Nikolai Maclay: pfupi Biography

"Uri wokutanga ... hatina nekusimba kuti vanhu kwose kwose murume" - Mashoko aya L. N. NdiTolstoy kamwe akagadzirisa vaduku chaizvo musayendisiti Nikolai Maclay Miklouho-. The Biography iyi yakakurumbira mufambi zvichiratidza saka, kuti verenga zviri mweya mumwe. Ndosaka chinowanzoonekwa kukokwa youmambo, saka akaudza mhuri youmambo hwake pakati vaAborigine ose New Guinea.

Maclay: A Biography (mhuri uye uduku)

Remangwana akakurumbira mufambi uye ethnographer akaberekwa July 17, 1846 mumusha mitauro Novgorod rweRoma, mumhuri chakanaka. Mumakore gumi anotevera iye namai vake, nevanin'ina nehanzvadzi kazhinji vakatamira kunzvimbo panzvimbo, vachitevera baba vake, uyo aiva njanji injiniya. Pakapera 1856 musoro wemhuri akagadzwa musoro pakuvaka Vyborg penzira. Pakazosvika nguva Nicholas Maclay Sr. akanga atova kurwara neTB, asi nokushingaira kuisa kushanda basa idzva. Izvi pakupedzisira kwakavhiringidza utano hwake, uye akafa kwapera gore aine makore 41.

Sezvo mari yemhuri paakapiwa muna equities, uye chirikadzi akaita mupenyu nokuswedera mepu, akakwanisa kupa vana yekutenga dzidzo, dzichikoka vadzidzisi mumba. Iye kunyange vakaripira navo unyanzvi mudzidzisi uyo akavhura Nikolai unyanzvi.

Kudzidza chesekondari

Nikolai Maclay, ane Biography rizere zviitiko zvinonakidza, muna 1858, pamwe chete mukuru Sergei mukoma wake rakagamuchirwa mugiredhi rechitatu chikoro "Annenschule". Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, vakomana akakumbira amai kushandura muvira breech jimunasiyamu. Kuti aite izvi, chirikadzi nyaya chikumbiro kuti kubvuma kuti vanakomana voumambo, sezvakarehwa chinzvimbo wake mushakabvu, kupa kodzero dzakadaro.

Second Petersburg High School Nikolay Mikluha akadzidza zvakaipa kwazvo uye kazhinji truant. Somugumisiro, zviri tanetseka chaizvo, akatamisirwako kukirasi 5.

Ndava nemakore 15, panguva nemuenzaniso mudzidzi Nikolai akasungwa, uye pamwe chete nevamwe schoolboys uye mukoma wake Sergei mujeri muna Petro Paul Fortress. Zvisinei, mazuva pashure vashoma kuyaruka vakasunungurwa, sezvo Commission of Inquiry vaiona kuti vakanga wavharirwa nokusaziva.

Kudzidza kuYunivhesiti

Muzhizha 1863, Nikolai akasiya jimunasiyamu. Akaratidza chido kupinda Academy of Arts, asi amai vake akakwanisa kutaura naye kunze.

Muna September 1863 rimwe jaya akabatana rokuzvipira pahofisi Moscow University of Physics uye Mathematics chii zvaiita kunyange pasina gwaro kuti agumise jimunasiyamu kosi. Ikoko akashanda sayenzi zvakaoma dzinongoitika, kusanganisira physiology.

Panguva kuungana yunivhesiti, yakaitirwa 1864, Nicholas akaedza kubata chivakwa waanodzidza yake jimunasiyamu Sufschinskogo. Dzakachengetwa nokuda kwokubatsira, uye mukomana kurambidzwa kupinda makirasi.

Kamwe zvakava pachena kuti Nicholas havaizokwanisa kugamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro muna Russia, amai akabvuma kutumira mukomana kudzidza kunze muGermany. Shure kwenguva mutsekwende, jaya vakakwanisa kuwana pasipoti uye kuenda kunze kwenyika muna April 1864.

Upenyu Germany

Nikolai Maclay (Biography of musayendisiti kakawanda kugadziridzwa panguva yaitonga Soviet Union) pashure kubvuma kuti University of Heidelberg chaibatanidzwa enyika makakatanwa pakati ipapo Russian kukoreji vadzidzi chokuita nemaonero akasiyana panyaya vokuPoland yemuna. mai vake aiedza kunyengetedza mwanakomana wake kugara kure zvematongerwo enyika uye uve injiniya akanaka. Kusiyana zvido ohuduku hwake, pamwe mharidzo pamusoro masvomhu, akatanga kupinda zvidzidzo munzanga zveBhaibheri.

Muzhizha 1865 Nicholas Maclay zvaitambidzwa (Biography kuti jaya anozivikanwa kwazvo zvakakwana), Yunivhesiti Leipzig. Ikoko, akatangawo fakaroti, apo yakadzidziswa Mamaneja mumunda hwokurima uye foresitiri.

Pashure pokuteerera ipapo 4th gore, akaenda kuna Jena uye vakabatana rorusununguko Medicine, kwaakanga adzidza kwemakore 3 years.

The rwendo kuna Canary Islands

Muchirimo 1866, zvesayenzi Kumutungamiriri Nikolai E. Haeckel akasarudza kushanyira Sisiri nechinangwa kudzidza fauna of reMediterranean uye akamukumbira kuti ashanyire kufarira mudzidzi wake uye mubatsiri. Hondo akavamanikidza kushandura nzira, uye jaya raiva England, apo iye akasangana na Darwin pachake. Zvino vechikamu pamusoro rwendo nechikepe Madeira uye ipapo Santa Cruz pachitsuwa Tenerife.

The vomunzvimbo Zvakatora masayendisiti kuti masvikiro. Panopera rimwe boka remasayendisiti, yaisanganisira uye Maclay, yakasvika Morocco. Ikoko, Nikolai akanga kudzidza upenyu Berbers ndokudzokera Jena muna May 1867.

mabasa nesayenzi

In Jena NN Maclay (Biography muuduku akapa pamusoro) yakanga zvakare Haeckel mubatsiri. Muzhizha 1867, akabudisa ake yokutanga nyaya nesayenzi mu "Journal of Jena mushonga uye sayenzi zvakasikwa." Zvakanzi yakasainwa "Maclay".

Kwapera gore, jaya kudzidza kubva Medical rorusununguko paYunivhesiti Jena uye rave kushanda basa sayenzi. Mune imwe nyaya yake, akaisa mberi pfungwa kuti kushanduka-shanduka chinhu Kusiyanisa, kureva. E. Kuchinja kubva pakutanga chimiro mupenyu muviri kune mamwe marudzi, asi kwete-soro.

The rwendo kuItaly uye Gungwa Dzvuku

Pashure kukundikana nokuedza kuva nhengo polar rwendo Maclay (Biography wekupedzisira makore ake dzinoturwa pazasi upenyu) akaenda Sisiri pamwe wemhuka Anton Dohrn-Darwinist.

KuItaly, ramangwana inozivikanwa aiongorora vakaziva okuguma kuvakwa yacho neSuez Canal , uye akasarudza kudzidza fauna of yeGungwa Dzvuku.

Pashure pokushanya kuIjipiti, uko akapedza kwazvo tsvakurudzo, musayendisiti akaenda Russia, uko akasvika muzhizha 1869.

Kugadzirira wokutanga rwendo kuna New Guinea

Tatarisana hama panguva iyoyo vaigara Saratov, Nikolai Maclay (Biography pamusoro musayendisiti yakazobudiswa mumitauro inoverengeka) ndakaenda guru uye akataura dzimwe Misangano akawanda yesayenzi. Nokukurumidza, akanga akagamuchira kuhondo yeRussian Geographical Society uye anotenderwa nekubatwa kunorwa raakanga pasi pamusoro Pacific Ocean.

May 21, 1870 Gurukota Marine Crabbe akati agamuchira mvumo kununura soro Maclay muna kuBatavia pamusoro corvette "Vityaz".

Maclay Nikolai: pfupi Biography kwenguva upenyu pazvitsuwa zviri Pacific Ocean

Kuenda of "Vityaz" yakaitwa November 8, 1870. MuBrazil, Maclay pataishanyira muchipatara omunharaunda uye mubasa rokuongorora vatema vose varume navakadzi.

July 21, "The Knight" paakasvika muTahiti. Pachitsuwa Maclay akatenga tsvuku Calico, tsono, mashizha, sipo, uye vakagamuchira zvipo kubva Jossan bhishopu.

Ipapo mufambi akaenda muApia, apo Varikichi vaviri: wechikepe kubva Sweden Olsen uye muduku chizvarwa Klitschko. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, mumwe musayendisiti uye ake vabatsiri yakasvika kwavaiendeswa rwavo. Maclay (pfupi Biography pamusoro musayendisiti wakafanana rainakidza yokufungidzira) asvika pamwe navabatsiri vake vakashanyira musha. vagari vose vemo akatora kuna zvitsitsinho ake asi Papuan ainzi Tui uyo mune ramangwana vakava nhume pakati nhengo rwendo uye zvizvarwa zvemo.

Mumwedzi iri zvemo rokutanga kubatwa vatsva warily, asi muna 1872 Maclay (pfupi Biography havagoni kupa mufananidzo wakakwana hwake, azere uchinzvera) rakagamuchirwa navo seshamwari.

Ongorora nzvimbo mufambi zita rake. Saka panyika mepu akazviratidza Coast Maclay.

Chechipiri rwendo New Guinea

December 24 mungarava "Emerald" musayendisiti akasiya New Guinea. Pashure pechinguvana akasvika Hong Kong, umo Akadzidza pamusoro pezvipamhidzirwa pake kukudzwa mutsvakurudzi Papuans. Pashure achienda kuBatavia Maclay akaenda rechipiri rwendo kune Papuans tikamira muna Ambon, January 2, 1874. Ikoko akatanga kurwa Vaiita zvekutenga nekutengesa.

Muna May 1875, musayendisiti tsamba Emperor Alexander II vaine chikumbiro kutora pasi kuchengetedzwa kwemararamiro vaAborigine reNew Guinea, uye akagamuchira zvisina kunaka.

Vapedza 17 mwedzi pachitsuwa, Maclay akaenda Australia. Ikoko Miklouho- Maclay akakwanisa kutifadza vemo zviremera chirongwa sangano yomuzvarirwo yemapurisa iri Bay Watsons Bay. Sezvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vatore inodiwa mari, musayendisiti akaenda kamwe zvakare South Seas.

In Melanesia

Pakutanga 1880 mufambi yakawira pamusoro rezvitsuwa Louisiade, asi pane vakabatwa nefivha uye zvinoshamisa vanunurwe nemamishinari vakamuisa Brisbane. Papera gore Maclay akadzokera Sydney ndokunanga Marine Biological Station.

Zvisinei, akaita zvose zvaaigona kuti adzivirire vanhu New Guinea. Zvikurukuru, kupindira wake kuponeswa kubva hwokuuraya Aboriginal musha, pedyo izvo mamishinari matatu dzakaurayiwa.

Kudzokera Russia, uye rwendo Europe

Sydney Maclay (pfupi Biography pamusoro musayendisiti harina chero mashoko pamusoro wake imhute kumabasa) akasangana nechirikadzi Margaret Robertson Clark - mwanasikana inokosha dzayaitonga machinda, uyo akauraya imwe nyaya dzorudo. Zvisinei, aifanira kusiya musikana uye kudzokera Russia, uko iye akasvika January 1882. Ikoko akamirira pamwe kusashivirira, uye hurukuro yake vakanga rakabudirira. Mukuwedzera, mufambi chaipiwa kuna Alexander III, uyo akagadzirisa matambudziko ake zvemari.

husina utano akatungamirira Maclay kuenda kunorapwa muEurope. Pavaifamba, iye akatambira tsamba kubva kuna Margaret Clark, umo iye akapa kuti munotenderana muchato chete musayendisiti. Zvisinei, pane kuenda kufarira, musayendisiti kechitatu akashanyira New Guinea. Ikoko vakanyadziswa sezvo vazhinji shamwari dzake akafa Papuans. Maclay aburuka ari Bong Horticultural zvirimwa - mango, breadfruit, orenji, ndimu uye kofi bhinzi. Zvisinei, pasinei zvikumbiro kubva Papuans, akavasiya, achivimbisa kudzoka.

muchato

June 10, 1883 Nicholas Maclay akadzokera Sydney uye kuti vazoita matambudziko chokuita kwemamiriro muchato pakati pake uye muPurotesitendi Clark. 27 February, 1884 vakaroorana, uye avo dangwe akaberekwa muna November - mwanakomana Alexander.

Dzokerai Russia, uye rufu

Pashure pokugamuchira kuti kusunungurwa chivakwa Biological Station Maclay akasarudza kudzokera kunyika yokumusha kwake uye tikasvika Odessa pakati chitubu 1886. Masayendisiti Russian akaedza kuita sangano chirongwa Resettlement dzaidzorwa pamusoro Maclay Coast, asi yake urongwa vakaenda neparutivi.

Muna 1887, utano yakakurumbira mufambi wacho hwakaipa. Pasinei neizvi, Jesu akakwanisa kuunza mhuri kuRussia. Zvisinei, chirwere (sezvo zvikazooneka kenza), mberi, uye muna April 1988 Nicholas Maclay (pfupi Biography wenyu aunotoziva) akafa.

mariro

Mumakore rwendo mufambi aipedza akakurumbira masayendisiti nguva uye nhengo Russian Geographical Society zhinji. Maclay akavigwa ari Volkov kumakuva pedyo baba vake uye hanzvadzi yake Olga.

Zvino kuti munoziva kuti Maclay Nikolai. Brief Biography murume, kunyange compressed muchimiro anotora yakawanda mapeji, sezvo akararama upenyu hwake, uri kusimba akapfuma ushingi.