakapiwa Presidential menduru, kuSweden - the Order "Polar Star". All ayo Kitty ehurumende mibayiro vaibva kunyika 29. Pausiku ari 80th gore Rostropovich akagamuchira Russian mubayiro "Nokuti Services kuna Yababa» I dhigirii.