Nyaya yenyaya yehupenyu nekugadzirwa kweKekhov

Nhasi tichataurira Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - nezvehupenyu hwake. Uye basa raKekhov richaiswa munyaya yedu. Ngatitange nemashoko mashoma, uye taura pamusoro pezvose zvakanyatsotsanangurwa.

Brief Chronicle of the Life and Work of AP Chekhov

• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov akaberekwa musi waJanuary 17 (29), 1860 muTaganrog. Mhuri yevabereki vake ndiPavel Georgievich Chekhov (mutengesi) naEvgeniya Yakovlevna.
• Nguva kubva 1876 kusvika muna 1878 ndiyo nguva yekutanga yekuongorora nyanzvi dzomunyori.
• Chidzidzo cheMoscow University, pa Faculty of Medicine, chakaitwa muna 1879-1884.
• Muna 1880 mabasa ekutanga omunyori akabudiswa, uyewo basa raive kuitwa mumagazini akasiyana-siyana emifananidzo: "Alarm Clock", "Shards", "Dragonfly".
• Muna 1890 Chekhov akaenda kuchitsuwa cheSakhalin.
• Akatanga kushandira muna 1898 neMoscow Art Theater, iyo yekutanga yechitamba "The Seagull" yakaitika panguva imwe chete.
• Kuroorana naKnipper O.L. - 1901.
• 1903-1904 - pamusangano weArt Theatre yakatanga kugadzirwa nheyo inonzi "Cherry Orchard".
• Muna 1904, musi waJuly 2 (15), munyori akafira muBadenweiler, mune imwe nzvimbo yekuGermany.

Saka, takatsanangura muchidimbu hupenyu nebasa reKekhov. Tafura, iyo inogona kuunganidzwa kubva munhoroondo iyi, ichakubatsira iwe kunzwisisa zviri nani ruzivo, kana uchida kuyeuka mazuva anokosha ane chokuita nouunhu hwaAnnon Pavlovich.

Kana uchida ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro rwehupenyu, iwe uchabatsirwa nemashoko anonyanya kujeka pamusoro pehupenyu hwaKekhov nekugadzirisa, izvo zvatakagadzira uye zvino zvichitibatsira.

Muimba yevabereki

Chekhov Anton Pavlovich akaberekerwa muTaganrog. Sekuru vake vaiva serf nekuberekwa, asi vakatengesa kuda kwake iye nemhuri yake uye vakashanda semutungamiri weimba (zvimwe zvikamu zvemufananidzo wake zvinoratidzwa mumunhu weFirs kubva ku "Cherry Orchard"). Baba Anton Pavlovich vane goroka, asi akaonekwa nekuda kwekusakwanisa kuita zvoupfumi, kusakosha. Muhupenyu hwake, zvakawanda zvave zvakabatana: tareji yezvigadzirwa dzakapiwa vana (Pavel Georgievich dzakanyora zvakanaka, uye akafarirawo mimhanzi, akatamba violin, aifarira kuimba kwechechi) ane simba uye ane chikonzero kune hama dzake nevamwe. Chekhov, achiyeuka ucheche hwake, akanyora kuna Alexander, mukuru wake, muna 1883 kuti ucheche hwakanga hwakapiswa nekutyisa. Mhuri yekuzvidzivirira uye chirango chakakonzerwa muChekhov kurambwa kwechisimba nekusaruramisira, chido chokusununguka, pfungwa yakakosha yekuzvida.

Kuzvimiririra muhupenyu

Zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa uye hupenyu hwaKekhov hwakatanga kudzivirira. Mumhuri yake, vana vakakurumidza kuva vakazvimirira. Vana vaibatsira mukutengeserana, kubvira pazera duku vachishanda muchitoro. Saka Anton Pavlovich kubva paudiki achiri kubhabhatidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emhuri: akachenesa imba, akaenda kumisika, akachera mvura, akazvichenesa makirasi echimiro, akazadza mwenje neaosene.

Asi muhupenyu hwake pane imwewo zvakare: maitiro epamba uye mifananidzo, iyo Anton Pavlovich pachake akafunga uye akaitamba nehama dzake, kubata hove. Mhuri, chiedza chakajeka chakaitwa naamai, avo vaiva vakadzi vanonzwisisa, vakavimbika uye vane mutsa.

Nyika yezvisikwa muhupenyu nebasa reKekhov

Kubvira pauduku, Anton Pavlovich akada murudo rwepasi, izvo zvakasiya zvakadzama pamweya wake, kumutsa nyota yeupenyu. Uye basa reKekhov rinoratidza izvi. Mumashoko ake tichasangana nekutsanangurwa kwechikepe, Taganrog Gulf ("Steppe", "On Christmas Eve", nezvimwewo). Munyori wacho ainyatsobatana nehupenyu hwose muupenyu hwake uye akaratidza mumabasa ake simba guru muupenyu hwake. Mune mabasa eChekhov zvakasikwa: mhuka, maruva, miti inofunga uye inonzwa sevanhu ("Kutya", "White-throat", "Kashtanka", "Agafia").

Dzidzo muimba yekurovedza

Vakoma vakuru vakaramba vachiwana nguva iyo mhuri yaifara: Mudzidzisi wechiFrench akanga achishanyira imba, mushure mokunge akatsiviwa naMadame. Nokuti Nikolay, mukoma wemunyori weramangwana, vadzidzisi vemimhanzi vakakokwawo.

Apo Anton Pavlovich akakurira, mamiriro emari yemhuri akaderera, saka akakwanisa kuwana gadziriro yemitambo chete. Zvisinei, Chekhov haana kukonzera kufarira zvakanyanya mukudzidza pane gymnasium. Iyi sangano yaive yakajairika panguva iyoyo. Pamusoro pake, unogona kuita pfungwa yakanyanyisa kana yakaderera yenyaya yaKekhov inonzi "Munhu Mhosva".

Mune gymnasium zvakanaka yakaitwa nesayenzi yemasikirwo, paiva netescope, zvigadzirwa zvekare mune makabati. Anton mune zvidzidzo zveMutemo waMwari wakava mudzidzi waidiwa wePokrovsky Feodor Platonovich. Yaiva munhu anofadza, asingazivikanwi akacherechedza tarenda rinoseka pakutanga kwemu munyori ndokumupa zita rezita rokuti Chekhonte, iro rakazova Chekhov's pseudonym. Nokudaro, akashanda muhupenyu hwake. Uye basa raKekhov harina kugadzirisa pasina kubatanidzwa kweunhu hunofadza. Zvisinei, mweya wakakunda munzvimbo ino waiva, mumutowo mukuru, unozivikanwa nemafomu uye kazenshchina. Kukura kwemweya wemunyori weramangwana kwakanyatsotungamirirwa nemabhuku nemitambo. Mariri, rudo rwepakutanga rweunyanzvi hunoshamisa rwakaratidzwa: pazera remakore 13 munyori weramangwana akanga atova muenzi wenguva dzose weTaganrog Theatre.

Kusvika panguva iyi ndeyekutanga yezvinyorwa zvake, izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa chete nemazita ayo Chekhov akasika panguva iyoyo. Upenyu nebasa, muchidimbu, panguva ino zvinoratidzwa nezvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvehupenyu hwatakagara taratidza, uye nezvekugadzira, tinocherechedza zvinotevera. Zvaaiva mwana wechikoro, akabudisa magazini "Bunny", akanyora comedy "Kwete pasina chikonzero chekudya" uye "Akawana scythe pane ibwe", uyewo mutambo "Usina baba".

Kuparadzwa kwemhuri yaKekhov

Muna 1876, baba vaAnton Pavlovich vakakanganisa, vakamanikidzwa kuenda kuMoscow pamwe nemhuri yake. Anton akasiiwa ari oga muTaganrog ava nemakore gumi nematanhatu, sezvo aifanira kupedza chikoro ichi. Akatanga kuwana zvidzidzo zvemunhu oga, akatumira kunyange mhuri mari kuendeswa. Makore aya akaoma, hupenyu hwakazara nekusurukirwa, miedzo nematambudziko, zvakabatsira pakukura kwekutanga kune munyori saKekhov. Upenyu nebasa (zvichitsanangurwa muchidimbu) zvehumwe nguva zvinoratidzwa nezviitiko zvinotevera zvinotevera.

Chekhov - mudzidzi weMoscow University

Apedza kupedza kokupedzisira muna 1879, Chekhov akaenda kuMoscow. Pano akanyoresa kuMoscow University, Faculty of Medicine. Kubva pamba yekutanga Chekhov yakatanga kushanda mumagazini ezvinyorwa, kuti ibudiswe. Kune mhuri, mari yake yokunyora yakave yakava inongova mari chete. Chekhov anova musoro wemhuri uye iye anopa zvokudya.

Yokutanga yakabudiswa mabasa

Yokutanga yakabudisa mabasa ake (parodies) yakabudiswa mumagazini "Dragonfly". Chekhov, kusarudza nzira yekunyora, inodhindwa panguva imwechete inoseka, uye mumitambo yakakura. Zvisinei, kuvona kwepakutanga kunotungamirirwa nekare. Pasi pseudonyms dzakasiyana-siyana (Hama yehanzvadzi yangu, Man pasina spleen, Antosha Chehonte) anonyorwa mumagazini anosemesa "Shards", "Dragonfly", "Alarm Clock", "Spectator". Mhando huru dzemitambo inoshamiswa neyemusi iwoyo yakanga yakasiyana ne "zvinyorwa" zvakasikwa maererano nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvinyorwa: mavara mafirimusiki, ma calendars, zvinyorwa kusvika kumifananidzo, anecdotes, madhadhadha, zviziviso zvekudhiki, mabhuku, etc. Chekhov yavo yakakurumidza kugadzirisa Uye ndakafunga kuti akanga akaoma mukati mavo.

Satirical uye nyaya dzinonakidza

Muna 1882-1883 pakanga pane nyaya dzakadai se "Kufa kweAkatumirwa," "Akanaka uye Akanaka," "Mwanasikana weAlbion." Panguva iyoyo, mabasa mazhinji akanyorwa mufananidzo wechikwangwani, kureva, nhau pfupi inonyadzisa, iyo iyo inowanikwa mukuparidzirwa kwekukurukurwa kwevanhu. Chekhov akakurudzira rudzi urwu kumwero wemabhuku akakomba. Pakati pezvakanaka zvezviitiko zveKekhov ndezvizvi: mazita mashoma, zvishoma zvitsanangudzo uye tsanangudzo ("Burbot", "Mutevedzeri", "Rubatsiro", "Mushandi", "Rubatsiro", "MuBhati"), mazita ekutaura (mutambi Dikobrazov, General Zapupyryn, Ochumelov, Master Khryukin) , Pamwe chete nemitauro yakatarwa mitauro.

Mutsva mutsva mubasa raChekhov

Zvinyorwa zvezvisikwa zvekupedzisira zvakatove zviripo munyaya dzeKekhov dzekutanga: munyori anoseka kusaziva kwehupenyu hwevanhu nekufunga, zvido zvavo zvisina maturo. Mukufamba kwenguva nguva mitsva inoonekwa mumabasa. Chinhu chinokosha muhutori achiri hunyoro, asi inowana mamwe mifananidzo mitsva, mutsva mutsva - kusuruvara, nziyo. Icho chiitiko chinobva kunyoreswa kuongororwa, uye kubva kune vanhu vanonyengera - kupesana, zvinonetsa. Mifananidzo ye maski inotsiviwa nemunhu wese. Mune nyaya dzine chokuita nenguva 1883-1886 ("Art", "Trouble", "Tosca", "Huntsman"), Chekhov yemberi yatove yaonekwa.

Kubhadhara nyaya yaChekhov

Upenyu uye hunyanzvi hweKekhov huri mberi. Chidimbu chavo pakati pe1884 na1888 chinogona kupfupiswa nenzira inotevera. Muna 1884, mushure mokunge apedza zvidzidzo zvake yunivhesiti, Chekhov akashanda muZvenigorod, Voskresensk. Iyewo mutauriri weMoscow, "Oskolkov." Mune nguva kubva muna 1884 kusvika muna 1888 akasika mabasa akawanda - anopfuura 350. Nyaya yeChekhov panguva ino yakasikwa sechinhu chepakutanga uye chitsva chezvinyorwa zveRussia. Chekhov mumutambo muduku uyu wakakwanisa kuva nemafungiro makuru epfungwa uye zvemagariro evanhu. Zvinonzwisisika kugadzirisa naye iyeyu fomu.

Kubudirira kwetarenda yaAnton Pavlovich mumhando yenyaya yacho

Nenguva ye1880-1890-iyo iyo gamba yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka (chiyero, chinowanzo, kazhinji "chiduku" munhu). Chinhu chechifananidzo ndicho hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ino nguva inoonekwa seinobudirira chetari ya Chekhov. Zvitsva zvitsva zviri kusikwa. Muna 1886 - "Mavara Nhau", muna 1887 - "Innocent Speeches" uye "At Twilight", muna 1888 - "Nhau", muna 1890 - "Gloomy People." Munyori wacho akapiwa mubayiro wePushkin wehurukuro inonzi "MuTwilight". Mumakore ekupedzisira muna 1887 akanyora comedy "Ivanov", yakateverwa nevaudeville "Jubilee", "Wedding", "Proposal" uye "Bear", iyo yaive yakagadzirwa mumasayendisiti anoongorora.

Chekhov anoenda kuSakhalin Island

Rwendo rwokuenda kuSakhalin rwakashandura hupenyu uye basa reKekhov. Dzokorora muchidimbu zviitiko zvikuru zvenguva. Pachivako ichi Chekhov akaenda kuva pedyo nevatongesi. Pano akaverenga vanhu vose chete kwemwedzi mitatu, achitaura nevanhu vakasiyana. Chekhov, senharaunda uye mudhiki, akasarudza kuratidza vanhu chokwadi chakaoma. Mugumisiro werwendo rwaiva bhuku rinonzi "Island of Sakhalin" yakabudiswa muna 1894.

Mabasa akanyorwa muma 90s

Mushure meizvi, akatanga kuwedzera zvakanyanya kune zvinoshamisa zvezvakanaka zvemuzinda. Yokutanga yemabasa makuru akanyorwa mushure mekufamba rwendo rwaive nenyaya inonzi "Duel" (yakabudiswa muna 1891), pamwe ne "Chamber No. 6" - nhau yakabudiswa muna 1892.

Chekhov akanyora pamusoro pezvikanganiso, kufungidzira, kusabatwa kwezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu muma1900 ("Rothschild's Violin", "The Boots", "Mudzidzisi Wezvinyorwa"). Panguva ino, nyaya dzakadai se "Nezve Rudo", "Gooseberries", "Man in Case", "Ionich" dzakasikwa zvakare.

Kubvira gore ra1892, munyori akagara muMekhokhovo, kuMoscow nzvimbo pedyo neMoscow, ari kuita mabasa ehurumende, anoporesa varimi, anovaka zvikoro, chiremba. Upenyu hwake hunochinja. P. Chekhov, ane hupenyu hwakabatana, hunogadzira pamusana pezvaanoona mabasa "MuRavine", "New Dacha", "On the Stuff", "Muzhiks".

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's dramaturgy

Mutambo wokutanga uyo mutambo weChekhov wakatanga ndiSeagull. Yaiva yakagadzirwa kuAlexandrinsky Theatre muna 1896. Zvisinei, pfungwa yekubudirira yakanga isiri. Chikonzero chikonzero chekushaya kwaKekhov kwekuvandudza. Pashure pemakore maviri mukugadzirwa kweArt Theatre, akaita kuti anzwe. Mushure mokunge "Seagull" yakaratidzwa mutambo "Amai Vanya" (muna 1899), uyewo yakaridzwa nekubudirira kukuru. Mumabasa ekupedzisira ("Vanin'ina vatatu" uye "Cherry Orchard" - 1901 uye 1903 maererano) zvakatorwa zvizere nemitemo inoshamisa yemunyori.

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu

Muna 1897 Chekhov akamanikidzwa kuenda kuchipatara chetachiona, ndokubva apedza nguva yechando muna 1897-1898 muNigeria. Pakusimbiswa kwechiremba, akaenda kuna Yalta munaSeptember 1898, kwaakagara nguva yose yechando. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, munyori akanga achigadzira kuunganidza kwemabasa, iyo yakaonekwa muzvinyorwa zviviri (1899-1902 uye 1903).

Muna 1901, munyori akaroorwa naOtto Leonidovna Knipper, mutambi wenyanzvi.

Zvishoma nezvishoma utano hwake hwakaramba huchiwedzera, vanachiremba vakaramba vachiendesa kuGermany, kuBadenweiler. Pano munyori akaenda nemudzimai wake. July 2 (15), 1904, raiva zuva rokupedzisira roupenyu hwake.

Uye basa reKekhov, uye zvemagariro ake, uye nheyo dzakasiyana-siyana kubva muhupenyu hwake hunotiratidza kuti aiva murume ane pfungwa dzakakwirira dzekunamata uye tsika dzakanaka. Kuvonga kuvanhu vakaita saiye, nyika yedu iri kuwedzera zvishoma. Nyaya yehupenyu nekusika kweKekhov yakataurwa munyaya ino. Tichafara kana zvikaita kuti iwe chido chekuenderera mberi uchizivana nemunyori uyu anoshamisa. Upenyu nebasa raKekhov, hupenyu hwake huri kudzidzisa uye hunofadza. Muchikamu chino, nhamo, hazvibviri kutaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvose.