Russia folk epics: nhoroondo, mabhuku uye nhau dzakakurumbira

Izwi rokuti "epic" pane chimwe chikonzero rinosanganiswa nechinhu chakakura, chikuru, chikuru chisingatauriki. Chinhu chokutanga chinouya mupfungwa ndeyezvifananidzo zvevarwi vane simba vanochengetedza Amai Russia, vanofambisa miganhu ine simba yehurumende, vachidzinga zvinyorwa zvose zvezvakaipa. Kunyange rurimi iyo mabasa aya anoshamisa akanyorwa akasiyana nemabhuku ezvinyorwa! Russian vanhu epikisi ndeyezvisarudzo zvakasiyana- siyana zvemitambo nemitemo yakasimbiswa uye mabhuku. Ndezvipi zvinodzisiyanisa kubva munhau dzakawanda uye nhoroondo?

Chii ichocho?

Nokudaro, rwiyo rwakawanda rune rwiyo rwakawanda, kazhinji runoparadzirwa kubva kune rumwe rudzi kusvika kune rimwe chizvarwa, iyo nhau huru iyo inotenderera nehu hero inorwisana nemasimba ezvakaipa nekudzivirira nyika yebaba mune zvose zvingaita. Kazhinji musimboti mukuru hauna mhedziso yakajeka, uyezve, haauye kuzoziva "hutsinye" hwake kamwe chete, asi ipapo, apo "sirika" inotanga kumhanya pamucheto, hakuna munhu anokwanisa kurwisa rusvingo rweRussia.

Izwi rekutsanangurwa kwechimiro chechimiro ichi rakaiswa mumakumi matatu emakore ekupedzisira uye yakatorwa kubva ku "Lay of Igor's Campaign" (uko kune mutsara we "epic yenguva ino"). Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvakadaro zvakachengetedzwa pakati pevagari vekuchamhembe kweRussia. Bylins (mabasa mashomanana haawanzoitiki) anowanzova akaoma, sezvavanotaura kwenguva refu.

Nhoroondo

Zvakaoma kutaura apo nziyo dzokutanga dzenhoroondo dzakaonekwa: zvinoratidzika kuti dzakagara dziri pakati pevanhu. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvine vashandi vechiRussia epiksi zvakadzokera kuzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, uye hakuna munhu anogona kutaura kana izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusaverenga nekunyora kwevanhu kana kuti iyo yakadaro haina kumbovapo.

Mutsara wekutanga we "nhoroondo" yevaSlav yakasikwa nekuraira kweChirungu manheru Richard James, anofarira mutsika yeRussia, zvisinei, mukati mavo maingova nemitauro mitanhatu chete. Muzana remakore gumi nemasere, kufarira mukati memaitiro aya kuri kukura, kune vamwe vanyori vanoita zvizere zvekuunganidza nziyo dzevanhu. Chirongwa chekufarira chiri mumakumi matanhatu nemakumi manomwe nemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, apo kutongerwa kweinlinas kwete nevanhu, asi nevanotaura nhau (iyi ndiyo iyo vanhu vokumusoro vanozivikanwa sevanongororwa nemashiripiti emuromo) kwakauya mumafashoni.

Kazhinji kazhinji, vanhu vokuRussia vatsvakurudzi vanoongorora vakawanikwa muSiberia. Semhando yakasiyana, nhoroondo dzeRussia Cossacks dzinobuda kunze.

Mitemo

Kana iri yemhando ipi zvinyorwa, nokuti epics ndeyezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvavo. Vanotaura kuti vasati vaitwa kuenderera mberi kwemapurogiramu, nziyo, zvisinei, pakanga pasina vakawanda vavo, asi pamwe chete nezwi romurondedzwi vakanzwika chaizvoizvo. Chiitiko chakadai seye epics chakanga chiri pfupi, chakanga chisisipo zvachose, saka nheyo imwe neimwe yakanonoka kwemaawa mazhinji, kazhinji yakanganisa kune vose vateereri uye munyori.

Nzira dzakashata dzemabasa aya dzinotora nzira yakadzama yekurondedzera. Yakaitwa kuburikidza nekubatsirwa kwekudzokorora (zvose zvakazivikanwa "nguva refu yapfuura" zvakabva ipapo) uye zvinyananiso (mararamiro-upenyu). Kazhinji kakawanda kudzokorora mazwi ose - pamagumo emutsara uye pakutanga kweiyo inotevera. Kazhinji, vapomeri havana kutarisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvaive zvakakosha kuti vataure pamusoro pe "heroic" mabasa, nzira yebhiza rakasungirirwa, somuenzaniso, epikisi rine tsanangudzo yakajeka yekutenga mabhiza, zvigadzirwa zvegamba pachake, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji uye kuwedzeredza, kusimbisa humwe hutano hwevanhu. Vanyori vakanyengetedza epithets (hero inobwinya, muvengi akaipa), vamwe vavo vakazopedzisira vava mazwi (moto wakatsva). Kujekesa "chikamu chakajeka" zvekare, diminutive suffixes (Alyoshenka) yakashandiswa, asi nokuda kwevanhu vasina kunaka zvigwaro "kukudza" (tsarishche) zvakashandiswa.

ChiRussia vanhu vema epikisi vanowanikwa munguva ino, hapana marangaridzo kune zvakaitika kare kana ramangwana. Mukuwedzera, inowanzobatanidzwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvakakumbwa: chine (rudzi rwechirevo chisinganyanyi kufanana nezvakaitika pachavo), kutanga (iyo yakarongwa) uye kuguma.

Silushka Bogatyrskaya

Rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikuru rwechikamu ichi chetano ndeye epics pamusoro pevarwi. Nhau dzerudo rweRussia, nezvekuzvitsaurira kune bhizinesi, rukudzo rwechokwadi uye ushamwari hwakagara huchifarirwa. Vanhu vakadaro saAlshasha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich naIya Muromets vanozivikanwa kune munhu wese anotaura mutauro weRussia. Vanowanzotaridzirwa kunyange mumakateti, kuitira kuti muduku kuduku ave azive kuti "superheroes" haisi muAmerica chete, asiwo muRussia. Nhau pamusoro pevarwi dzinounza vana rudo rweMelandland, kuziva kwekukosha kwayo, nekuratidza hupenyu hwehupenyu hweHurumende yekare yeRussia.

Mhedziso

Tsika yeRussia inoshamisa uye yakafuma. Bylins, vanhu vechiRussia vhesi, zvirevo nemashoko, zvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana inongova chikamu chiduku cheupfumi hwose. Zvakawanda zvakasara kusvikira pakuguma zvisingaongororwi, zvizhinji - kwete kunzwisisa zvinonzwisisika zvemazuva ano, asi pasina mamiriro ezvinhu hazvigoni kukanganisa kukosha kwetsika. Pasina zvakapfuura, ikozvino uye remangwana hazvibviri, uye ipapo chete vanhu vachakudzika zvakanaka pavanodzidza kukoshesa nhoroondo yavo.