NecheSalvic kunyora muRussia

Modern Russian mutauro kwakavakirwa Old Church kwechiSlavonic, izvo zvaizoitawo akambopiwa kushandiswa kunyora, uye nokutaura. It richiripo mipumburu yakawanda uye mifananidzo.

Culture Ancient Rus: kunyora

Masayendisiti akawanda vanoti kuti pamberi remakore rechipfumbamwe, pakanga pasina kunyora zvachose. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munguva Kievan Rus kunyora hariko sezvo vakadaro.

Zvisinei, kubvuma ichi kwakaipa, nokuti kana uchitarisa nhoroondo dzimwe dzakabudirira uye rinoti, tinogona kuona kuti vose ane simba ezvinhu ikoko pachake kunyora. Sezvo Russia vekare akanga mune dzakawanda zvakarurama simba, uye zvakanyorwa zvacho zvakanga zvakafanana kuti Russia kunodiwa.

Rimwe boka kutsvakurudza masayendisiti zvave kuti runyoro, uye mhedziso iyi ine vakawanda zvinyorwa uye chokwadi: ". Pamusoro kunyora" Brave akanyora dzechembere Uyewo, "muupenyu Constantine naMethodius" zvinoreva kuvapo Eastern Slavs kunyora. Sechiratidzo kutsikisa achiri kutungamirira Ibn Fadlan.

Saka kana paiva mutauro akanyorwa Russia? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu achiri nharo. Asi chikuru nharo kuti vanhu, kunosimbisa kwaita achinyora Russia, muri zvibvumirwano pakati Russia uye Byzantium, zvakanyorwa muna 911 uye 945, ukuwo.

Kirill I Mefody: abatsira zvikuru kuna necheSalvic arufabheti

Nomupiro necheSalvic rokudzidzisa kunokosha. Yakanga mavambo basa ravo mumutauro necheSalvic angosimuka pachake arufabheti yayo, yaiva kure nyore kwayo inzwi uye chiperengo pane yapfuura shanduro mutauro.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vadzidzisi nevadzidzi vavo havana kuparidzwa munyika East necheSalvic avanhu, asi vaongorori vanoti may Methodius uye Cyril akaisa pachedu nechinangwa. Nhanganyaya maonero ake haana chete akudziridze kuwanda kwavo zvavanofarira, asiwo kurerutsa kuti Implementation of East necheSalvic tsika mutauro nyore.

Muzana remakore rechigumi mabhuku uye upenyu mukuru Kujekerwa akasvika munharaunda Russia, apo vakatanga kunakidzwa kubudirira chaiko. Panguva iyi vaongorori zvakabatanidzwa chidzoke ainyora Russia, ari necheSalvic arufabheti.

Russia kubvira pakatanga mutauro wavo nearufabheti

Pasinei nezvose izvi, vamwe vatsvakurudzi kuedza kuratidza kuti arufabheti Kujekerwa kwakaonekwa nguva Kievan Rus ', kureva kuti, kunyange vasati rubhabhatidzo, kana Russia yakanga nyika yechihedheni. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda zvinyorwa akanyorwa Cyrillic, vane mapepa ane mashoko akanyorwa Glagolitic arufabheti. Vaongorori vanoti, zvimwe, asi Glagolitic arufabheti sokushandiswa Russia yekare zvakanga panguva repfumbamwe chezvegumi emakore - pamberi kuitwa chiKristu.

Most ichangopfuura, kubvuma ichi chave vaudzewo. Masayendisiti uye vanotsvakurudza akawana gwaro raive rakaita zvokurekodhwa umwe mupristi zororo. Uyewo, yokuzororera akanyora kuti muna 1044 muRussia akashandisa Glagolitic arufabheti, asi necheSalvic vanhu kurinzwisisa sezvinoita basa mudzidzisi Cyril uye pakuzivikanwa se "Cyrillic".

Zvakaoma kutaura sei zvikuru yakanga yakasiyana panguva tsika Ancient Rus. The chidzoke kunyora kuRussia, sezvinofungwa nevakawanda vakatenda, atanga kubva kwakapararira kunofambira mabhuku, pasinei chokwadi, achiti kunyora yaiva chinhu chinokosha nevahedheni Russia.

Kukurumidza kukura necheSalvic Literature: kubhabhatidzwa venyika dzechihedheni

The hwokumhanyamhanya okukura of East necheSalvic vanhu vakatanga kunyora pashure kubhabhatidzwa Rus ', kana paiva mutauro akanyorwa Russia. Muna 988, apo Prince Vladimir kuchiKristu kuRussia, vana vanoonekwa vepamusoro akatanga kudzidzisazve mabhuku chaiwo. Zvakanga panguva ino chete, pane mabhuku echitendero, pakunyora, mashoko akanyorwa humburumbira zvechizarira, gungano rakanyorwa mashoko, izvo mhizha vakarova kuti murayiro, neminondo. Panguva machinda zvisimbiso kuonekwa magwaro.

Uyewo, zvinokosha kuziva kuti pane ngano pamusoro mari pamwe mashoko kuti vakashandisa Prince Vladimir, Svyatopolk uye Jaroslav.

A 1030 pfuma kushandiswa kwakapararira Birch omuti.

Chokutanga chakanyorwa: birchbark Manyoro uye mabhuku

Wokutanga akanyorwa zvinyorwa pamusoro pakunyora simbi Birch omuti. kuverenga ichi uye kunyora zvakanyorwa rekodhi pamusoro diki zveMagwaro Birch omuti.

Kusiyana yokuti vachiri vakamira nhasi. Nokuti vaongorori kuwanikwa ichi chinokosha zvikuru: kuwedzera chokwadi kuti nemhaka charters izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa zviri mutauro necheSalvic, achinyorera Birch omuti vanokwanisa kutaura zviitiko zvinokosha pamhemberero wegumi emakore nemashanu. Zvinyorwa izvi vava chinhu chinokosha nokuda kudzidza nhoroondo Russia yekare.

Kuwedzera necheSalvic tsika, Birch nemakwati waishandiswa pakati dzimwe nyika tsika.

Panguva iyi zvakachengetedzwa magwaro akawanda birchbark, rakanyorwa Old Vatendi. Uyezve, pamwe veMubatanidzwa Berestovoy "pepa", vanhu vakadzidza stratify Birch kuhukura. Izvi yawanikwa yaiva nhangaruvanze pakunyora mabhuku ari Birch omuti. NecheSalvic mutauro akanyorwa Russia kwazova uye dzakabudirira zvikuru.

A Boon nokuti vanotsvakurudza uye vanyori

Tsamba yokutanga, Berestovoy akaita papepa, izvo vaakawana Russia, iri muguta Novgorod Guru. All vakambodzidza nhoroondo kuziva kuti guta rino akanga zvikuru nokuda kukura Russia.

Chikuva mutsva kukura mutauro zvakanyorwa: Shanduro sechinhu chikuru budiriro

Huge kukanganisa mutauro wakanyorwa muRussia vaiva Southern Slavs.

Prince Vladimir muRussia akatanga kushandura mabhuku uye magwaro kubva South necheSalvic mitauro. Uye panguva Prince Yaroslav vachenjeri akatanga kuva mutauro chaiko, nemhaka iyo kwakange kwakadaro mabhuku Genre sezvo mabhuku chechi.

Zvikuru nokuti mutauro wekare aiva nemano kushandurira magwaro kubva mumitauro yokumwe. The shanduro yokutanga (mabhuku), uyo akabva West European kumapati, aiva shanduro kubva muchiGiriki. Raiva mutauro munzira dzakawanda dzechiGiriki kwakachinja tsika mutauro wokuRussia. Vakawanda Mashoko chikwereti vari kuwedzera kushandiswa mumabhuku mabasa, kunyange chete muzvinyorwa chechi.

Zviri Panguva iyi vakatanga kushandura tsika Russia, iyo iri kunyora zvakawanda kuoma.

The kuchinja Peter Mukuru, ari munzira kuenda mutauro nyore

Nokusvika kwedzimwe Peter I, uyo kudzorwa nemamiriro vose vanhu Russian, kunyange mutauro nemagariro, zvaikosha yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita akaitwa. The chidzoke kunyora kare muRussia pakarepo kuoma zvakatoitika kunzwisisa mutauro necheSalvic. Muna 1708, Petr Veliky akatanga vanonzi "vehurumende Fonts." Nechekare muna 1710, Peter Mukuru pachake aongorora tsamba dzose mutauro Russian, pashure uyo arufabheti mutsva akasikwa. Alphabet kunge kuchiratidzwa itsanangudzo uye nyore kushandisa. mutongi Russian vaida nyore mutauro wokuRussia. Vazhinji tsamba dzakanga nyore risingabatanidzwi arufabheti, nokudaro nyore kwete chete kutaura, asi kunyora.

Kuchinja muzana remakore rechi18, pakatanga kutaurwa itsva

The huru kuchinja kwaiva kutanga tsamba yakadai panguva ino, se "uye pfupi". tsamba iyi wakatangwa muna 1735. Nechekare muna 1797, Karamzin akashandisa chiratidzo itsva "vad" inzwi.

Pakazopera muzana remakore rechi18, tsamba "Yat" chakarasikirwa zvaunoreva, nokuti rakaenderana ruzha "e" inzwi. Panguva ino tsamba "Yat" kurega kushandiswa. Nokukurumidza iye zvakare vakarega kuva chikamu nearufabheti wokuRussia.

The wokupedzisira pavaipfuura kukura mutauro wokuRussia: zviduku Kuchinja

Wokupedzisira kuchinja, rakachinja manyorero kuRussia, aiva kuchinja zvinhu 1917, iyo kusvikira 1918. Zvinonzi chinangwa asava zvose tsamba, kutinhira chakanga kana akanyanya zvakafanana kana zvachose inodzokororwa. Tinoonga zvinhu izvi kuti zvevakomana, yakasimba pfungwa (b) ndiko kuparadzana, uye munyoro (b) aiva kuparadzana iri kupenda nyoro nzvanyira.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuchinja kwakaita kusagutsikana kwazvo vakawanda vakakurumbira mabhuku nemifananidzo. Somuenzaniso, Ivan Bunin akatsoropodza zvakasimba Kuchinja mutauro waamai.