Mutauro wokuRussia sei? Paumbwe mutauro wokuRussia

kazhinji sei isu, Russian-kutaura, funga pamusoro chinokosha zvakadaro, sezvo nhoroondo chidzoke mutauro wokuRussia? Pashure pezvose, sei zvakavanzika mariri vazhinji, vangani zvinhu zvinonakidza unogona kuwana, kana iwe kutsvakisisa zvakadzama. mutauro wokuRussia sei? Pashure pezvose, mutauro wedu - hazvisi chete mumhuri zvinoda, ine akapfuma kare.

Nhoroondo kukura mutauro wokuRussia: zvishoma pamusoro huru

Paiva yedu nomutauro waakaberekwa nawo? Pane maonero akawanda. Mamwe masayendisiti anotenda (somuenzaniso, imwe nyanzvi Guseva) Sanskrit inotevera pamusoro hama yomutauro wokuRussia. Zvisinei, kushandisa Sanskrit Indian masayendisiti uye vapristi. Izvi zvakanga rechiLatin vagari Europe yekare - ". Chinhu akangwara kwazvo uye shamisa" Asi sezvo kutaura, yaishandiswa nemasayendisiti Indian, iye pakarepo akaonekwa divi redu? Ko pamwe maIndia vakatanga paumbwe mutauro wokuRussia?

Legend vadzidzisi nomwe chena

Nzendo munhoroondo mutauro Russian musayendisiti wose anoziva zvakasiyana: .. ndiwo mavambo, kukura, kuzvibvisa mabhuku mutauro kubva vanhu nemarongerwo kukura uye nyora, etc. Zvose izvi zvinogona siyana kuitira (achiri kana mutauro chaiko chakaparadzaniswa kuruzhinji havazivi chaizvo) kana kududzira. Asi, maererano zvinotevera ngano, kuti "vanababa" mutauro wokuRussia anogona kunzi ane vadzidzisi nomwe chena.

MuIndia, pane yezvechitendero kuti kunyange kudzidza Indian kumayunivhesiti. Munguva dzekare kuti chando pamusoro North (eHimalaya) vaiva vadzidzisi nomwe chena. Vakapa vanhu uye nheyo Sanskrit Brahmanism, umo gare gare chiBhudha akaberekwa. Vakawanda vanodavira kuti mashoko North aiva mumwe kumatunhu Russia, saka dzinoitwa maIndia kazhinji kuenda ikoko outorwa.

Legend nhasi

Zvakaratidza kuti mashoko Sanskrit mazhinji nezvatakarerekera namashoko Russian - ndiwo dzidziso yakakurumbira ethnographer Natalia Guseva, uyo akanyora anopfuura 150 mabasa kwesayenzi panhoroondo chitendero India. Vazhinji vavo, panzira, vakanga akapikisa nedzimwe masayendisiti.

Dzidziso iyi handitika "kubva mhepo" akabatwa. Chitarisiko wake aishanda inonakidza nyaya. Kamwe Natalya achiperekedzwa airemekedzwa musayendisiti kubva kuIndia, uyo akasarudza kuronga akatungamirira vachiratidzwa nechokuchamhembe hova Russia. Kutaurirana vagari vemisha yemo, Hindu pakarepo akasvimha misodzi uye akaramba muturikiri, vachiti kuti akafara kunzwa chizvarwa Sanskrit. Ipapo Gusev uye vakasarudza kupira upenyu hwake kuti kudzidza risingazivikanwi chakajairika, uye panguva imwecheteyo kumisa sei kukudziridza mutauro wokuRussia.

Zviri zvechokwadi zvinoshamisa! Maererano nyaya, mhiri eHimalaya kurarama vatema, kutaura mutauro saka akafanana needu. Zvitendwa, uye hapana chimwe. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa yokuti manzwi edu akauya achibva Indian Sanskrit, ndiyo nzvimbo kuva. Hezvinoi - nhoroondo Russian mutauro zvishoma.

pfungwa Dragunkina

Asi mumwe musayendisiti, uyo akasarudza kuti nhoroondo chidzoke mutauro wokuRussia ichokwadi. A anozivikanwa nyanzvi Alexander Dragunkin akapikisa kuti mutauro mukuru zvechokwadi rinobva zvikuru nyore, umo zvishoma shoko-kuvaka siyana uye mashoko mapfupi. Sanskrit fungidzira zvikuru nyore kupfuura Russian. A mutauro dzakanyorwa Sanskrit - haisi chinhu asi zvishoma dzakachinjwa vaHindu necheSalvic Runes. Asi dzidziso iyi - chete mutemo dialectics, apo ndiwo matangiro mutauro?

nesayenzi version

Asi shanduro kunogamuchirwa uye anogamuchira masayendisiti. Anotaura kuti 40 000 apfuura (nguva pakuonekwa wokutanga munhu), vanhu vaiva vanofanira kuratidza pfungwa yavo nedanho seboka chiito. Saka mutauro akaonekwa. Asi mumazuva iwayo vanhu aiva sparse, uye vanhu vose vanotaura mutauro iwoyo. Pashure zvemakore, paiva yokutama dzavanhu. DNA vanhu vakachinja, madzinza kure mumwe uye akatanga kutaura nenzira dzakasiyana.

Languages akasiyana mumwe muchimiro shoko inotungamirwa. Nerimwe boka revanhu kuti vave mutauro wavo, kutsivira nemashoko matsva, kuvatungamirira. Gare gare kwaidiwa kuti sayenzi, iyo dzaizomutswa chokuti akarondedzera zviitiko zvitsva kana zvinhu izvo vanhu vakauya.

Somugumisiro yemhindumupindu iyi vanhu mupfungwa ipi vanonzi "chizvaro". Izvi matrices muudzame munyaya yakakurumbira nyanzvi George Gachev uyo adzidza zvinopfuura 30 matrices - mutauro mifananidzo zvenyika. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, vokuGermany vari chaizvo kuda musha wavo, uye kuti yaiva nzira chaiwo chiGerman. A mutauro Russian uye mafungiro rinobva pfungwa kana mufananidzo pomugwagwa, gwara. chizvaro Izvi zviri subconscious yedu.

Kuberekwa uye kukura mutauro Russian

Makore anenge 3 zviuru BC, akamira pakati nendimi Proto mitauro Indo-European, inova chiuru makore akazova mutauro kwechiSlavonic. The VI-VII CC. n. e. zvakanga yakakamurwa muzvikwata akawanda: yokumabvazuva, nechokumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba. mutauro wedu kazhinji anonzi yokumabvazuva boka.

Uye kutanga nzira mutauro yekare inonzi inotungamirwa Kievan Rus (IX remakore). Panguva iyoyowo, Kirill I Mefody akazogadzira wokutanga arufabheti yacho necheSalvic.

mutauro necheSalvic dzakabudirira nokukurumidza, uye padanho kukurumbira yave ndokuwana echiGiriki nechiLatin. Yaiva Old Church kwechiSlavonic (the mugadzi yeRussian ano) akakwanisa ibatane vose Slavs, pamusoro payo kunyora uye kubudisa mapepa anokosha uye zvivako mabhuku. Somuenzaniso, "Turika."

normalization kuti Literature

Zvino nguva feudalism, uye-Lithuanian Polish kukunda kwakaguma XIII-XIV emakore ndechokuti mutauro rakakamurwa mapoka matatu tumitauro: Russian, Ukrainian uye Belarus, uyewo vamwe zvenguva tumitauro.

Muzana XVI remakore muna Muscovy akasarudza normalize yakanyorwa Russian (akashevedza "mova nyore" uye akanga kuchinjwa Belarusian uye Ukrainian) - kupinda predominance pakati coordinative zvisungo zvirevo uye kushandiswa kakawanda zviri mibatanidzwa 'hungu', "uye", "asi". Dual yakarasika, uye emazita kuderera rakanga rakafanana ano. Uye hwaro mutauro chaiko vakava maitiro zvaiva Moscow matauriro. Somuenzaniso, 'Akane, "nzvanyira" g "kuvhara" Ovo "uye" Evo "zvomuenzaniso zvisazitasingwi (pacharo iwe and said.). Tanga Kudhinda pakupedzisira mvumo yokuRussia mutauro chaiko.

Petrine panguva

Petrine nguva zvikuru naro. Nokuti panguva ino mutauro wokuRussia yakabudiswa kubva "kuchengetwa" yechechi, uye muna 1708 kudzorwa arufabheti, zvokuti zvava pedyo European womuenzaniso.

In yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore Lomonosov akaisa mitemo mutsva mutauro wokuRussia, kubatanidza zvose vakauya pamberi payo: anotaurwa mutauro, chevarwere nhetembo uye kunyange mutauro mandative. Pashure rurimi rwake akarega Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. Ivo vakawedzera uwandu anoreva zvakafanana mumutauro wokuRussia, kuti sei kuziva upfumi hwayo.

An mupiro kukuru kuti kukura matauriro edu akaita Pushkin, vairamba kurambidzwa zvose pamusoro manyorerwo uye zvabatanidzwa mashoko Russian nemamwe European, kuti asike yakakwana uye zvinonakidza mufananidzo mutauro wokuRussia. Iye chakatsigirwa Lermontov uye Gogol.

budiriro Maitiro

mutauro wokuRussia mune ramangwana akaita sei? Sezvo pakati XIX - mangwanani emakore XX, mutauro Russian ane dzinokura anoverengeka budiriro:

1. Kugadzirwa mabhuku dzemunharaunda.
2. Convergence nokunyora mabhuku mutauro uye mutauro.
3. Language ekisitenjeni nemhaka mutauro akariposhera.
4. Kukura "realism" Genre mumabhuku, matambudziko kwouzivi.

Zvishoma Papera, gutsaruzhinji akachinja Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva mutauro wokuRussia, uye muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri vezvenhau kwezvipimo kutaura.

Zvakaratidza kuti yedu yazvino mutauro Russian, nenhumbi dzayo mitemo lexical uye zvivakamutauro rinobva vaiitawo-siyana East necheSalvic tumitauro, dzakanga richiparadzirwa munyika Russia uye mutauro Church kwechiSlavonic. Mushure ose metamorphosis zvava rimwe zvikuru nevanhu mitauro munyika.

Zvishoma pamusoro kunyora

Asi iye Tatishchev (munyori "History of Russia") aiva nechokwadi chokuti Cyril naMethodius hakuna kutangwa kunyora. Waivapo vasati vaberekwa. Slavs havasi chete kugona kunyora; vakanga mhando kunyora zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, unocheka, features, Rune kana tsamba. Uye hama, masayendisiti akawana sezvikonzero kwazvo donhwe chivharo uye kungoita yokugadziridza nayo. Zvichida unorasirwa vanenge gumi nevaviri tsamba kuti zvive nyore kuti kushandura Bhaibheri. Hongu, Kirill I Mefody akasika necheSalvic arufabheti, asi tsamba yake yakanga hwaro. Ndizvo muRussia uye imomo akanga achinyora.

zvekunze vanotyisidzirwa

Zvinosuruvarisa mutauro wedu kakawanda pachena kuti zvekunze ngozi. Zvino mubvunzo wakanga remangwana renyika. Somuenzaniso, muna XIX remakore, vose "dzemauto kwenzanga" akataura bedzi muna French, akapfeka yakakodzera manyorerwo, uye kunyange Muterere kwaisanganisira chete chili French. Namachinda zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kukanganwa mutauro wavo waamai havachasungirwi vakasungwa vanhu Russian, kutenga uzivi itsva uye tsika.

Somugumisiro pakatanga kutaura French, Russia aigona kurashikirwa chete mutauro wavo asiwo tsika. Sezvineiwo, mamiriro ezvinhu akaponesa shasha yacho XIX remakore: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. Zvinoita ivo, sezvo patriots vechokwadi, haana kupa mutauro achifa Russian. Vakaratidza sei yakanaka.

modernity

Zvikuru kunzwisisa uye kwete zvakazara nhoroondo mutauro wokuRussia. Muchidimbu haina vakaisa kunze. Zvichatora makore kudzidza. mutauro Russian uye nhoroondo vanhu - chinhu chinoshamisa zvechokwadi. Uye unogona sei uchiti uri Patriot, vasingazivi chizvarwa mutauro, ngano, nhetembo, uye mabhuku?

Zvinosuruvarisa nhasi vechiduku vakarasikirwa kufarira mumabhuku, asi kunyanya dzekare mabhuku. Izvi Muitiro ari kuchengetwa vanhu vakwegura. TV, Indaneti, usiku netsvimbo uye maresitorendi, vaima magazini uye Blogs - izvi zvose, isu kwakatsiva "pepa neshamwari." Vanhu vakawanda kunyange akamira kuti zvavanofunga, kuisa zvatinosiita zvavakatemerwa noruzhinji uye vezvenhau cliches. Pasinei nokuti Classics vaiva uye kuramba vari chikoro kwakarongwa, vashoma vari kuverenga, kunyange muchidimbu chimiro, iro "anodya" zvose runako uye mavambo mabasa evanyori Russian.

Asi sezvo vapfumi nhoroondo uye tsika mutauro wokuRussia! Somuenzaniso, mabhuku anogona kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda kupfuura chero forum paIndaneti. mabhuku Russian inotaura simba nouchenjeri vanhu, zvinoita sokuti rudo nyika yedu, uye kunzwisisa zviri nani. Mumwe munhu anofanira kunzwisisa kuti mutauro waamai, chizvarwa tsika uye vanhu vari vasingasiyani, ndivo mumwe. Uye anonzwisisa uye anofunga ano Russian mugari? Chokwadi kuti unofanira kusiya nyika yavo nokukurumidza sezvingabvira?

The huru ngozi

Uye chokwadi, chikuru kutyisidzira mashoko yokumwe vanofanira mutauro wedu. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, dambudziko iri rakanga akakodzera ari XVIII remakore, asi zvinosuwisa, akaramba unsolved kusvikira zvino uye zvishoma nezvishoma anowana zvaidiwa rudzi dambudziko.

Kwete chete kuti vanhu iri vanofarira zvakasiyana akariposhera mashoko, mutauro unonyadzisa, yakaitwa mashoko, saka achiri uye nguva dzose anoshandisa yokumwe nokukwereta, mukutaura kwake, achikanganwa kuti mumutauro wokuRussia pane zvakawanda zvinonakidza anofanana. Mashoko ava: "stylist", "maneja", "voruzhinji ukama", "yemakurukota", "rokusika", "mushandisi", "Blog", "Net" uye vamwe vakawanda. Kana akauya chete kubva mamwe mapoka munharaunda, ipapo dambudziko raigona vakarwa. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa mashoko yokumwe uchipinda kushandiswa nevadzidzisi, vatori venhau, nyanzvi uye kunyange vakuru. vanhu ava shoko vanhu, uye nokudaro kusuma muropa. Uye zvinoitika kuti shoko yokumwe zvakasimba kugadzirisa mumutauro Russian kuti anotanga sokuti zviri primordial.

Chii chanetsa?

Saka sei imi kumutumidza? Kusaziva? Fashion vose mhiri? Kana kurwisa Russia? Zvichida kamwechete. Uye dambudziko iri kunofanira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza, zvimwe zviri kunonoka. Somuenzaniso, kazhinji vanoshandisa shoko rokuti "mutariri" pane kuti "maneja", "bhizimisi kwemanheru" panzvimbo "bhizimisi kwemasikati" uye zvichingodaro. D. Mushure kutsakatika kuchaita vanhu kunotanga kutsakatika mutauro.

About maduramazwi

Zvino kuti unoziva sei kuti kuva mutauro wokuRussia. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Special panotaurwa akafanirwa nhoroondo mumaduramazwi mutauro wokuRussia. Pane zvave maduramazwi ano kubva zvekare, uye pashure, uye mabhuku akadhindwa. Pakutanga vakanga vashomashoma uye vakanga aiendeswa rakamanikana denderedzwa vanhu.

Duramazwi dangwe Russian runoonekwa kuva pfupi chikumbiro kuna Kormchaia Novgorod (1282). Vanosanganisira 174 mashoko kubva tumitauro dzakasiyana: Greek, Church kwechiSlavonic, chiHebheru uye mazita akakodzera kunyange Biblical.

Pashure pemakore 400 nemaduramazwi akatanga kuonekwa inzwi yakakura. Vave achirayira uye kunyange arufabheti. Mumazuva iwayo maduramazwi aiva kunyanya zvechikoro kana Encyclopedic zvakasikwa, saka hatina zvadzo vanhuwo zvavo.

Wokutanga akadhindwa Duramazwi

Yakabuda wokutanga akadhindwa duramazwi muna 1596. Zvakanga imwe kwokunwa bhuku iri mupristi girama Lavrentiya Zizaniya. Yaiva mashoko anopfuura chiuru, zvange arongwe mu earufabheti. Duramazwi yave akachenjera uye akatsanangura kwakabva vazhinji Old kwechiSlavonic uye rakumbirwa mashoko. Kakabudiswa muna Belarusian, Russian uye Ukrainian mitauro.

Pakuzadzisa maduramazwi

XVIII aiva remakore zvinhu zvikuru. Havana vadarika uye monolingual maduramazwi. Masayendisiti Great (Tatischev Lomonosov) tisingatarisiri aifarira kwakabva mashoko mazhinji. Ndakatanga kunyora manotsi Trediakovskii. Pakupedzisira, vazhinji dzinoverengeka maduramazwi akasikwa, asi chinonyanya aiva "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" yayo mupanda. Mu "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" kududzirwa takagamuchira vanopfuura 20 000 mashoko. Bhuku rino nheyo nokuda normative duramazwi mutauro wokuRussia, uye Lomonosov, pamwe nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vakatanga zvaakasika.

Rinonyatsooneka Dictionary

Nhoroondo kukura mutauro wokuRussia anoyeuka chinokosha musi zvakadaro tose - kusikwa "rinotsanangura Dictionary wokuRussia Language" V. I. Dalya (1866). Izvi mana mavhoriyumu akagamuchira hwakawanda shanduro uye rinoshanda muzuva redu. 200,000 mashoko pamusoro 30.000 idioms uye phraseological dzakabatana zvinogona zvakachengeteka kunzi pfuma chaiyo.

nhasi

Zvinosuruvarisa, nyika munharaunda haafariri nhoroondo chidzoke yomutauro wokuRussia. Ake ezvinhu aripo anogona kuenzaniswa imwe nyaya, kuti kamwe paiva kugomo matarenda musayendisiti Dmitri Mendeleev. Zvechokwadi, Mendeleev akanga vasingatongosviki kuva honorary nhengo St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences (zvino Russian Academy of Sciences). Paiva chinyadzo hombe, uye ichiri: musayendisiti kwete kutora kune chikoro! Asi Russian Empire wayo nyika akanga akasimba; ivo akataura kuti sezvo Russian Lomonosov Tatishchev uye vari vashoma, uye zvikuru zvakanaka mumwe musayendisiti Russian - University.

Nhoroondo iyi mutauro ano Russian kunotiita kuti: chii kana nokusingaperi Chirungu (kana mumwe) ichatsiva iyi yakasiyana nedzimwe Russian? Cherechedza kuti vakawanda vedu varipo wokumwe akariposhera mashoko! Chokwadi, kuvhenganisa mitauro uye ushamwari rate - zviri kukuru, asi hazvifungiki kuti nyaya inoshamisa pakutaura kwedu yakanyangarika kubva nyika. Dzivirira mutauro waamai!