Nzvimbo dzemafirosiki uye masangano ehupenyu hwenyika: chimiro, zvinoreva uye kusiyana

Nzvimbo yePasi mumutambo wezvinhu zvose kubvira panguva yekare yakafadza vafungidzi. Kushayikwa kwezvinoshandiswa pakushandura kwekunyatsodzidza nzvimbo dzezvinhu uye chiitiko chisina basa chekuongorora astrophysics, yakabva kumarudzi akapfuura, haana kubvumira masayendisiti eNyika yeGreece neMiddle Ages kuti aite maonero akazara uye akakodzera kwechimiro chezvose. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanyori vezvinyorwa zvekutanga zve cosmology vakateya nheyo apo gare gare nheyo dzeruzivo rwemazuva ano dzakaumbwa. Uye magadzirirwo ezvematongerwo enyika uye masangano ezvepasi pose ane zvaanoreva nenzira iyi, zvichikurudzira zvizvarwa zvevasayendisiti uye vanofunga zvezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vaite zvitsvakurudzo zvitsva.

Pfungwa ye geocentrism

Icho chirongwa chezvose, umo nzvimbo yepamusoro inopiwa kuPasi. Zuva rinotenderera kumativi aro. Maererano neiyo geocentric coordinate system, iyo yekutanga yenhokwe inowanikwawo pasi. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti, maererano nenheyo iyi, zvinhu zvose zvakasara. Mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti ndiani akasika gadziriro yenyika ino yava kuzivikanwa, kunyange zvazvo kusiyana kwakawanda kweshoko kunobvumira mumwe kutaura nezvevanyori vanoverengeka. Kunyange zvakadaro, tateguru wemurairo uyu aiva Kraudhius Ptolemy, uyo akatanga nheyo yenzvimbo yePasi pasi rose. Kana tichitaura nezvekududzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwechidzidzo ichi, zvino Thales Miletsky, somuenzaniso, akafunga kuti zvakakosha kuva nerutsigiro kubva pasi rose.

Iko kunewo maBhaibheri anoshandiswa nePasi uye haana kutenderera. Ukuwo, rumwe rutivi rwenyika yePtolemy mumutambo weklasiki inofungidzira kushanduka kwezvisikwa zvekumatenga. Kunyanya, tsvakurudzo yake yakatanga nekuongorora kwehukama hweMwedzi, hwakatenderera pasi rose. Gare gare munyori wepfungwa yacho akasvika pakugumisa pamusoro pekushanduka kwepasi pacharo. Kusiyana neizvi, zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadziriswa zvakaitwa pakuita kuti Nyika inoramba yakamira sei.

Nyanzvi yezvinyorwa mumamiriro ekugadzirira

Tsanangudzo yekusawirirana kwezvisikwa zvekumatenga kwakamirira matambudziko makuru kune vekare vezvinyorwa zvechiGiriki. Mitsva mitsva pamusoro pekufamba kwemapuraneti pane eccentrics yakasiyana-siyana inojekesa ukama huri pakati pezviedza, asi panguva imwechete inogadzirisa mabasa akaoma ehurongwa hwakasiyana. Muchiitiko ichi, nzvimbo yeiyo yenyika yePtolemy yakanga yakasiyana-siyana kubva kune dzidziso dzePythagorean-Platonic, maererano nezvayo izvo miviri yekudenga yakanga yakabva kuna Mwari-saka, vaifanira kuita zvigadziro chete. Vadzidzisi veiyi dzidziso dzakagadzirwa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, uko kwakaoma zvinhu zvakasununguka zvakashandurwa semugumisiro wekuwedzera wekuwedzerwa kwezvipfeko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekufananidza pamwe nechepakati. Ichokwadi, nekusvika kwedzidziso yekusanganisa kushandura, pfungwa dzakadaro dzakarasikirwa.

Kururamiswa kwegadziriro yenyika yezvose

Pakati pemabasa makuru anotarisana ne geocentricists, zvakakosha kusimbisa nheyo yenzvimbo yepamusoro yePasi uye kusagadzikana kwayo. Kana, maererano nerutivi rwechipiri chezvinhu zvose, kunyange munyori weiyo yenyika yenyika, Kraudhius Ptolemy akazviratidza pachena, ipapo pfungwa yehupenyu hwepasi yakaramba iri nheyo dzedzidziso. Mumwe wevatsigiri veiyi pfungwa yaive Aristotle, uyo akaruramisa nzvimbo yepamusoro yenyika ine uremu hwayo. Maererano nenyika inoona nguva iyoyo, chete nzvimbo yepasi rose inogona kuva nzvimbo yepanyama yemitumbi yakaremara . Uku kunzwisisa kwakasimbiswa nekuti kuremera kwakakura kunokonzera zvinhu kuwira pasi. Sezvo zvitunha zvose zvisikwa zvinotungamirirwa nechepakati penyika, nyika inorema inowanzove iri pano.

Paiva nedzimwe dzidziso dzinotsanangura nzvimbo yePasi. Semuenzaniso, Ptolemy akatsigira pfungwa yekusakwanisa kwepasi iri kune imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo yose. Izvi zvakatsanangurwa zvachose - nekusabvisa nzvimbo yekuchamhembe kana yekumaodzanyemba kwenyika maererano nechepakati. Vafungidziri vakaongorora kuti mumvuri wezuva unogona sei kuwira pasi pekugadziriswa uku, uye wakauya kune wega bedzi inogona, mumaonero avo, zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugara kwenyika - pakati. Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti magadzirirwo emagetsi uye hupenyu hwepasi rose huchaparadzanisa zvakananga muku kunzwisisa kwechiitiko ichi chekugadzirisa kwezvose.

Geocentrism muKuzvarwa Kwemazuva Ano

Kutanga kubva pakutanga kweMiddle Ages, nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakatanga kushingaira kukura nekuvandudza dzimwe shanduro dzekugadzirisa uku. Semuenzaniso, muRenaissance, nyanzvi dzeEurope dzakanyatsoteerera dzidziso ye-homocentric spheres. Pamwe chete neizvi, izvo zvaidiwa zvekufananidzira zvakasanganiswa nemagadzirirwo enyika uye maitiro ezvisikwa zvepasi zvakasimuka, pamwe mune zvimwe zvikamu. Vatsigiri vekubatana kwakadaro vaitenda kuti pasi rino achiri pakati penyika, uye zvakadaro, apo Mwedzi neZuva zvinotenderera zvakasangana. Muchiitiko ichi, mapurogiramu akasara aifanira kufambidzana neZuva. Mhedziso yakadaro yakagadzira mushumo mukuru wekodzero yakazara yezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakakosha kucherechedza dzimwe nzira iyo masayendisiti ezveRaissance yakagadzira geocentrism. Semuenzaniso, pasi pesimba rehuzivi hwepanyama, vazhinji vanoongorora nyeredzi vakatendeukira pakudzidza kwemwedzi uye nyika dzepasi. Nenzira, kunyange Aristotle aidavira kuti matenga akafanana sePasi. Mifungiro yakave yakaratidzwa zvakare iyo yakaramba kuvapo kwezvinhu zvekudenga.

Kuramba geocentrism

Kukura kwakanyanya kwesayenzi muzana remakore rechiXVII. Kubvumirwa kuti uratidze ruzivo rwakagadzirwa uye kuvandudza pfungwa yezvose. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, maitiro e-geocentric uye heliocentric yenyika haaikwanise kuwirirana, sezvo pfungwa yechipiri yakanga ichiwedzera kusimbiswa nevafungidziri vakakurumbira, pakati pavo vaiva Copernicus naGalileo. Pakati pezviitiko zvikuru zvezvesayenzi zvakaburitsa kukanganisa geocentrism, kusikwa kwemanzwiro emapuraneti kunonyanya kukurumbira. Chipo chakakosha pakufambira mberi kwekuongorora nyeredzi kwakagadzirwa nekutaridzika kweteresikopi yaGalileo, uyewo nekuwanikwa kwemitemo yeKepler.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti geocentrism yakatsigira kereke nguva refu. Vatsigiri vechitendero vedzidziso iyi vaidavira kuti pasi rakasikwa nesimba raMwari zvichienderana nemunhu, naizvozvo nzvimbo yakakosha munzvimbo yose inonzwisisika uye inonzwisisika. Pasinei nokutsigirwa kwakadaro, nzvimbo yeiyo yenyika yeCopernican yakashandurwa ikave yedzidziso itsva yakaramba nzvimbo yePasi. Zvimwe zvakanyatsotarisa zvakakosha zvinyorwa zvacho zvakaramba zvachose chigadzirisheni chegori uye zvakagadzira nzira ye heliocentrism.

Icho chinonyanya kukosha kwehupenyu hwepasi hwepasi

Kunyange zvazvo chikwata chekufambira kweiyi pfungwa yakaitika munguva yeRenaissance, mavambo acho anotangira muGreece yekare. Ichokwadi ndechokuti munguva yaPtolemy, iyo yakanakisisa ndiyo yaive pfungwa yei geocentrism, yakasiya heliocentrism mumumvuri. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, izvo zvakabvumira vatsigiri veimwe nzira yekuona kuti vatsigire nyika yavo. Paiva nemamiriro aya epachikoro chePythagorean. Sezvo munyori wehupenyu hwepasi rose, Firipiyo weCroton akatenda, Nyika haisi yakasiyana nedzimwe mapuraneti uye inofamba-famba kune chinhu chisingadikanwi, asi kwete Sun. Mune ramangwana pfungwa iyi yakazadzikiswa nevamwe vanofunga, uye neRenaissance vateveri veiyo pfungwa vakasvika pakufunga kuti zuva ndiro mutumbi mukuru uye pasi rinosangana naro. Gare gare, Copernicus yakagadzira hurongwa umo mapurogiramu akaita sviringi yerusayiri.

Kufananidza kweiyo geocentric uye masangano eheliocentric enyika

Kwemazuva mazhinji, vatsigiri vezvirevo zviviri havakwanise kuuya kune chibvumirano pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mafungiro acho ose aiva nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, akachinjwa uye akavandudzwa, asi nheyo dzemitemo dzakaramba dzichigadzikana. Misiyano yakakura pakati penyika neyemhepo yakasikwa yenyika yakaderedzwa kusvika panzvimbo yePasi Munyika uye iyo yakabatana neSuva. Vatsigiri vekutanga vanofunga kuti pasi rine nzvimbo inokosha. Uye, pane zvinopesana, geocentrism inotora kuti Nyika inotenderera neZuva, uye ichitenderera neyose.

Kutanga kwe heliocentrism neKepler

Dzidziso kubva panguva yekuumbwa kwayo kwekutanga yakachinja zvikuru pakuguma kwezana remakore rechi16. Tinogona kutaura kuti muumbi wenheyo yezvematongerwo enyika yenyika mune fomu iri pedyo neanzwisisiro yemazuva ano ndiJohn Kepler, uyo akaita chikamu chakakosha pakuvandudzika kwemazuva ekudenga. Kunyange panguva dzekudzidza kwake, akaziva kukosha kwekutsanangura kufamba kwakakomba kwepurogiramu. Mune ramangwana, achakudziridza mikana yekuverenga chiyero cheplanyika yepasi nekubatsirwa kwekucherechedza deta.

Kubva pane zivo yesayenzi yakagadzirwa naKepler, munhu anogona kuona kutenderera kwemapuraneti pamwe chete nekuputika, kuiswa kwechirevo chendaneti, uye kururamiswa kwemitemo mitsva inosarudza nzvimbo yePasi maererano neSuva. Zvechokwadi, muumbi wePythagore wenyika yezvematongerwe enyika yenyika, zvichida, haana kutarisira kuti pfungwa yake ingagadzirwa sei. Asi ndivo vaifunga zvekare kare vakatibvumira kusimbisa pfungwa yeyo yakanyatsorongeka pasi rose.

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa ne heliocentrism pakuvandudzwa kwefizikiki

Kuparidzirwa kwenyanzvi kwakabatanidzwa mukusimbiswa kwefizikiki uye magetsi. Pfungwa ndeyekuti masayendisiti avo vakaita tsvakurudzo munharaunda idzi, pakanga pane mubvunzo unokosha-sei kufamba kwepasi kusanzwiki nevanhu? Mhinduro yacho yaiva kubatana kwesangano. Nzvimbo dzenyika uye yezvematongerwo enyika dzenyika nenzira dzakasiyana dzinomiririra kushanda kwemhepo. Muchiitiko chekutanga, nheyo dzakasikwa ndiyo nheyo yesimba iri, uye maererano neheliocentrism mutemo wekuwirirana wakazogadzirwa, pamwe chete nemitemo ye inertia. Pachikonzero chezivo iyi, masayendisiti akagadzira nzira yakawanda iyo inenge iine matambudziko ose emichina yakagadziriswa.

Kukosha kweHeliocentric System of the World

Mukugadzirisa kugadzirisa matambudziko, ayo panguva dzakasiyana-siyana akaisa pfungwa yekudenga yezvisikwa, masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzirisa maitiro ayo nyika yakarongeka. Nheyo dzezviongororwa izvi dzaive mafambiro epasi, izvo, zvakare, zvakakonzera kukura kwefizikiki. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vatevedzeri veiyi dzidziso vakateya nheyo ye mechanics mumutambo wayo wekare. Asi zvinonyanya kufadza kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro pekurevei kwekukosha kwenyika yezvematongerwe enyika yenyika kubva pakuona kwekuongorora nyeredzi. Chokutanga pane zvose, sangano rakakurudzira kutsvakurudza mumunda we stellar cosmology, iyo yakatibvumira kuwana zvitsva zvitsva zvezvose. Mukuwedzera, nekuda kwekukakavara kwakapoteredza heliocentrism, kusiyana kwakagadzirwa pakati pezivo yesayenzi nechitendero.

Mhedziso

Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwekugadzirwa kwemichina yekutsvakurudza nzvimbo, kunyange nhasi nharo pamusoro pezvimbo yePasi Munyika yose umo inonzi geocentric uye heliocentric system yenyika inoshandiswa haisi kurega. Zuva, sapakutanga, nderimwe remakona emakona ekukurukurirana kworudzi urwu. Semuenzaniso, zvisikwa zvakawanda masayendisiti anoziva kuti hakuna munhu anogona kupa mhinduro yakakwana yemibvunzo pamusoro pemashizha ekutenderera kwepasi pano panguva ino yekufambira mberi. Kana iri nzvimbo yepamusoro muzvinhu zvose, pano zvakare hazvisi zvose zvisinganzwisisiki. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti mukunze kwechimwe chinhu chero chipi zvacho chinogona kuonekwa senzvimbo, naizvozvo hapana chikonzero chekutaura nezvekukunda kwakakwana kwe heliocentrism pamusoro pe geocentrism.