Nikolai Kondratiev, Soviet Economist: Biography, mupiro kuti upfumi

Nomukurumbira landfill "Kommunarka" yaiva nzvimbo rufu nemasayendisiti akawanda Soviet kunyadziswa. Mumwe wavo akanga ari Economist Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. Mumakore Soviet Union mangwanani, akatungamirira kuronga agrarian nyika. The chikuru Chikamu yokungotaura nhaka Kondratieff aiva bhuku "Big zvinogara conjuncture." Uyewo, musayendisiti isimbiswe wokuti NEP, ndichakudzosera upfumi Soviet pashure imwe hondo yevagari kwaiparadza.

Uduku uye kuyaruka

Economist Nikolai Kondratiev akaberekwa musi March 16, 1892 mumusha Galuevskoy Kostroma province. With kwemakore 13 akaenda kuchechi uye mudzidzisi zvechitendero. Munguva Russian chimurenga chekutanga, mboni akava SR uye vakabatsira Whitehead Textile ranwa komiti. Nokuti ichi akanga adzingwa pachikoro, uye kunyange kujeri.

pashure pegore, Nikolai Kondratiev akasunungurwa uye muChikoro School of horticulture uye waibudirira mune wokuUkraine taundi Uman. Muna 1908 akatamira St. Petersburg. In guru Kondratyev akagoverana kamuri pamwe nemagariro zvidzidzo uye munzanga musayendisiti Pitirim Sorokin - remangwana muvambi dzidziso mumagariro mufambo.

Kutanga basa nesayenzi

Muna 1911, Nikolai Kondratiev vakapinda St. Petersburg University. Apedza, akasarudza dhipatimendi enyika zvoupfumi uye nhamba uye takasarudza kugadzirira kugashira musoro muzvinafundo.

Panguva ino, akatungamirira chisimba Kondratiev anodzidza uye zvesayenzi mabasa. Iye collaborated ne "Yokuzivisa Europe", "sungano" nemamwe magazini, uye akapa dzakawanda hurukuro. Young akanga nevakadzidza mu madenderedzwa kwesayenzi Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky uye Lva Petrazhitskogo. Professor Bamba Kovalevsky akamuita munyori wake. Muna 1915, Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich akabudisa monograph yake yokutanga wakayeriswa emari ake chizvarwa muruwa Kostroma.

Kuitawo echimurenga zviitiko

Kunyange sezvo chikamu vezvesayenzi St. Petersburg, Kondratiev akaramba nhengo ari Socialist Revolutionary Party. Kwenguva refu naye chaiitirwa zvakavanzika zvokuongorora wemapurisa epachivande. Muna 1913, apo Russia vaipemberera 300th musi unoenderana Romanov youmambo, Kondratyev akapedza mwedzi mujeri.

Political basa yakawedzera pashure Economist pakarepo Zviitiko February chimurenga. The musayendisiti muduku aiva nhumwa kuna III Congress of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, yakaitirwa muMoscow muna May - June 1917. Ikoko Akaitawo kutaura pakutsigira dikidiki Government. Zvadaro, imwe Economist akava chipangamazano Kerensky iri kurima. Nikolai Kondratiev muchirongwa pakusikwa neDare Varimi 'vevatariri uye rave kupa navo All-Russian Democratic Conference muna September. Economist akasarudza dikidiki Council of Republic. Uyezve, akakwanisa kubatanidzwa mabasa Main Land Committee uye League pakati Agrarian Reform.

Kubatsira hurumende Kerensky, Kondratiev vakashanda nesimba kuti vakurire dambudziko zvokudya izvo kwamuka nokuda refu kurwa Germany uye ayo vakabatana. Kushaya nechouviri kwakakanganiswa ari kufara vanhu. Kutanga yakatsiga wedzerai ezvinhu kuti tikwanise vamugadzirire magariro kupokana zhinji uye torega enyika dambudziko. Nepo Kondratiev aiva mutsigiri pfungwa ehurumende chezviyo chindingindingi. Naiyewo akaisa tariro yake pamusoro kukumbira, kunyange muna 1917 haana yakasarudza dambudziko zvokudya - ngozi hombe-pamwero nzara yakaramba pachirukiso pamberi dikidiki Government.

A kubva mutemo

The October Revolution akatora Kondratieff mumusasa nokushorwa. Akava nhengo Constituent Assembly of Socialist-kuipandukira. Kana muviri ichi yakatyoka, musayendisiti yakatamira vaishora Bolsheviks "Russian Revival Union". Muna 1919, ivo Socialist-Revolutionary Party akanga pasi chokupedzisira kukundwa. Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich akasiya zvematongerwo enyika uye akazvipira zvakakwana nesayenzi.

Mushure Revolution Kondratyev vakatamira Moscow. Ikoko akatanga kudzidzisa ari akawanda mumayunivhesiti - paYunivhesiti Shanyavsky, Cooperative Institute, Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy. Nokuti dzimwe nguva nzvimbo ine basa Economist ndiye Moscow National Bank. Muna 1920, Kondratiev akasungwa uye akava mukwirirwi mune zvakaitika "Union of Kwemitambo Russia." Vaimbove SR kunze kurevererwa Alexander utopian Chayanov uye vakakurumbira Bolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Kushanda State Planning Commission

Kuedza Kondratieff rakaumbwa Conjunctural Institute panguva vanhu Commissariat pamusoro Finance. Economist Soviet akananga nayo munzvimbo 1920-1928 biennium. Naiyewo vakashanda kwemakore matatu ari vanhu Commissariat of Agriculture. The USSR State Planning Committee Kondratiev aiva chokurima dhipatimendi. The musayendisiti akatungamirira elaboration pakukura nzira chokurima zvekutepfenyura.

Muna 1922, Nikolai Kondratiev, vane zvipo kuti upfumi akanga atova wechidiki Soviet ezvinhu zvinokosha, kamwe zvakare akava nangananga udzvanyiriri. Waibatanidzwa ndandanda zvisingadiwi vanhu, vachigadzirira kudzingwa Soviet Union. Kondratieva akadzivirira vanhu Commissariat of Agriculture. Sezvo Mazvikokota kudzora pezvakaitwa inokosha wandei, zita rake abviswa blacklist.

mhiri kwemakungwa

Muna 1924, Kondratiev akaenda mhiri kwemakungwa tsvakurudzo rwendo. Akashanyira Germany, Canada, UK uye US. Economist aifanira tinyatsoziva pamusika zvigadziriswe kunyika dzokuMadokero. Izvi kwaibatsira kwaari elaboration pakati misimboti NEP. Yaiva Nikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) akanga ari mumwe wevateveri chikuru itsva zvoupfumi mutemo, kuti izvo Bolsheviks vakauya pashure pemakore muparadzi hondo communism. Sezvo nyanzvi Soviet vaifanira kuongorora tarisiro kunze kwenyika yacho USSR.

Mumwe Kondratieff, Pitirim Sorokin panguva yakanga yatova kurarama muUnited States. Akapa Nikolayu Dmitrievichu kugara America, pane yunivhesiti cheya kutungamirira uye kudzivirira iwe nemhuri yako, uende naye kunze. Zvisinei, Kondratiev akaramba kukanda kumba. Iye ainakidzwa mikana mitsva rakazovhurika pamberi pake NEP.

homecoming

Muna 1924, wakanga usati atanga paitonga Stalin repressions. Hapana aigona kunyange kufungidzira kuti kuchava zvinotyisa kuti vakazunza Soviet Union muna 1930s. Of declassified tsamba pakati Stalin uye mumwe varongi zvougandanga Yakovom Agranovym nhasi zvinozivikanwa kuti kuguma Kondratieff kurwadziswa toga zvarayirwa mutungamiri. Vari US, Economist hakugoni kufungidzira chinhu chakadaro.

Achidzokera kubva kunze kwenyika, Kondratiev akaramba achishingaira basa rake mumunda upfumi kuronga - akanga aronga uye akashanda kunze anonzi-gore mashanu nguva 1923-1928 makore zvokurima.

Mupiro kuna upfumi

anokosha yokungotaura basa Kondratiev yakabudiswa muna 1925 - "Big zvinogara conjuncture." Zvakakonzera kwakapararira gakava zvose muna USSR uye kunze. Pane itsva izwi anenge akapisira Nikolai Kondratiev -. 'Economic kukura zvinogara "

Maererano dzidziso musayendisiti, upfumi nyika ikabuda ine zononoka. Ups cyclical zvisisina kumira inotsiviwa, ndiEzekieri. Vaongorori vanodavira kuti kureba iyi - anenge makore 50. Mune USSR, vanhu vakawanda havadi pfungwa kuisa mberi Kondratiev. "Kondratieff zvinogara" vaionekwa yemunyori kubva Marxism.

Sezvineiwo, Economist aisa mberi pfungwa pasina yokungotaura nheyo chinhu. Kondratyev akanakidzwa chete hwavo empirical zvaanorumbidza. Aitsanangura muudzame manhamba kubva kumugumo XVIII uye US upfumi muWestern Europe uye pakutanga XX remakore. Zvaakanga aita basa iri, masayendisiti akavaka Graphics uye yokudzokorora. vakawana synchronicity. Kondratiev akataura zvinotevera maitikiro pakukura upi upfumi: kukura, pamusoro, kuchembera, kuora mwoyo.

ipapo kunze Kana Soviet Union vakashinga dzidziso asina kuwanikwa chikumbiro, zvinonzi kukosheswa nezvoupfumi zhinji ine mukurumbira pasi rose. Kondratieff pfungwa vairwira yeAustria uye American musayendisiti Yozef Shumpeter. The Russian National nhaka kuferefeta vakanga ndokutangazve chete pashure Perestroika. Uyezve, Kondratiev akasiya dzinokosha tsvakurudzo pamusoro simba pamusoro mitengo okurima uye maindasitiri zvinhu.

Kunetsana nehurumende

"Zvinogara Large ezvinhu" akaita kuramba utungamiri yeSoviet. Nguva pfupi pashure bhuku rimwe monograph vakatanga badgering magazini Kondratieva, ari murongi chakanga Grigory Zinoviev. Yakanga pasina gakava nesayenzi. Kutsoropodza akanga akaita snitching. Nepo Soviet hutungamiri pashure Lenin afa aiva gumi dzichiruma simba Bolsheviks, kunodokuva zvachose kutendera Kondratiev.

Kunze kwaiva Mikhail kuKalinin. Stalin Papera blackmailed kwaari songaniro refu pamwe Kondratyev. Nikolai Bukharin vakatsigira yokungotaura pfungwa musayendisiti (uyewo apo Bukharin akanga achiedza uye akatongerwa rufu, kusanganisira Bolshevik kupomerwa muna enyika pamwe yanyadziswa Economist).

manyadzo

Kunyange zvazvo Kondratieff "Kondratieff zvinogara" uye zvose zvayo dzimwe matanho zvoupfumi vakarwiswa panguva soro yakati sandara, musayendisiti haana kuzotora nzvimbo yavo pasina kurwa. Iye akadzivirira yake tisingatendi mumagazini uye pamisangano. Zvikurukuru achirova kutaura kwake Communist Academy iyo kwakaitika November 1926. Uyezve, Kondratyev akanyora mishumo uye memos kuna CC.

Muna 1927, munyika inonzi "Bolshevik" guru vanoda "Manifesto pamusoro kulak yebato" yakaonekwa inotevera pamusoro Zinoviev. It anogadza mataurire umo ekupedzisira zvinouraya matambudziko akanga akuvadzwa papfuura Kondratiev. Kupomerwa vanonzwira tsitsi nezvibhakera uye kukanganisa gutsaruzhinji vakanga kwete kutyisidzira, achiteverwa chaicho zviito KGB.

Prayer kubatsira

Yokungotaura anobata uye bhuku Nikolaya Kondrateva akatanga kubva pfungwa yokuti upfumi vanofanira kukudziridza zvishoma nezvishoma. Pfungwa Izvi zvinopesana paitonga Stalin nokukasira nako flywheel vakakosa kwemaindasitiri Soviet. Kunyanya nokuti ichi muna 1928 Kondratiev akabviswa utungamiriri brainchild yavo - conjunctural ne, uye kukandwa kunze zvedzidzo upenyu.

Muna 1930, Nikolai Sorokin akanyorera shamwari tsamba yakapiwa kuna United States zvisiri pamutemo kuburikidza Finland. In shoko kuna musayendisiti muchidimbu akarondedzera kukura kutyisa Soviet chokwadi: zviri dispossession pakati kulaks muruwa, kwokudzvinyirira pamusoro intelligentsia. Pasina basa Kondratiev ndakanga pamupendero nenzara. Akakumbira rubatsiro Sorokina. Akakumbira Samuel Harper - Purofesa, University of Chicago, kazhinji vakashanyira Soviet Union.

Kusungwa uye kuvharirwa

Panguva imwe rwendo kuti Soviet Union kakawanda Harper akasangana Kondratyev. Rimwe zuva vaviri vakauya yakabvuma pre-sale, apo vakanga vakamirira GPU nevamiririri. Kondratiev akasungwa. Gore raiva 1930.

Vakagara mujeri, nezvoupfumi mberi basa rake zvesayenzi. In mhedziso, akanyora mabasa akawanda. Pamutemo, Nikolai Kondratiev, ane Biography hunobatanidzwa kune Socialist-kuipandukira uye kunyange Kerensky, akanga aedza pamusoro mhosva Workers 'uye Varimi' Party. Muna 1932, akatongerwa makore masere ari mujeri. Kondratiev akaenda Suzdal enyika isolator. Ikoko akaramba kunyora.

Dedicated makro muenzaniso zvoupfumi emuchina dzakararama basa rimwe chete Suzdal kumwedzi. Paaiva muusungwa, musayendisiti akatarisa sezvo yava nyika akakurumbira monograph uye Zvaifungidzirwa kwoupfumi zvechokwadi. Zvichakadai, wakanyanya kurwadza kumanikidzwa kuparadzana kubva zvizere nesayenzi.

The kupfura uye vapore

Kunyange zvazvo makore masere kunge vaisa, Kondratiev haana kumirira kusunungurwa. Muna 1938, panguva kureba Ugandanga Great, yakanga kutongwa nokuda Military Collegium Supreme Court of USSR. 17 September musayendisiti akapfura. Place mhirizhonga rava polygon "Kommunarka". Kunewo vaidzvinyirirwa uye akavigwa.

Muna 1963, pashure pokunge XX Congress of CPSU, Kondratieff akanga rehabilitated, kunyange zvazvo chokwadi ichi hachina kuitwa paruzhinji. Scientific nhaka Economist kwemakore akawanda akaramba chinhu defamation uye kutsoropodzwa pamutemo sayenzi weSoviet. Pakupedzisira zita Kondratieff rakanaka vakadzorerwa panguva perestroika, muna 1987, apo yakanga rwechipiri rehabilitated (nenguva iyi yaparadzwa ishamwari Aleksandrom Chayanovym).