Negasi: fomura. Chemical fomura gasi. mhando dzose negasi

Nhasi tinoziva dzakasiyana-siyana magasi. Vamwe vanhu ava vakagamuchira rabhoritari nzira mishonga, vamwe aumba pachavo somugumisiro siyana sokunge-zvigadzirwa. Uye chii magasi anobudiswa zvakasikwa? Huru yakadai magasi echisikigo, zvakasikwa mavambo ina:

• negasi, vane nzira yokuita CH _4;
• Nitrogen, N _2;
• rehydrogen, H _2;
• carbon dioxide, CO _2.

Chokwadi, pane zvimwe - okisijeni, rehydrogen sulfide, amoniya, inert magasi, carbon monoxide. Zvisinei, pamusoro vanotova zvakakosha kuti vanhu uye kushandisa zvinangwa zvakasiyana, kusanganisira kuva mafuta.

Chii negasi?

Negasi rinozivikanwa akadaro, izvo zvakasikwa anotipa. Ndiko, zviri izvo zviri mukati menyika Pasi kwakakwirira chaizvo uye kupfuura mari inotengwa iri indasitiri somugumisiro nemakemikari.

SoMunyengetero negasi, methane, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Kana kutarira Kuronga gasi zvikamu zviduku, tinogona kuona ake inotevera zvinoriumba sezvamunoita:

• methane (96%);
• ethane;
• propane;
• butane;
• rehydrogen;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa;
• senitrogen;
• rehydrogen sulfide (diki, chero mari).

Saka, zvinoita sokuti negasi - kongiri anoverengeka sezvingatarisirwa kuitika magasi.

Negasi: Formula

Kubva makemikari nemaonero negasi musanganiswa Linear Mahydrocarbon nyore mamiriro - methane, ethane, propane uye butane. Zvisinei, sezvo vakawanda Vhoriyamu ose methane, kugamuchirwa mukuru payakavakirwa negasi zvakananga kuratidza fomura methane. Saka, zvinoitika kuti makemikari yokuita negasi methane CH _4.

The yasara zvinoriumba vane zvinotevera empirical payakavakirwa mu kemisitiri:

• ethane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa - CO _2;
• senitrogen - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• rehydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

A musanganiswa kwakadaro zvinhu zviri negasi. Its chikuru Formula methane remubatanidzwa kunoratidza kuti kabhoni kugutsikana yayo zvikuru duku. Izvi zvinokanganisa mumuviri ayo ehupfumi, zvakadai sokuita kuti kupisa munhu Hauoneki, zvachose vanosvuta pfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhengo dzayo homologous dzinotevedzana (dzakatevedzana zvakakangwa Mahydrocarbon kana alkanes) panguva combustion kuti aumbe dema smoky womoto.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Zvakasikwa, gasi ichi chinowanikwa pachivande yakadzika, gobvu uye guru akaturikidzana padombo sedimentary. Pane nzira huru mbiri dzidziso kwakabva negasi zvakasikwa.

1. Dzidziso tectonic masangano matombo. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi vanodavira kuti Mahydrocarbon zviri muura enyika uye nguva dzose akarerwa somugumisiro tectonic kufamba uye maronda kumusoro. At pamusoro soro kumanikidzwa netembiricha kuchinja kuvaita somugumisiro nemakemikari ari maviri dzinongoitika zvicherwa - mafuta uye gasi.
2. Biogenic inoti imwe nzira umo negasi aumbwa. The yemaitiro inoratidza kwayo Qualitative sezvamunoita - kabhoni uye rehydrogen, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ayo inotungamirwa akatora mupenyu Organic venyama mitumbi yaipinda kunyanya kuvakwa kubva zvinhu izvi, sezvinoita zvose zvipenyu zvose Pasi ichi aripo kusvikira nhasi. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvisaririra Zvirimwa akafa uye mhuka akanyura pasi penyanza pasi, apo kwakanga kusino okisijeni kana utachiona vanogona anoora uye bikurudza kuti makemikari nyaya. Somugumisiro anaerobic kuora kuti biomass harina uye pamusoro mamiriyoni emakore, tsime zvicherwa maviri - mafuta uye gasi. Nokudaro hwaro vaviri chete - nayo Mahydrocarbon uye pamwe pasi samolecular uremu zvinhu. The kwemakemikari yokuita gasi uye mafuta inoratidza. Zvisinei, kana vachibatwa ezvinhu akasiyana uye zvigadzirwa siyana vari aumba: yakakwirira kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha - gasi, rakadzika - mafuta.

Nhasi, huru minda negasi reserves vane nyika dzakadai Russia, USA, Canada, Iran, Norway uye Netherlands.

Maererano ayo ezvinhu aggregation rwokuzvarwa gasi havangagoni kukwana chete gasi wehurumende. Pane nzira dzakawanda kwazvo condensation:

1. The gasi ichiputswa ari mamorekuru mafuta.
2. Gas zvazvichanyungudutswa mumvura mamorekuru.
3. Gas hydrates vanoumba yakasimba.
4. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu - gaseous akakura.

Mumwe nemumwe inoti izvi ine yayo munda, uye kunokosha chaizvo kune vanhu.

Kuwana murabhoritari uye indasitiri

Kuwedzera negasi kugadzirwa nzvimbo, pane nzira dzakawanda kundoitora ari yezvirwere. Nzira idzi, zvisinei, richaiswa kushandiswa bedzi batch maduku chigadzirwa, sezvo negasi mutengo ezvidzidzo murabhoritari usage haisi mari.

Laboratory nzira:

1. Hydrolysis yakaderera samolecular yeimwe - aruminiyamu carbide: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ O = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (OH) _3.
2. Yavaibvisa acetate pamberi alkali: CH ₃ COOH + NaOH = CH ₄ + Na ₂ CO _3.
3. Kubva syngas: CO + 3h ₂ = CH ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Kubva nyore zvinhu - kabhoni uye rehydrogen - panguva yakakwirira tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa.

Makemikari yokuita negasi methane yemaitiro airatidza kuti zvose Zvinoitwa yo alkanes, inozivikanwa kuti kupiwa gasi.

The Indasitiri yakabereka methane dzokubudisa kubva dzinongoitika deposits uye humwe kubudiswa zvikamu zviduku. Uyewo, gasi chigadzirwa runodiwa zvinodiwa kuchenesa. Pashure negasi methane payakavakirwa zvinoratidza chete chikamu zvakamisa hurongwa kuti rine. Nokuti kushandiswa mhuri inoda gasi yakachena ane hapana mumwe kupfuura methane zvinhu. Patsanurika ethane, propane, butane uye mamwe magasi anoshandiswawo nevakawanda.

mumuviri ehupfumi

gasi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anopa pfungwa ipi utano hwakanaka anofanira ive. Chimbofunga rudzii unhu.

1. Hauoneki zvikukutu, odorless.
2. Inotorwa arambe achirema kunosiyana-siyana pakati 0,7-1 makirogiramu / m ^3.
3. The combustion tembiricha kuti 650 ⁰ C.
4. pane mhepo vakareruka anenge kaviri.
5. Kupisa aburitswa combustion mumwe cubic mutinhimira negasi, zvakaenzana mamiriyoni 46 joules.
6. At dzakakwirira kuwanda (pamusoro 15%) mudenga gasi iri putika chaizvo.
7. Parinoshandiswa sezvinoita huni Exhibits octane nhamba yakaenzana 130.

The yakaisvonaka gasi inotengwa chete pashure kupfuura izvozvo kuburikidza vavashandire miti (miriwo), izvo kuvakwa nzvimbo Zvisaririra dzokubudisa.

kunyoresa

Pane zvakawanda munzvimbo mikuru kushandisa negasi. Pashure Kuwedzera kwayo chikuru zvinoriumba, gasi iyo nzira CH ₄ akashandiswa uye zvose zvimwe zvinoumba musanganiswa.

1. Consumer zvoupenyu hwavo. Pano rinoreva gasi kubika, kudziyisa zvivako dzinogarwa, huni boilers nezvakadaro. The gasi inoshandiswa pakubika, wedzera anokosha zvinhu vechigaro boka mercaptans. Izvi zvinoitwa rekuona kuti chiitiko pamusoro leakage kuti zvikwepa gasi kana vamwe dzakaipa kuti vanhu vanogona azvinhuwidze uye uzviite. Domestic gasi muvhenganiswa (ndiro musanganiswa propane uye butane) zvikuru putika nhetembo kuwanda. Mercaptans kuitawo Nyatsotaura uye kusingafadzi kwakanaka negasi. The yemaitiro unotora kuti zvinhu zvakadai sarufa phosphorus, izvo zvinovapa specificity.

2. Chemical kugadzirwa. Munzvimbo iyi, mumwe mukuru pokutangira zvokuvakisa zvinokosha siyana dzakawanda kubereka yeimwe riri negasi, iyo nzira iyo inoratidza Syntheses umo inogona kubatanidzwa:

• hwaro pagadzirwe mapurasitiki, inova rakajairika ano mashoko Munenge zvose nzvimbo indasitiri;
• mbishi zvinhu zviri kwetunhu ethynyl, rehydrogen cyanide uye amoniya. Sami zvigadzirwa izvi munguva yemberi kuenda kugadzirwa vazhinji chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers uye akamendwa fetiraiza uye kuputira rokuvaka;
• rabha, methanol, acids Organic - vari aumba kubva methane uye zvimwe zvinhu. Anoshandiswa anenge zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu;
• polyethylene uye vazhinji nevamwe yeimwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa hunhu akagamuchira muchionga methane.

3. Kushandisa somunhu mafuta. Uyezve, nokuti chero kwakadaro kwevanhu, kubvira achizadza yakakodzera mhando tafura mwenje uye chafariz simba miti. Izvi rworudzi huni anoonekwa kuti mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa yakarurama uye zvakakodzera mamiriro ose dzimwe nzira. Zvisinei, kuti combustion ari methane kuti aumbe carbon dioxide inobvisa sezvo mamwe makemikari zvinhu chero. Uye anozivikanwa kuti anokonzera paNyika girinihausi maturo. Saka, vanhu vanofanira kuwana basa kunyanya wakachena uye yepamusoro kunobva chafariz simba.

Ndizvo zvose dzinokosha zvinyorwa kuti kushandisa negasi. Yemaitiro naye, kana ukawana zvose zvizere zvinoriumba, inoratidza kuti zviri vanenge renewable chinogona, nguva chete zvaunofanira kuita kwazvo. nyika yedu pamwe matura negasi vari chaizvo rombo nekuti uwandu vakadaro zviwanikwa kuchapedza kwemazana emakore, kwete chete Russia asi dzimwe nyika dzakawanda kuburikidza ekisipoti.

senitrogen

It chikamu zvepanyama mafuta uye gasi deposits. Mukuwedzera, gasi anopindura chikamu chikuru bhuku iri mumhepo (78%) uye rinowanikwa muchimiro dzinongoitika yeimwe vari lithosphere nitrate.

Somunhu nyore fuma kushanda kushandiswa zvipenyu senitrogen. The yemaitiro ndiko chimiro ₂ N, kana, mune mazwi kwemakemikari zvisungo, N≡N. Kuvapo yakadaro simba kubatana kunoratidza yakakwirira kugadzikana uye kwemakemikari inertness pamusoro mamorekuru pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Zvanzi rinotsanangura zvinoita kuvapo yakawanda negasi iri vakasununguka muchimiro mumhepo.

In nyore fuma inokwanisa wakaiswa senitrogen chaiyo zvinenge - rhizobia. Vari ipapo kupatsanurwa mune nani chimiro kuti gasi chirimwa uye nokudaro utakure chicherwa kudya zvirimwa mudzi enyika.

Kune akawanda yeimwe inokosha, muchimiro iyo iripo zvakasikwa senitrogen. The yemaitiro zvinotevera:

• oxides - NO _2, N ₂ O, N ₂ O _5;
• asidhi - nitrous uye nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (zvinoberekwa mheni discharges kubva oxides mumhepo);
• nitrate - KNO _3, Nano _3, uye zvichingodaro.

Man senitrogen rinoshandiswa kwete chete sechinhu gasi, asi nemvura mamiriro. It anokwanisa kuva mvura panguva kutonhora pazasi -170 ⁰ C, izvo zvinoita akakodzera kuoma nechando miriwo uye mhuka munyama, zhinji zvinhu. Ndokusaka kushandiswa kwakapararira emura senitrogen iri mushonga.

Uyewo senitrogen ndiyo hwaro pakuwana imwe yayo huru kwokubatana - amoniya. Production tonnage of fuma, sezvazvakanyorwa zvinowanzoshandiswa mumhuri uye maindasitiri (kugadzirira rubbers, madhayi, mapurasitiki, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, makemikari acids, pendi kugadzirwa, zvinoputika zvichingodaro).

carbon dioxide inobvisa

Chii nzira yacho fuma? Carbon dioxide zvakanyorwa sezvo CO _2. Covalent chisungo ari Morekuru zvakaneta polar, hunyambiri hwakasimba namakemikari mauto pakati kabhoni neokisijeni. Izvi zvinoratidza kudzikama inertness pamusoro Morekuru pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Izvi kunosimbiswa kuvapo vakasununguka carbon dioxide inobvisa mumhepo.

Ichi acho ndiwo chezvinonhuwira negasi uye mafuta, uye rinoungana chokumusoro kuitika nyika, zvichiita anonzi girinihausi maturo.

The zvakawanda carbon dioxide inobvisa kuumbwa panguva combustion chero mhando makemikari mafuta. Kana marasha, huni, gasi kana mamwe mafuta, combustion zvakakwana zvichiguma nokuumbwa nemvura fuma.

Saka, zvinoitika kuti kuwanda kwayo mumhepo hakudzivisiki. Saka, chinokosha basa nzanga dzemazuva ano ndiyo kutsvaka imwe nzira, iyo waanodzikisira mafuta girinihausi maturo.

rehydrogen

Chimwe kukwira remubatanidzwa kuitika murwiyo dzinongoitika zvicherwa - ndiko rehydrogen. Gas ane fomura - H _2. Nyore zvose anozivikanwa nyaya nhasi.

Nemhaka chaiwo ehupfumi yaro periodic ino anopindura nzvimbo mbiri - pakati alkali simbi uye halogens. Kuva mumwe Erekitironi anokwanisa kupa rive (esimbi ehupfumi, kudzoreredzwa) uye kugamuchira (non-esimbi ehupfumi, oxidation).

The chikuru nzvimbo kushandiswa - ane mafuta zvakatipoteredza ushamwari, nokuti idzo vaongorori kuona remangwana. zvikonzero:

• risingaperi uwandu mumatanda negasi ichi;
• inotungamirwa somugumisiro wacho combustion ndiyo chete mvura.

Zvisinei, kwakakwana Michina kukura rehydrogen sechinhu simba rine anofanira akavandudzika vachiri nuances zhinji.

Zvokuimba nekuti kukarukureta gobvu, arambe achirema, uye bhuku magasi

In Physics uye kemisitiri kushandisa zvishomanana nzira agadzirise gasi. Somuenzaniso, kana zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha parameters dzakadai vazhinji gasi, nokuti kukarukureta fomura ndiko:

M = V * Th, sezvamakaropafadzwa Th - ndiye arambe achirema ane pfuma uye V - Volume kwayo.

Somuenzaniso, kana tinofanira kuverenga vazhinji negasi Vhoriyamu 1 cubic mita pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, ipapo isu kutora Zvichakadaro kukosha vomureza ayo arambe achirema ari mashoko. Zvichava akaenzana 0.68 makirogiramu / m ^3. Zvino kuti tizive vhoriyamu uye arambe achirema pamusoro gasi, nokuti kukarukureta ose nzira iri zvikuru sezvarayirwa zvinodiwa. Zvadaro:

M (CH ₄₎ = 0.68 makirogiramu / m ³ * 1 ^m3 = 0,68 makirogiramu, sokutadza cubic metres.

Yemaitiro gasi vhoriyamu, kusiyana, inoumbwa mukanyiwa uye arambe achirema zviratidzo. Ndiko, tinogona kuratidza kukosha configuration pamusoro:

V = m / Th, ipapo panguva mureza ezvinhu 2 makirogiramu yakawanda methane akaenzana 2 / 0,68 = 2,914 mamita ^3.

Uyewo, pane zvakawanda kunzwisisa zviitiko (apo mamiriro ezvinhu vari asiri mureza) kuverenga zvakawanda uye bhuku magasi vaishandisa Mendeleyev-Clapeyron mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, chine chimiro:

peji * V = m / M * R * T, apo peji - gasi kumanikidzwa, V - ayo vhoriyamu, m uye M - guru uye matadza guru, ukuwo, R - nokudenga gasi chenguva akaenzana 8,314, T - tembiricha iri Kelvin.

Izvi gasi vhoriyamu payakavakirwa unobereka inofungidzirwa pedyo chaizvo kukosha akakodzera gasi, iyo iripo evasingatombonamati tsvagai uye rinoshandiswa zvisiri pachena kuti angapedze matambudziko ari wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Zvinogonekawo kuti kuverenga bhuku mukana wokuti vanhu vanga Boyle, chine chimiro:

V = peji _N * V _N * T / p * T _N, apo indekisi ukoshi N - vari tsika pasi muupenyu pomureza ezvinhu.

Kuita kuti kuverenga kuve kwakarurama sezvinobvira uye kunyorerana nezvakanaka, zvinokosha kuti ucherechedze nharaunda yakadai semafuta emagetsi. Nzira yekuverenga iyi parameter ichiri nharo yakakakavadzana. Iro tsika yekushandisa yakajairika nyore, iyo inoratidzika seyi:

Þ = m ₀ * n, apo m ₀ ishamba ye molekori (kg), uye n is concentration, chiyero chekuyera chikamu 1 / m ³ .

Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva zvinokosha kushandisa imwe, yakaoma kunzwisisa uye yakazara kuverenga nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kuti uwane yakarurama uye iri pedyo nemugumisiro wakanaka.