Nhoroondo hwemvura injini uye kushandiswa kwayo

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa chiutsi injini yakachinja munhoroondo yevanhu. Kumwe pakutanga kwezana XVII-XVIII emakore zvakatanga kutsiva va neudhadha remaoko, mvura mavhiri uye mahwindimiri itsva zvachose uye nemamwe zvigadziriswe - chiutsi injini. Zviri nekuvongwa vakava zvichibvira hwokugadzira uye kwemaindasitiri, uye rose mberi kwevanhu.

Asi uyo akazogadzira hwemvura injini? To vanhu nayo vanosungirwa? Zvino raiva? mibvunzo yose iyi uye tinoedza kuwana mhinduro.

Asati auya yedu

Nhoroondo hwemvura injini yakatanga rokutanga emakore BC. Geron Aleksandriysky akarondedzera mashandiro kuti akatanga kushanda chete kana sei vakaroorana. The mudziyo uri chibharuma, dzakanga wakaiswa kamwene. Kubva mokugezera tangentially panze chiutsi, nokudaro zvichiita kuti injini kuti tenderera. Yaiva mudziyo wokutanga kuti Anomhanyira chiutsi.

Musiki hwemvura injini (kana kuti, munhu turbine) - Taqi al-Din (Arab muzivi, injiniya uye nyanzvi). kuvamba ake zvakazivikanwa kuzivikanwa muIjipiti muna XVI remakore. The mashandiro yave akaronga sezvinotevera: hwemvura aibuda chinotungamirwa zvakananga panguva mashandiro pamwe Vanes, uye kana utsi billowed - mashizha tenderera. Zvakafanana 1629 vakabayira Italian injiniya Dzhovanni Branka. The chikuru zvakaipira izvi zvigadzirwa kwakanga kukwirira kudyiwa chiutsi, izvo zvinozoita waida guru simba rakawanda uye hazvina kukodzera. Dzepamutemo vave yakaturikwa kubvira ruzivo ipapo mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira vanhu haana kukwana. Mukuwedzera, kudiwa zvakadaro zvigadzirwa zvachose vasipo.

patani

kusikwa hwemvura injini zvakanga zvisingaiti kusvikira XVII remakore. Asi rekukwazisa kanyika nenhanho emunhu akabvisa, ipapo ipapo vaiva vokutanga zviitiko uye kuvamba. Kunyange vakanga panguva iyoyo handina kutora. Somuenzaniso, muna 1663 ari Chirungu musayendisiti rakabudiswa pachaunga kugadzira michina yake yaakaisa panhare Raglan. mudziyo wake rinoshandiswa kurera mvura shongwe pamadziro. Zvisinei, sezvo nomwoyo mutsva uye vasingazivikanwi, basa iri rakagamuchirwa mubvunzo, uye Sponsors nokuda kwayo pakuzadzisa haana.

Nhoroondo hwemvura injini kunotanga nokugadzirwa paroatmosfernoy muchina. Muna na1681, masayendisiti kubva French Denis Papin tega zano kuti pumps mvura kubva mumigodhi. Sezvo uchityaira simba kokutanga akashandisa upfu, uye ipapo chikatsiviwa chiutsi. Naizvozvo paroatmosfernaya machine. A mupiro huru kuvandudzika kwakaitwa masayendisiti kubva England Tomas Nyukomen uye Thomas Savery. rubatsiro runokosha anenge kuzvidzora vakadzidzisa Russian muvambi Ivan Polzunov.

A vakakundikana kuedza Papen

Paroatmosfernaya muchina, apo kukwana, akaita kukwezvwa pfungwa mumunda shipbuilding. D. Papin mari dzavo okupedzisira kupedzerwa kutenga igwa duku, izvo mubasa kugadzwa mvura-nokusimudza michina paroatmosfernoy pachavo kugadzirwa. The mashandiro chiito akarara pakuti, kudonha kubva pakakwirira, mvura inotanga chamupidigori vhiri.

Its muvambi miedzo kuitwa 1707 pamusoro Fulda River. Vanhu vazhinji vakaungana kuona chishamiso: Tora rwizi chikepe pasina maseiri uye zvikwasviso. Zvisinei, panguva bvunzo paiva tsaona: injini akanyemwerera uye akauraya vanhu vakawanda. Zviremera vanotsamwa panguva anotambudzika muvambi uye kurambidzwa kubva chero basa uye zvirongwa. The chikepe ikavharwa uye kuparadzwa, uye Papen pachake akafa makore mashoma gare gare.

mhosho

The steamer Papen aiva inotevera musimboti. Pazasi humburumbira zvakafanira kudira shoma mvura. By pachayo iri roaster humburumbira vaishumirwa kuti vakuchidzire nemvura. Kana mvura yakatanga kubika, kuti chiutsi aumbwa amutambanudzira, akamutsa pisitoni. Kubva nzvimbo pamusoro pisitoni kuburikidza zvikuru-akashongedzerwa vharafu buoyancy. Mushure mvura yakatanga kubika uye mhute akawira, zvakanga zvakakodzera kubvisa muchaenga, kuvhara vharuvhu kubvisa mumhepo, uye achishandisa mvura inotonhora atonhodze humburumbira rusvingo. Kuburikidza vakadaro chiito mbiri, uyo akanga ari humburumbira, yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa, yakanga yakaumbwa pasi pisitoni Vacuum uye mumhepo vachimanikidzwa nokuda nesimba pisitoni anodzoka panzvimbo yaro yepakutanga. Panguva yacho rigone kufamba uye basa rinokosha basa. Zvisinei, kuti chiutsi injini kunyatsoshanda Papin akanga kunaka. chikepe Injini aiva uneconomical. Uye Chikurukuru, zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvisamufambira kushandisa. Naizvozvo, nokugadzirwa Papen haana ramangwana kubva pakutanga.

vateveri

Zvisinei, nhoroondo hwemvura injini haana kugumira ipapo. Next, tine zvakawanda kubudirira pane Papen, akashandura Chirungu musayendisiti Tomas Nyukomen. Iye refu kudzidza mabasa avo vamutangira, kufunga utera. Akatora zvakanakisisa mabasa avo, akasikwa 1712 vashandi vayo. The itsva hwemvura Injini (mufananidzo akaratidzwa) rakavakwa sezvinotevera: kushandiswa humburumbira vari wehunyambiri nechinzvimbo, uye pisitoni. It Newcomen akatora kubasa Papen. Zvisinei, vaviri vaviri achiumbwa yakasiyana muhari. Around ari pisitoni yakanga yakatarwa ganda chinokosha, izvo yekudyidzana kwakawedzera tightness mukati hwemvura humburumbira. muchina uyu anewo paroatmosfernoy (mvura akamutswa kubva yangu achishandisa mumhepo kumanikidzwa). The chikuru zvakaipira nokugadzirwa zvave zvayo yainetsa uye uneconomical: muchina "akadya" guru yakawanda marasha. Zvisinei, zvinobatsira vakauya yekudyidzana kupfuura Papin kuvamba. Saka, rinoshandiswa kweinenge mashanu makore mumapako mumigodhi. Raishandiswa kupomba pasi, uyewo kuti kuomesa nemotokari. Tomas Nyukomen akaedza kutendeutsa motokari yake kuti kukwanisa kushandisa kuti motokari. Zvisinei, kuedza ake ose akatadza.

Mangwana musayendisiti, ndokurondedzera pacharo vakava D. Hull kubva kuEngland. Muna 1736 akatanga nyika yake kuvamba: paroatmosfernuyu muchina, sezvo injini vaiva impellers. kukura kwayo ane zvakawanda vanobudirira pane Papen. Pakarepo anoverengeka midziyo iyi dzakabudiswa. Vari kunyanya kushandiswa kukweva ngarava, ngarava uye nemimwe midziyo. Zvisinei, kuvimbika muchina paroatmosfernoy havana kutendeseka uye zvikepe vakapakata maseiri sezvo mutyairi huru.

Kunyange zvazvo Hull aiva nemhanza pane Papen, kuvamba yake zvishoma nezvishoma akarasika kushandisika uye vanorambwa. Vachine paroatmosfernyh michina kuti nguva paiva chaizvo pezvatinokanganisa zhinji.

Nhoroondo hwemvura injini kuRussia

Chinotevera budiriro akauya Russian Empire. Muna 1766, panguva metallurgia chirimwa muna Barnaul wokutanga hwemvura injini, izvo vaipa kune utsotso muchoto mhepo hwakasikwa kushandisa chaiwo mvuto. Rakava musiki Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, uyo mabasa ake kuti nyika yake kunyange kupiwa chinzvimbo mukuru. Muvambi akauya Vakuru ake vanodhirowa uye urongwa "moto motokari" vanokwanisa powering mvuto.

Zvisinei, mugumo kwainge utsinye chinosekesa pamwe Polzunova: makore manomwe namarudzi gwaro rakazoshandiswa, uye motokari iri vakaungana, iye akarwara uye vakafa norukosoro - chete vhiki imwe kuidzwa asati atanga injini yayo. Zvisinei, gwaro ake zvainge kutanga injini.

Saka, August 7, 1766 Polzunova hwemvura injini kwakatangwa uye akaisa pasi mutoro. Zvisinei, muna November wegore iroro, iye akaputsa. Chikonzero bhaira kuva zvakare matete masvingo, kwete akaronga kuti mutoro. Uyezve, muvambi akanyora achirayira ake, kuti ichi ndicho chete panguva bvunzo inogona kushandiswa muhari. Kugadzirwa bhaira vatsva vangadaro nyore varipa kure, nokuti hwemvura injini Polzunova kunyatsoshanda yakanga yakanaka. maawa basa achibatsirwa sirivha vainyungudutsa kupfuura makirogiramu 14 Over 1023!

Asi pasinei neizvi, hapana kugadzirisa mashandiro haana. Steam Injini Polzunova achiunganidza guruva kwemakore anopfuura 15 makore yokuchengetera zvinhu, nepo nyika indasitiri haasi akamira uye dzakabudirira. Zvino zvachose akanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara zvikamu. Zviri pachena kuti panguva iyoyo Russia haasati akura kuti chiutsi injini.

nguva zvinodiwa

Zvichakadai, upenyu pamusoro pachivara haana kumira. Uye vanhu kuramba achifunga kuda kuumba mashandiro kuti kwete kuvimba capricious hunhu, uye kudzora mugumo. Kubva maseiri kuti zvose vanoda kurega nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Naizvozvo, pokugadzwa zvachose mashandiro kuti chiutsi akarembera mudenga. Muna 1753 kuParis, akanga akasimudzira makwikwi pakati vemifananidzo, masayendisiti uye vanotanga. Academy of Sciences akazivisa award kuti munhu anogona kusika mashandiro kuti anogona kutsiviwa simba mhepo. Asi pasinei nokuti muchirongwa mumakwikwi nepfungwa dzakadai L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton of Lacroix nemamwe zvine vaitaura zvisina rakapa mumwe.

Makore akapfuura. Uye zveupfumi akanga arere dzakawanda munyika. Kuvamumwe uye utungamiriri pakati mamwe masimba kunokonzeresa vakakanganisa England. Pakazopera nemisere remakore, yakava musiki UK pamwero mukuru maindasitiri, saka akakunda musoro nyika monopolist mu indasitiri ino. Nyaya simba-nemhepo ose zuva hunowedzera uye zvinokosha zvikuru. Uye injini ichi zvakasikwa.

Wokutanga hwemvura Injini munyika

1784 chaiva Britain uye nyika pakachinja zveupfumi. Uye munhu basa ichi chaiva Chirungu injiniya Dzheyms Uatt. The hwemvura Injini, izvo yaakasimbisa, akava Wekumusoro-soro Profile Kuwanikwa remakore.

Dzheyms Uatt kwemakore akadzidza vanodhirowa, marongerwo uye kushanda nenheyo paroatmosfernyh michina. Uye nokuda kwaizvozvi zvose, akagumisa kuti kunyatsoshanda kuti injini zvakafanira equalize tembiricha mvura iri humburumbira uye chiutsi, izvo anopinda mashandiro. Huru chinetso paroatmosfernyh michina ndiyo dzose kudiwa kutonhora mvura humburumbira. Zvakanga zvakanaka uye consumables.

The itsva hwemvura Injini rakavakwa zvimwe. Saka, humburumbira raiva rinokosha hembe kuti chiutsi. Saka Watt Akachengetedza ake zvechigarire inopisa mamiriro. The muvambi wakasika mudziyo unokosha, akarinyika mumvura inotonhora (condenser). Zvinonzi akabatana humburumbira chubhu. Kana chiutsi ari vakatevera vari humburumbira kuburikidza nenyere, uye yakawira capacitor ikoko anotendeuka akadzokera mvura. Kushanda kuvandudzika motokari yake, Watt akasika Vacuum iri condenser. Saka, vose chiutsi, inopfuura kubva humburumbira, yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mairi. Pamusana utsanzi ichi rinowedzerawo zvikuru pakuwedzera chiutsi, izvo zvinozoita unokubvumira dzokubvisa zvakafanana chiutsi rakawanda simba. Yaiva kubudirira korona.

Created nokuda hwemvura injini uyewo achinja uye mhepo rive nheyo. Zvino wekutanga mhute anopinda pasi pisitoni, nokudaro vachisimudza nayo, uye ipapo kuenda pamusoro pisitoni, richikwidibira. Saka vaviri nevanga vari mashandiro kushanda simbi kuti kunyange kare zvichikwanisika. A imwe-horsepower marasha kuparadzwa kwakanga kanokwana isingasviki ukuwo, muna paroatmosfernyh michini, uye ipapo akatsvaka Dzheyms Uatt. Steam Injini nokukurumidza akahwina wokutanga UK zvakanaka, uye ipapo yose.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Mushure nyika yakarohwa nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa James Watt, akatanga kushandiswa kwakapararira chiutsi injini. Saka, muna 1802 muna UK ine chikepe chacho wokutanga vakaroorana - ". Charlotte Dundas" chikepe creators Its tenda William Symington. Chikepe waishandiswa sezvo Towing kuti ngarava pedyo mugero. Basa hwindimiri mungarava rakabatsira chovha vhiri akatasva shure. Chikepe ndiyo nguva yokutanga vakabudirira vaedzwa: ngarava huru mbiri towed 18 mamaira mumaawa matanhatu. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga raimuvhiringidza zvakasimba chete headwind. Asi akakwanisa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, yakaiswa pamusoro sedambe, nekuti vaitya kuti nokuda simba nemafungu, izvo zvakasikwa pasi chovha vhiri, Canal nemabhangi zvichaparadzwa avhiringidzwa. Zviya, "Charlotte," achiedza vanhu vakapinda, iyo nyika yose iri vaiona musiki wokutanga chikepe.

The chikepe chokutanga munyika

Chirungu shipbuilder Robert Fulton pamwe hwake, akarota kwechikepe ine hwemvura injini. Zvino hope yake yava noitika. Pashure nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa chiutsi injini yazova kufarira zvemidzimu kuti shipbuilding. Pamwe mutumwa America R. Livingston, uyo akatora pamusoro mari parutivi nyaya, Fulton akatora nekubatwa muchikepe ane hwemvura injini. Rakanga riri kuoma kuvamba inobva pfungwa are propulsion. Maererano muchikepe mativi vakanga wakavhomorwa dzinoverengeka paddles, simulating dzakasiyana-siyana kunonakidza. Muchiitiko chino, paddles uye kuvhiringidza mumwe uye akaputsa. Nhasi, munhu anogona nyore kutaura kuti zvimwechetezvo yaigona kuitwa kana zvose zvitatu kana zvina paddles. Asi nemaonero zvesainzi panguva zvakanga zvisingaiti kuona. Naizvozvo, Vavaki vengarava vakanga zvikuru kuoma.

Muna 1803, Fulton kwakaita kuvamba kwave akapa pose. The steamer yakanga zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvakaenzana pamusoro Seine, zvinoshamisa pfungwa uye dzemwoyo masayendisiti akawanda uye nemifananidzo Paris. Zvisinei, hurumende Napoleon kwakaita vakaramba basa, uye ndakarwadziwa Vavaki vengarava dzakamanikidzwa kutsvaka pfuma yake America.

Uye muna August 1807 chikepe chokutanga munyika ainzi "Claremont" umo simba kupfuura hwemvura injini chaibatanidzwa (mufananidzo akaratidzwa), akaenda Hudson Bay. Vanhu vakawanda vanongoita havatendi nokubudirira.

Muzana rokutanga kutiza, "iri Claremont" akaenda pasina zvinhu uye hapana vanhu. Hapana aida kuenda parwendo mungarava moto-kufema. Asi munzira shure, paiva mufambi wokutanga - murimi yomunharaunda, uyo wakaripira madhora matanhatu tikiti. Akava wokutanga munhoroondo mutakurwi kutumirwa kambani. Fulton akanga kwazvo vakatamira kuti daredevil akapa hwose akasununguka kufamba vose zvavo zvavakaita.