Mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weRussia muzana remakore rechi17: mazano makuru, mabasa, zvibereko

Mune nhoroondo yenyika yedu, zana remakore rechi17 ibasa rakakosha zvikuru, sepanguva iyoyo pane zviitiko zvakawanda zvakakanganisa kufambira mberi kwehurumende. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti nyika yeRussia yakanga iri kunze kwenyika muzana remakore rechi17, sezvo panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvakaoma kurwisana nevavengi vakawanda panguva imwechete vachichengetedza simba rekuita basa rekumba.

Chii chakagadzirisa mafungiro ezvematongerwe enyika?

Nenzira yakawanda, zvido zvetsika, zvehupfumi uye zvemauto zvakagadzirisa mberi kwekufambira mberi kwenyika yedu mumazana emakore. Saizvozvowo, mutemo wenyika yeRussia wekune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 wakanga wakatarisana zvachose nemabasa ayo mahurumende anotarisana nawo munguva idzodzo dzakaoma.

Basa guru

Chokutanga, zvaive zvakakodzera kukurumidza kudzoka nyika dzose dzakanga dzakarashika semugumisiro weDambudziko. Chechipiri, vatongi venyika vaiva nebasa rekudzosazve masharaunda avo ose akange ari chikamu cheKyivan Rus. Zvechokwadi, nenzira dzakawanda havangotungamiri chete pfungwa dzekubatanidzwa kwevanhu kamwechete dzakaparadzana, asiwo chido chekuwedzera chikamu chevhu rakanaka uye nhamba yevateresi. Zvichitaura zvishoma, mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika wezana remakore rechi17 wakanga uchida kudzorera kuvimbika kwenyika.

Dambudziko rakanga rakaoma zvikuru kunyika: mari yekusimwa yakanga isina chinhu, varimi vazhinji vakava varombo zvokuti zvakanga zvisiri nyore kutora mutero kwavari. Kuwana kwenyika itsva, kwete kupambwa nemaPoles, kwaizobvumira kwete chete kugadzirisa mukurumbira wezvematongerwe enyika muRussia, asi zvakare kuzadza mari yehupfumi. Nenzira yakawanda, iyi ndiyo yaiva mutemo mukuru wekune dzimwe nyika weRussia muzana remakore rechi17. Itafura (yegumi yegorosi yechikoro inofanira kuiziva zvakakwana), yakapiwa munyaya yacho, inoratidza zvinangwa zvepasi rose.

Buda kugungwa

Nokuda kwekushandisa kwavo, zvaive zvakakosha zvikuru kuti tive nekwaniro yeGungwa Dzvuku neBaltic. Chokutanga, kuwanikwa kwezvi nzira kunobatsira kusimbisa ukama hwehupfumi neEurope pasina matambudziko, kuisa zvinhu zvezvinhu zvisingawaniki chete, asiwo magetsi, mabhuku uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kubatsira kubvisa kukwikwidzika kwenyika mune zvemaindasitiri.

Pakupedzisira, yakanga yava nguva yekugadzirisa chimwe chinhu neCrimean Khan: haigoni kushandiswa kune nyika huru panguva iyoyo kutambura kubva kune kurwiswa kwevamwe "vaduku" vashandi veTurkey sultan. Zvisinei, usakanganwa nezvemazana ehondo yekare nyaya pamusoro pemapepa nemipata ... Munzira iyi yakanga yakawanda matambudziko.

Kukurudzira kuenda kuMabvazuva

Izvi zvinofanirawo kuyeukwa kuti mutemo wenyika yeRussia wekune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 yakanyanya kutsvaga chinangwa chekuwedzera nyika kuenda kumabvazuva kuti iwedzere kukura nekushandisa nyika idzodzo.

Kunyanya, kutengeswa kwakada kuwanda nhamba yakawanda yemafungu ematombo, ayo aida zvikuru munyika. Dambudziko racho raingova muchechi yeEurope yenyika iyi mhuka dzinokosha dzave dzakasimudzwa kare kare. Pakupedzisira, zvaive zvakakosha kusvika paPacific Ocean uye kugadzira muganhu wepanyika pairi. Uyezve. Pakanga pane zvakakwana "zvinangwa zvechisimba" munyika, zvakanga zvakanyadzisa kuderedza. Zvakasarudzwa kutumira vanhu vakashanda asi vanotambudzika kuSiberia.

Saka mabasa maviri akagadziriswa kamwechete: nzvimbo yehurumende yakabvisa "zvinhu zvisingadiwi", uye muganhu waiva pasi pekudzivirirwa kwechokwadi. Iri raiva mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weRussia muzana remakore rechi17. Tafura ichakuratidza mabasa makuru aifanira kutarisirwa ipapo.

Mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 wakanga wakaoma. Imwe tafura inoratidza zvakajeka kuti, pasina hondo, kwete imwe chete yemakore yakapfuura, kubudirira hakuna nguva dzose pamwe chete nehurumende yedu.

Chii chakadzivirira kugadzirisa kwemabasa anokosha kupfuura ose?

Iyo huru yakanga isina kunyange basa re "shamwari dzisingaperi" muchitarisana neBritain neFrance, asi iyo inyanzvi yekudzokera shure. Europe muHondo Yemazuva Makumi Makumi Matatu yakakwanisa kugadzirisa zvakakwana dzidziso yezvombo uye sangano remauto pahondo, uyewo mazano ekushanda kwavo. Nokudaro, simba guru raive rakakosha raiva zvakare iro rinotakura, iro iro kubva pamagumo eUmambo hweRoma raitungamirira basa. Nzira yekusimbisa iyo ikava yombo yakange ichikurumidza kusimba panguva iyoyo.

Kudzokera munyaya dzehondo

Uye pano mutemo wenyika yeRussia mune imwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 yakasimbiswa. Tafura (yebhokisi yechinomwe inofanira kuziva pfungwa dzayo huru) haigone kuratidza izvi, asi hondo yakanga isina simba. Ichokwadi ndechekuti munyika yedu rutivi rwemasoja rwakanga ruchiri runyararo rwevatongi. Kuti varwise zvisikwa zveHorde zvakare akange ane simba, angadai akabudirira, asi paakasangana neuto reFrance imwe chete, iye aizombove ari mukurasikirwa kukuru.

Nokudaro, mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 (kupfupikisa) wakanga uine chinangwa chikuru mukugadzira maitiro ezvigadzirwa zvemauto, zvemabhizimisi uye ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvezvematongerwo enyika.

Pane Zvombo Zvombo

Nyika huru yainyanya kuvimba nezvombo zvekutengesa. Kuvhiringidza kwemaitiro nemauto zvakagadzirirwa kubviswa nekutakura kwakanyanya kwezvombo kubva kuEurope manufactories, pamwe nekutsvaga mapurisa. Izvo zvose izvi zvakaguma kwete chete kuburikidza nemasimba ekufambisa epanguva iyoyo, asiwo zvakanyanya mari kune nyika.

Nokudaro, mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 (iyo mikuru mikuru yatakatsanangura) yaive yakavakirwa pamagariro ekuti: kune rumwe rutivi, hakuna munhu akapokana nekudiwa kwehondo nevaEurope. Kune rumwe rutivi, ndivo vakanga vakatenga zvombo zvinodhura uye zvombo zvei, izvo zvakawedzerwa mauto nehupfumi simba remasimba eEld World, asi zvakanyanya kuderedza Russia, yakaparadzwa kare neMatambudziko.

Saka, manheru ehondo yeRusso-Polish inotaurwa mutafura, yakawanda yegoridhe yaifanira kushandiswa. MuHolland neSweden, zvinosvika makumi mana makumi mana emaskete uye makumi maviri emakodhi emasodhi akasarudzwa akatengwa. Iyi nhamba yaive isingasviki 2/3 yenhamba yezvombo zvehondo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupesana kwechikamu cheSweden ichiri kuwedzera, izvo zvinongopedza nzira inoenda kuGungwa reBaltic, asi rinoramba richireva chikamu chikuru chemaRussia.

Maitiro kunyika iyo munharaunda yepasi rose

Zvakaipisisa zvakanyanya nekuti kuWest, Russia yakaratidzwa chete seyakanyanyisa shure, "nyika ine utsinye", iyo nzvimbo yaive ichigadziriswa kuwedzerwa, uye vanhu vakanga varongwa kuti vaite zvishoma. Mune dzimwe nzira dzose, njodzi inosuruvarisa yevaIndia yekuNorth America yakafanoona.

Nokudaro, mutemo wekuRussia wakasimba kune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 wakakosha kupfuura kare. Basa rayo guru raiva nechinangwa che "kutema hwindo", iro rakazoitwa naPetro. Zvematongerwe enyika uye zvehondo zvekudzokera kumashure zvainyanya kubva pamusangano wekusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, sezvo simba rakasimba reTurkey-Polish-Swedish rakamira munzira yekugadzirisa ukama hwakanaka.

Usakanganwa nezvenguva dzose dzekushambadzira kwevatengesi veChirungu, vasina kumbosvetwa zvachose kuti vawane makwikwi ane simba panyaya dzebhizimisi. Zvose izvi zvinopesana zvingagadziriswa chete nekugadzira hondo ine simba uye kuputsa kuburikidza nekutengeserana uye kubvisa mari.

Heino iyo huru yemitemo yenyika yeRussia muzana remakore rechi17. Kuti uzviise muchidimbu, mabasa anokosha zvikuru akaisa kumavirazuva, kubva pane izvo zvinotyisa zvehondo zvaive zvakajeka.

Hondo kuWest

Zvose izvi zvakatungamirira kukuti muna 1632, pakarepo mushure mekufa kwaSigismund III, hondo yakatanga kuRzeczpospolita yekudzokorora kweDeinin zvibvumirano. Mutungamiri uyu waiva nyika yedu. Zvinosuruvarisa, simba racho rakanga risina kuenzana. Nenzira yakawanda, mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 (kupfupisa kwatakakurukura nezvazvo) zvakanyanya kukundikana nekuda kwekusakwana kwakakwana kwemauto ekutungamira, mauto uye ezvematongerwo enyika.

Tinopa muenzaniso wakajeka uye unogumbura. Pamusana pekukurukurirana kwakaipisisa, Mambo wePoland Vladislav akakwanisa kuonana neCrimean Tatars. Hondo yeRussia inononoka, iyo yakatungamirirwa naM. Shein, yaiva nevashumiri. Pavakaona kuti vatatari vakatanga kupinda nguva dzose mukati, vakangosiya varwi, vachienda kunodzivirira nzvimbo dzavo. Zvose izvi zvakaguma nechisayina chePiranovsky Peace Treaty.

Zvakanga zvakakodzera kudzokera kuPoland nyika dzose dzakakundwa pakutanga kwehondo, asi Mambo Vladislav akasiya zvachose zvirevo kune nyika dzeRussia uye chigaro. Gavhuna M. Shein naA Izmailov vakanzi vaine mhosva yekukundwa, uye vakazove vakaneta misoro yavo. Nokudaro, mutemo wekuRussia wokune dzimwe nyika muzana remakore rechi17 hausi kunyanya kubudirira kwatiri.

Nharaunda yezuva ranhasi Ukraine

Panguva imwecheteyo, sangano rekusununguka kwenyika rakapararira munharaunda yezuva ranhasi Ukraine. Muna 1648, munzvimbo idzodzo, kumwe kukamuka kwakatanga, izvo zvakakonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu asingagadziriswi evanhu veOrthodox, vaigara munharaunda yePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Vakatya vaiva Zaporozhye Cossacks. Nenzira yakawanda, vakatungamirira hupenyu hwakanaka kwazvo: kuchengetedza miganhu yePoland kubva kumhirizhonga yeCrimean Tatars, vakagamuchira mubairo wakanaka (kwete kuverenga zvakapambwa zvehondo). Asi vaPoles vakanga vasingafari zvikuru nekuti Cossacks vakange vabvuma mukati meboka ravo chero mushumiri wevapoteri uye vakanga vasina kumudzosa zvakare. Izvozvo zvinonzi "kushandiswa kwemiti" yakatanga, kukatwa kweCossack freemen. Iko kwakangoerekana yakamuka kumutsa kwaitungamirirwa naBobdan Khmelnitsky.

Kubudirira nekukundikana kwevatongi

Muna December 1648, mauto ake akatora Kiev. MunaAugust wegore rinotevera, zvibvumirano zvehukama zvakasayinwa. Vakapa huwandu hwehuwandu hwe "hurumende" dzeCossacks, iyo iyo hurumende yakanga isina mhere-mhere, asi pane urongwa uhwu hwekubudirira kwaive kusvika pakuguma.

Khmelnytsky akanzwisisa kuti pasina rubatsiro rwekunze, aisazokwanisa kugadzirisa kusaruramisira. Muongorori chete wehukama hwepabonde ndiRussia, asi hurumende dzayo dzakanga dzisingatsvaki kurwisana, sezvo dzaida nguva yekugadzirisa zvekare hondo. Panguva iyi, vaPoles havana kubvumira rugare runonyadzisa; Iko kare muna 1653 vapanduki vakanga vari pasi pekutyisidzirwa kwekuparadzwa kwakakwana.

Russia haigoni kubvumira izvi. Muna December 1653, chibvumirano chakapedzwa pakubatanidzwa kwenyika dzeUukraine neRussia. Zvechokwadi, pakarepo mushure mokunge nyika yacho yakakwevedzwa kupinda muhondo itsva, asi migumisiro yaro yakanga iri nani kupfuura yakapfuura.

Izvi ndizvo zvakasarudzwa nehurumende yekune imwe nyika yeRussia muzana remakore rechi17. Idzidziso huru, mabasa, zvibereko zvayo uchawana munyaya ino.