Ndepi iyo mufananidzo "Mona Lisa" (Gioconda)

Nhoroondo yemufananidzo "Mona Lisa" hainetseki nechizvarwa chimwe chete chevanhu. Leonardo da Vinci akatanga basa pamusana pekusafa kwake kwakagadzirwa kwakapoteredza 1503. Mufananidzo wacho akanyora mufananidzo wemudzimai weFlorrentine akapfuma ainzi Francesco Giocondo. Musikana uyu ainzi Mona Lisa. Iro rechipiri zita rechiganda - "Gioconda" - nenzira imwe chete pedyo nevateereri vakawanda. Kare venguva dzenguva dzatenzi vaifarira mufananidzo uyu kusvika pamwero wakakwirira. Kuzivikanwa kwechifananidzo chakanga chakakura zvikuru zvokuti munguva yemberi zvakanyorwa pamusoro pezvinyorwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zvakaiswa mberi.

Anoratidzika sei?

Chii chakaitwa naMer Lisa? Tsanangudzo iyi ndeyotevera: kusika kusingaperi kusingagumi zviyero 77 ne 53 cm. Mufananidzo unonyorwa mumafuta pane poplar board. Inoratidza mukadzi akagara pachigaro. Inowanikwa kumashure kwenzvimbo. Mumufananidzo wake, muoni wacho anokwezva nekuratidzika-kusingawanzwisisiki, sekunge kuti nguva dzose ari kutarisa mutaridzi, izvo zvinoita kuti huchenjeri huvepo uye hunoda. Asi kunyange chakavanzika chikuru kune kumwe-kunakidzwa kwepasi pose kwe Mona Mona. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi, uye zvarinoreva zvinoratidzika kuti hazvisi nyore kune munhu anoona mufananidzo wacho. Ndicho kukanganisa kunounza chimwe chinhu mumufananidzo unoita chido chekutarisa pazviri zvakare.

Mune unyanzvi hwepasi pano pane mazita mashoma emifananidzo anogona kuenzaniswa ne "Mona Lisa" nesimba rekutaura kwevanhu pachavo vanoparidzirwa muhumwe hwekufunga uye tsika. Apo pikicha "Mona Lisa", pane mweya wechakavanzika uye chakavanzika. Mifananidzo yakakurumbira yaDa Vinci yakasiyana nedzimwe mimwe mifananidzo yeQuattrocento nguva nemhosva isina kujairika yekudzidzira.

Kubva ku "Gioconda" inouya pfungwa ye simba, iyo inobatanidza hupenyu hwekunzwa rusununguko rwemunhu nehutano hwemukati. Kunyemwerera kwemukadzi nenzira ipi zvayo kunotengesa kusaregeredza kana kukunda. Inonzwisiswa semugumisiro wekuzvidzora kwakazara uye kudzikama kuzvidzora.

World Glory

"Mona Lisa" (yekutanga) ingadai yakave ichizivikanwa kwenguva yakareba chete kune yakangwara uye yakangwara yekugadzirisa unyanzvi hwakanaka, dai yakanga isati iine nyaya inoshamisa iyo yakaburitsa mukurumbira wenyika yose kumusana.

Kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16, unyanzvi hwakachengetedzwa muunganidzwa hweumambo. Pano akawana kutenda kuna Francis I, akazvitenga mushure mekufa kwaLoberto. Muna 1793 chifananidzo chakaiswa mu Louvre. Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva ino musimamende senzvimbo iyo mufananidzo "Mona Lisa" uripo. Asi hatisi kutaura pamusoro peizvi ikozvino.

Saka, "Gioconda" yakave yakanakisisa yenyika uye yakagara iri mu Louvre chete. Muna 1911 (August 21), mushandi wemu museum Vincenzo Perugia, girazi raitaura kubva kuItaly, rakaba mufananidzo. Pasina mubvunzo, hakuna munhu aigona kuziva chinangwa chaicho chemhosva. Zvichida Vincenzo aida kudzorera mutsara kumusha wake wekare. Makore maviri gare gare muItaly mifananidzo yakawanikwa. Perugia pachake akabatsira kuwana chifananidzo: iye akapindura kune pepanhau rakashambadza uye akasarudza kutengesa "Mona Lisa". Mukutanga kwaJanuary 1914, Gioconda akadzokera ku Louvre.

Chakavanzika chomunhu wacho

Izvo zvakaoma kuziva munhu anoratidzwa mumutsara. Munyaya iyi, vazhinji vanofungidzirwa nharo dzinoratidzwa. Vatsvakurudzi havabvumi. Vashandi vemasikirwo akasiyana-siyana vanoisa pfungwa idzi dzinotevera pamusoro pehupenyu hwa Mona Mona: vamwe vavo vanoziva kuti uyu Isabella kubva kuEste. Yechipiri - iyo iri mumufananidzo murume wechidiki mune zvipfeko zvemukadzi. Asi vamwe vanofunga kufunga kuti uyu ndiye mudzimai weGenerrentine del Giocondo. Vanotaurawo kuti ichi ndicho chimiro chakanaka musikana, kana kuti DaVinci's self-portrait.

Chakavanzika che "Mona Lisa" hachizivikanwi nhasi. Muna 1517, tenzi mukuru akashanyira Kadhidhenesi weAragon. Munyori weMonsignor akatsanangura musangano uyu. Akanyora kuti Leonardo da Vinci akaratidza Louis hutatu hwemifananidzo yake. Pamwe paiva mudzimaikadzi we Florentine, uyo akanyorwa kubva pane zvakasikwa paakakumbira Giuliano Medici. Yechipiri inoratidzira chiso chemudiki Johane mubhapatidzi. Uye mufananidzo wechitatu waiva mufananidzo waSt. Anne naMaria neJesu akangoberekwa.

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanopikisa kuti mudzimai Florentine akanga ari Mona Lisa chaiye chaizvo. Asi, zvichida, yakanga iri imwewo mifananidzo iyo isina makopi uye kunyange kwakanga kusina zviitikiti pamusoro payo. Saka, Medici aisagona kuva nechokuita ne Mona Mona.

Nzira yekuwana mufananidzo

Ndekupi mufananidzo "Mona Lisa", inozivikanwa kune vose vagari venyika yedu. Anochengetwa mu Louvre. Chimwe nechimwe chemasuo emusitamende chinotungamirira kune chando. Terevhizheni yeJapan muimba yamambo yakatenga nzvimbo yose pasi pechitarisiko. Uye mufananidzo wacho pachawo wakafukidzwa nezvombo zvakasimba. Kurutivi rwemufananidzo kune nguva dzose yevarindi, nhamba isingagumi yevashanyi vari kuuya pano. "Gioconda" unogona kuona muLouvre chete, uye hakuna imwe nzvimbo. Pakati pezana remakore ekupedzisira chimiro chekugadzira chakabudiswa kaviri kubva mumusitamende, asi hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza kusatomboendesa zvakare Mona Lisa kune imwe miganhu. Chikamu ichocho cheLouvre, chinonzi Denon (Denon), imba yechinomwe yekupenda muItaly, inokurudzira kuti pamadziro ayo inosungirirwa chiso chemukadzi akakurumbira munhoroondo yeunyanzvi.

Shades nemithunzi

Masayendisiti enyika yose haagoni kugadzikana, achiedza kusunungura zvakavanzika zvemufananidzo we Mona Mona (musamuziyamu iyo iripo yakanyorwa pamusoro apa). Makore akawanda akapfuura vakashandisa kushandiswa kwema -ray-ray kuti vanzwisise kuti tenzi wavo akaita sei mumvuri pamusana wake. Firipi Walter nevamwe vake vakatsvaga mifananidzo yechinomwe da Vinci, iyo yaive "La Gioconda". X-rays anopa mukana wekudzidza mufananidzo kunze kwekukuvadza zvidimbu zvepende.

Munguva yekutsvakurudza yakawanikwa kuti Leonardo akashandisa zvakakurumbira munguva yake "sfumato" technique. Akaita kuti zvigone kuchinja kwemuvara kana shades pairi.

Chinhu chinotyisa chakawanikwa cheWalter chaiva mumufananidzo hazvibviri kuona chero zvigunwe kana zvimiti. Zvose zvinoitwa zvakakwana, saka kuongorora "Mona Lisa" kunoshamisa zvikuru.

Masayendisiti akawana kuti Leonardo aive nekwanisi yekushandisa zvidimbu zvaive nemasikirita maviri chete, uye huwandu hwenhanho hwaisati hwava 30-40 microns.

Chinhu Chinonyanya Kukosha

Inguva yakaita sei Mona Mona inodhura zvino? Mutengo wayo hauna kugadziriswa nemari. Asi iyo inofanirwa "Gioconda" inowanikwa muGuinness Book of Records sewekuchengetedzwa kwembairi yehuwandu hwakawanda. Muna 1962, yakanga iri mamiriyoni zana emadhora. Asi nhasi Louvre inoshandisa mari iyi kwete yeinishuwarenzi, asi yekudzivirirwa. Tichifunga nezvekuwedzera kwegore, muna 2006 mari iyi yaizoka kusvika ku 670 mamiriyoni eAmerica. Nokudaro, chimiro cha Mona Mona ndicho chine mari inodhura zvikuru pasi rose.

Chakavanzika, chakafukidzwa nerima

"Gioconda" inokonzera mibvunzo yakawanda. Chimwe chazvo ndechikonzero nei mukadzi asina ziso. Kuguma kwezana remakore rechi15 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rinouya vanozivikanwa nekuti mufashoni zvakabviswa zvachose nheve. Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti mukadzi uyu akaratidzwa mucheka, akazotevera mhando dzose dzemaitiro, asi nekuda kwemashira ake uye akadzurwa. Asi anjiniya aibva kuFrance Pascal Cotet anotaura kuti mashiri ake akanga achiripo.

Achishandisa chirongwa chettramoderner, muongorori akaita kopi yesimbi, iyo yakaratidza matanho emashizha. Pascal anoziva kuti kurohwa uku kwaiva pakutanga, asi gare gare kwakabviswa.

Zvikonzero zveizvi zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyisa kushingairira kuchengetedza unyanzvi. Mukufamba kwemazana emakore mazana mashanu, chando chacho chaiwanzocheneswa, uye saka zviduku zviduku pairi zvaigona nyore kubviswa.

Imwe nzira isingabudiriri yekudzorera "Mona Lisa" inoshevedza Kote se "kurasikirwa" kwemashizha. Asi hazvisi pachena kuti zvingave zvakanyangarika zvachose.

Kunyange zvazvo ziso rimwe

Ikoko apo chiti "Mona Lisa" chiripo chave chazivikanwa kune muverengi. Uye, zvichida, munhu wose anoda kamwe kamwe muhupenyu, kubva kure, asi kuona chigamba chakakunda nyika. Ichi chifananidzo chinosvika zvakavanzika zvakawanda uye zvakavanzika zvokuti hazvigoneki kuti hazviiti kuedza kugadzirisa kana mumwe wavo. Asi hapana munhu akabudirira zvakare. Vose zvavo vanozivikanwa chete kuna Leonardo, uyo akavatora pamwe naye, achisiya zvizvarwa zveramangwana zvipfeko chete uye zvinhu zvake zvisingakoshi, zvisingafi.