Ngarava Columbus: rokuti, tsananguro. Chikepe Columbus 'Santa Maria'. "Nina" chikepe Hristofora Kolumba

"Columbus yakawanikwa America, kuti mutyairi mukuru" - sezvo vachiti mumwe rwiyo ... Zvisinei, usati nechikepe, yakakurumbira aiongorora kwemakore akawanda akanga achitsvaka mari nokuda asingashumbi kwavo. Kunyange zvazvo vakuru vakawanda nguva Hristofora Kolumba racho nezvaanoda yake, kuti govera mari yayo Implementation, vakanga vari pasina mhanya. Zvisinei, ramangwana akawana aiva murume akasimba, uye vachiri vanounganidza mari inodiwa, uye kurongedzerwa ngarava matatu, rimwe nerimwe rine nyaya yayo zvinoshamisa.

Hristofor Kolumb

Tisati kudzidza zvikepe, izvo akaita rwendo rwake kunozivikanwa Columbus, zvinokosha kuyeuka aidzidzisa kukuru.

Hristofor Kolumb akaberekwa muna 1451 muna Republic of kuGenoa. nyika masayendisiti zvikurukuru neshungu gakava. Christopher amene sechinhu Spanish aidzidzisa, sezvo vanhu vokuSpain vakagadzirira rwendo rwake. Zvisinei, mabhuku akasiyana anotaura zvakafanana wokuItaly, Catalan uye kunyange muJudha kuchiKristu.

Chero zvazvingava, munhu Columbus akanga akasiyana nevamwe, zvakamupa mukana yekutenga dzidzo paUniversity of Italian guta Pavia. Pashure pokudzidza Christopher akava kazhinji kushambira. Kakawanda, akanga muchirongwa zvahwaiita mugungwa zvokutengeserana nzendo. Zvichida ichi ndicho nokuda entrainment pamusoro zvomumvura kufamba nemapfumbamwe Columbus akaroora mwanasikana yakakurumbira aiongorora Dona Felipe De Palestrello.

Kana ramangwana akawana America maviri namatatu, akatanga kutungamira chinoshingaira kunyorerana yakakurumbira Florentine nyanzvi Paolo Toscanelli, uyo akamuudza pfungwa kuenda India mhiri Atlantic Ocean.

Apedza Masvomhu dzavo, Hristofor Kolumb yainyatsoziva kwokuda kwake kunyora pal. Saka, muna mashomanana akatevera iye pasi ari pakufamba chirongwa kupfuura vakapfuma vanhu kuGenoa. Asi havana kunzwisisa iye, uye akaramba mari.

Mwoyo pamwe Nationals, Columbus anoda kuronga pakundopambara kuna Mambo Portugal, uye pashure navakuru vafundisi Spain. Asi kwemakore, uye hapana anofanira govera mari nokuda Columbus chirongwa. Vapererwa, kuti aidzidzisa akatendeukira kunyange mambo yeBritain, asi zvose pasina. Uye chete paakanga ava kutamira France uye ikoko kuedza rombo ravo, chiSpanish Queen Isabella akatanga mari rwendo.

Columbus navi

All ari aiongorora huru akaita ina rwendo kubva Europe kusvikira America. Vose kuitwa munguva kubvira 1492 kusvika 1504.

Panguva rwendo kubva Columbus yokutanga naye aenda anenge vanhu zana ngarava matatu. Total kumativi rwendo akatora mwedzi anenge manomwe nehafu. Panguva rwendo urwu, vatsvakurudzi vakaona chitsuwa Cuba, Haiti uye Bahamas muCaribbean. Columbus akawana nyika kwemakore akawanda, yainzi West Indies. Zvinoshamisa, vamwe vaongorori vanoti chinangwa rwendo pakati Columbus haana India, uye Japan.

Over nguva, nokuda kukakavadzana siyana nyika ngaizaruke vakarega kuva pfuma chete Spanish Crown uye vakapesana pakati European masimba mugungwa.

Apo Christopher akanga wechitatu rwendo kubva Vasco da Gama akawana chaiye nzira India, nokudaro nekuisa rusarura pamusoro mukurumbira Columbus kubiridzira. Pashure paizvozvo, zvikuru akaongorora nezvisungo kumusha, uye aida kutonga, asi Spanish mupfumi kare kuti mari yakanaka pakachena nyika, Columbus akadzivirira uye yakasimbiswa yaakazosunungurwa.

Kuedza kuratidza nyaya yavo, kuti aidzidzisa akatora rwendo chechina, panguva iyo pakupedzisira paakasvika kondinendi yose America.

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, upenyu Hristofor Kolumb akaedza vavezve musoro kwamachinda, akamubvumira korona vaviri, ivo Spanish madzimambo, uyewo ropafadzo paruzhinji nyika. Zvisinei, haana kushandisa kuzviita. Pakafa dzasara akawana perezahoronyali kanoverengeka, saka kuti ikozvino pane dzakawanda zvinogoneka guva Hristofora Kolumba.

Three Columbus chikepe (Karakka uye caravels)

Apo Hristofor Kolumb chakaita pakupedzisira mari rwendo yake yokutanga, akanga mubasa kugadzirira ngarava.

Chekutanga zvakanga zvakakodzera kuziva nhamba. Sezvo boka rake rakanga chaizvo nengozi, kushongedzera neboka rengarava guru kwaidhura. Panguva iyoyowo imwe kana mbiri zvikepe - zvishoma. Naizvozvo, kwakasarudzwa kushongedzera muzvikamu zvitatu. Chii vaiva nezvikepe Columbus? Chief pakati pavo - Karakka "Santa Maria", uye vaviri caravels, "Nina" uye "Pinta".

Karakka uye caravel - chii?

Ngarava Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' ne mhando raiva Karakka. Saka isu akadana chakajairika 15-16 emakore vakasuwa nechikepe ngarava kuti 3-4 masts. Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune Europe vakanga guru panguva. Kazhinji, zvikepe izvi kukwanisa akaisa mazana mashanu chiuru. Kana tikafunga kuti vaunoshanda rose ngarava matatu Columbus aiva vanhu zana, zvichida, "Santa Maria" kaiva Karakka.

Other zvikepe Columbus (zita ravo "Nina" uye "Pinta") aiva caravels. Ichi 2-3-rechikepe mudziyo nevakawanda mumakore iwayo chete. Kusiyana Karakka, vakanga zvishoma akakodzera kwenguva nzendo. Zvisinei, vakanga vakawanda maneuverable, uye vari nyore uye chisingakoshi, saka nokukurumidza zvisiri vakazodzingwa kura karakki.

"Santa Maria" chikepe Columbus raMwari

Sezvo mufananidzo wacho aidzidzisa guru, uye chitarisiko chake zvikepe nhatu dzokutanga havana akachengetedzwa. Description of Columbus zvikepe, uyewo avo mapatani, asi dzemakwiringwindi uye wakavhomorwa pamashoko vakaona akapona papera makore akawanda kana zvekungofungira masayendisiti.

Sezvo nevakawanda, "Santa Maria" raiva duku chete-uriri Karakka pamwe masts matatu. Zvinofungirwa kuti ngarava yaiva yakareba yaiva 25 m, nohupamhi -. 8 M Draft inenge 1200 chikepe munhare yaiva 3 M yakadzika, uye nechepamusoro yaiva mubhedha nedoro, dzakagara cabins uye mumatura .. Ari tangi yaiva mativi papuratifomu.

"Santa Maria" (chikepe Columbus raMwari) akanga akashongedzerwa multiple pfuti kubva calibers siyana, yakagadzirirwa moto ibwe balls. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti muzvinyorwa ake NAVIGATOR nguva inonzi flagship wake Karakka, iyo caravel. Flagship pamusoro Columbus chikepe vari Juan the Kosi, uyo aivawo ake mukuru.

Njodzi "Santa Maria"

Zvinosuruvarisa "Santa Maria" haana takatondeswa kudzokera kumusha Spain kare muna December 1492 wokutanga, panguva rwendo rokutanga flagship pamusoro Columbus akagara kumboongororwa pedyo kuHaiti. Kuziva kuti kuponesa "Santa Maria" hazvibviri, Christopher akarayira musabvisa pariri, vose vaigona kuva zvinokosha, uye hwakatamisirwa caravel. ngarava yacho vakasarudza nekukatanura zvokuvakisa, umo gare gare pachitsuwa chete dzavarwi "Krisimasi" ( "La christmas") yakavakwa.

"Nina"

Maererano akawana vairarama, "Nina" (chikepe Columbus kwakaita) aiva kufarira chikepe akawana nyika itsva. Mukufamba ake ose akanga afukidza pamusoro mana nezvishanu namazana makiromita. Pakafa "Santa Maria" ndizvo ndokudzokera kunyika flagship pamusoro muColumbus.

zita Real chikepe kwakanga "Santa Clara", asi nhengo rwendo akanyatsoti akamudana "mwana," izvo Spanish ruzha se "Nina". Muridzi chikepe kwakanga Juan Niño. Asi rwendo kubva Columbus mukuru "Nini" wokutanga akanga Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

Maererano masayendisiti, kukura "Santa Clara" oda 17 M refu uye 5.5 mamita paupamhi. Zvinonzi aidaviravo kuti paiva masts matatu ari "pfumbamwe." Maererano mashoko kubva muchikepe nerogi, anobva caravel uyu slanting maseiri, uye pashure pokugara kwakati Canary Islands, vakatsiviwa ngaatarire mitsetse.

Pakutanga, ngarava yakanga nhengo duku kupfuura makumi maviri taita, asi mushure "Santa Maria" rufu zvakawanda kwavari. Zvinofadza kuti pairi yokutanga nguva vafambisi vakanga vakarara hammocks, kutora pamusoro tsika maIndia.

Njodzi "Nini"

Vakachengeteka shure muSpain mushure rwendo kubva Columbus rokutanga, "Nina" uyewo muchirongwa rwendo yechipiri Christopher kusvika pamhenderekedzo America. Panguva wakashata 1495 dutu "Santa Clara" waiva chikepe chete mupenyu.

Pakati 1496th uye 1498th kufarira chikepe akawana America akanga akabatwa Pirates, asi ndinoonga kuti ushingise rayo guru akasunungurwa uye akaenda rechitatu parwendo Columbus.

Pashure 1501 hakuna ruzivo nezvazvo, zvichida caravel rikanyura panguva imwe danidziro.

"Pinta"

mashoko chaiwo pamusoro chitarisiko uye michina zvechadenga chikepe munhau hwaponeswa.

We chete kuti chikepe Columbus 'Pinta' raiva guru caravel ari rwendo rokutanga kuti mufambi kukuru. Zvisinei, nokuti asingazivikanwi zvikonzero afa "Santa Maria" musoro swimming kusatsaurira nayo sezvinoita flagship. Ungangove, raiva hondo, uye mukuru chikepe - Martín Alonso Pinzón. Zvechokwadi, muzana rwendo, akaramba akapikisa chisarudzo muColumbus. Zvichida aidzidzisa guru vakatya mhirizhonga uye saka akasarudza chikepe apo mukuru aiva Hama Martin - zvakawanda tefa Vicente.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Shanduro yeNyika Itsva ndiye akatanga kuona Mukwasvi pamwe "Pinta".

Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvikepe kumusha voga. Uyezve, mukuru "Pinta" zvose mauto vaitsvaka chikepe chake akatanga Spain, achitarisira kuti kukuudzai mashoko akanaka. Asi kunonoka vakaroorana maawa nokuda dutu.

"Pinta" Kufanorongerwa Zvichaitika Muupenyu

Kuti mashoko sei kumhuka njodzi muchikepe "Pinta" pashure Columbus 'rwendo, harizivikanwi. Pane uchapupu hwokuti pashure kudzoka wengarava chaiva chando kushandisa nyika yokumusha. Uye nokuda zvoutano vawana panguva rwendo, akafa kwapera mwedzi mishomanana. Zvichida chikepe kana yaitengeswa akashandura zita raro, kana kuurayiwa panguva inotevera rwendo.

Other zvikepe Columbus

Kana munguva rwendo kubva Columbus 'rengarava yokutanga vaisanganisira chete raanoziva duku matatu, ari wechipiri maiva namanomwe wechitatu - matanhatu, uye wechina - zvose mana. Izvi zvakakonzerwa kurasikirwa chivimbo muna Hristoforu Kolumbu. Sezvineiwo, mashomanana emakore Columbus achava mumwe mukuru magamba Spain.

Mazita akawanda midziyo izvi havana zvakachengetedzwa. We chete kuti flagship rechipiri rwendo yaiva ngarava inonzi "Marie-Galante", uye wechina - "La Capital".

Pashure pemakore akawanda kudaro shure kuwanikwa pane zvimwe zvikepe Columbus nechikepe rake rokutanga rwendo, uye akavhura nyika itsva vose vavanhu, zviri zvinoshamisa sei vakakwanisa kushambira zvachose. Pashure dzinoshandiswa Spanish Crown vaiva mudare zvikuru simba uye voluminous, asi avo varidzi havadi pangozi navo. Chinofadza ndechokuti varidzi "Santa Maria", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), uye "Pinta" havana kudaro uye akashinga kupinda Columbus rwendo. Chaizvo nokuti ichi vari nokusingaperi vakapinda nhoroondo yenyika sezvo anovhura muzvitsuwa itsva mbiri uye yakaoma.