Democritus: biography, zvinyorwa zvinonakidza, zvakawanikwa uye zvesayenzi

Chido chikuru ndeye chirevo cheDhemocritus. Nhepfenyuro yemabasa ake haisi chinhu chinonakidza. Kana iwe usati wati wakaziva uyu anofungidzira, tinokurudzira kuti uite izvi. Democritus - muzivi wechiGiriki wekare, ane makore ehupenyu-kubva munenge 460 kusvika muna 360 BC. E. Iye anozivikanwa nokuda kwekuti ndiye akatanga nheyo dzedzidziso. Maererano neDemocritus, munyika muno pane zvisingabatsiri uye maatomu.

Atomism yeDemocritus

Atomu ndiyo zvinhu zvisingaoneki zvinhu ("mafananidzo", masikirwo emagetsi), asingakwanisi, asingagoni kuparadzwa, asingagumi. Izvo zvakasiyana nehupamhi, nzvimbo munzvimbo isina chinhu, fomu. Atomu inofamba nenzira dzakasiyana. Kuvonga nekufamba uku, nyika dzakawanda uye miviri yakatsaurwa inoumbwa. Atomu kumunhu haisioneki, asi inokanganisa mafungiro edu, nokudaro inokonzera kunzwa. Asi hatingafariri pamusoro peizvi zvakadzama, sezvo ramangwana ndiro biography yaDhemocritus. Nezvefizikiki, inogona kuverengwa zvakasiyana; Kana iwe unofarira mazviri - kutsvaga ruzivo nhasi hazvisi nyore. Tinorayira kuti tizive zvino nemudzidzi pachake.

Dhimocritus azvarwa rini?

Tichafunga kuti chiitiko chinonakidza cheDhemocritus chinotanga muna 460 BC. E. Kunyangwe kunyange munguva yekare, musi wekuzvarwa kwemuzivi uyu waiva nharo yekukakavara. Maererano naApollodorus, akaberekwa muna 460 kana 457 BC. E. Zvisinei, Thrasill, uyo ari muparidzi wemabasa emuzivi uyu, akaratidza maonero akasiyana. Akatenda kuti Democritus akaberekwa muna 470 BC. E. Iyi nyaya ichiri kuzaruka.

Kudzidzira uye kufamba

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzomumvuri dzinosiya biography yaDhemocritus, pfupiso yemabasa ayo anofarira kunyange nanhasi (sezvazvinosuruvarisa kuti zvisikwa zvacho hazvina kupona!) Uyu muzivi akabuda mumhuri yakafuma. Maererano nenheyo, yakapiwa naDiogenes Laertius, akadzidza kubva kuvaKaradhea neMagi, yakapiwa naHerxes, mambo wePezhiya, baba vake. Chipo chakadaro Xerxes akataurirwa kwaari nokuda kwekuti akapa kudya kwemanheru kuuto rePezhiya, iro rakapfuura neThrace. Democritus akapedza nhaka yakawanda, akasiyiwa mushure mekufa kwababa vake, paaifamba. Akashanyira Bhabhironi nePersia, Egypt neIndia. Kwenguva yakati mufilosofi aigarawo muAtene, kwaakateerera Socrates 'incognito. Zvinokwanisika kuti naAnaxagoras pane Democritus. Hupenyu hwake huzere nemafungiro akawanda, asi usakanganwa kuti yakareba sei muzivi uyu aigara . Kubvisa upenyu hwevakawanda venguva yake haisi nyore.

Maitiro eDemocritus

Tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzinofadza dzakazara nehupenyu hweDhemocritus. Iyo inonakidza zvikuru, zvichida, inobatanidza nenzira yake yehupenyu. Maitiro aiye muzivi uyu kune vakawanda vomuzuva rake aiita seasinganzwisisiki. Democritus aiwanzosiya muguta. Kuti apukunyuke kubva kuguta racho, akauya kumakuva. Pano muzivi aifunga. Kazhinji Democritus akabuda achiseka pasina chikonzero chakajeka: zvinhu zvose zvevanhu zvaiita sokuti anonyadzisa pakati penyika. Nokuda kwechiitiko ichi, uyu anofungidzirwa akatogamuchira zita rezita rokuti "muzivi anoseka". Vakawanda vaainamata navo vaifunga kuti akanga asina hanya. Vakatotumira Hippocrates, chiremba anozivikanwa, pakuongorora kwake. Akanyatsosangana nemudzidzi, asi akasarudza kuti akanga ane utano hwakakwana mupfungwa uye mumuviri. Uyezve, akaitirana nharo kuti mumwe wevanhu vakachenjera kupfuura vose vaakambosangana nawo aiva Democritus.

Nhoroondo yake inonzi inoparadzaniswa muna 370 BC. Apo uyu fungidzi akafa. Nokudaro, akararama anenge makore zana.

Synthesis yezvikoro zvitatu

Zvinotendwa kuti chinhu chinonyanya kukurudzira uyu muzivi anowedzerwa neatomist Leucippus. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubuda kweatomism sechidzidzo chepasi rose mufilosofi, iyo inosanganisira maitiro, psychology, epistemology, cosmology uye physics, inobatanidza zvakakwana naDemoocritus. Dzidziso yake ndeyekutanga kwezvinetso zvezvikoro zvitatu zveGrisi: Pythagorean, Eleatic and Milesian. Yakaramba ichinyorwa uye huzivi hweimwe nyika, dzakashanyira Democritus. Hupenyu hwake, sezvamunoyeuka, hunobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwokufamba.

Mabasa eDemocritus

Zvinotendwa kuti Democritus ndiye munyori wemabasa anopfuura 70 akasiyana. Mazita emabasa acho anotaurwa naDiogenes Laertius. Munyori wacho anorumbidzwa nokunyora mabasa pafizikiki, maitiro, mabhuku uye mutauro, masvomhu, uye sciences dzakashandiswa, kusanganisira mushonga. Uyezve, Dhemocritus yaifungidzirwa kuti ndiye muumbi we "bhuku revaKaradhe" uye "Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvitsvene muBhabhironi" (mukati megadziriro ye "vaKaradhea" nhema inobatanidza nefambiro uye dzidzo yeyi muzivi).

Runako hwemaitiro emabasa

Democritus kare akawana mukurumbira kwete nekuda kwehudzidzo hwedzidziso dzayo, asi zvakare nekuda kwekunaka kwe syllable yemabasa. Vakawanda vanofunga vakaona izvi, kusanganisira Cicero, Timon weFliunte uye Dionysius weHalicarnassus. Zvinyorwa zvemaitiro aDemocritus zvaive:: alliteration, rhythmic sangano remitsara, kubvumira, neologisms, assonances, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa: "kusina maturo" uye "maatomu", "microcosm-man" uye "macrocosm-universe"

Takakutokuudzai nezveatomu uye kusina maturo pakutanga kwechinyorwa. Ndeipi chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chaungadzidza nezvomunhu akachenjera saDemocritus? Hupenyu hwake hunoratidzwawo nemabasa emitemo, iyo iri kuenderera mberi kwefizikiki inopesana yemufungidziri uyu.

Maitiro eDemocritus

Kungofanana neatomu, munhu munhu anozvigadzirira. Vanhu vose vanofara zvikuru, kunyanya ivo vanozvimirira. Dhemocritus akagadzira mazwi akawanda ekuratidza kuti iye pachake anonzwisisa rufaro: "hutano", "kusava nehanya", "kufanana", "kusatya", uyewo kushandisa mazwi echidimbu - "hutsika" uye "kubatana." Evtium ndiyo pfungwa yepamusoro yehutsika hwemufungidziri uyu. Kunyange bhuku rakasiyana raDhemocritus rakazvipira kune iro. Dzidziso ye euthumy-kusazvidzora - inobatanidza nekutsoropodza kwechitendero ichi chekufunga mune ramangwana rechitendero chetsika. Izvo zvinoreva izwi iri zvinowanzobatanidzwa zvikuru nechirevo chechiyero. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anofanira kuzvidzora mumitambo yemuviri. Democritus aidavira kuti eutiemia inomuka semugumisiro wehupenyu hwakaenzana uye kuenzanisa mune zvinofadza. Muchenjeri anofara pane zvaainazvo, asingaiti negodo pamusoro pekubwinya nefuma yevamwe vanhu. Anoedza kuita zvibvumirano uye zvakarurama.

Cherechedza kuti dzakawanda zvezvidimbu zveDemoocritus, izvo zvakasara kusvikira nhasi, zvinoreva zvakananga maitiro. Zvisinei, nhasi zvakaoma kutonga kuenzana kwekururamisa umo mazwi anotaurwa nemashoko ake.

Cosmogonic zviratidzo

Pakati pavo, Democritus akaisa pfungwa yekuvapo kwemarudzi akawanda munyika. Nokuda kwake, nguva haina chivako, nokuti inomirira kuchinja mune izvo zvinoitika nokusingaperi. Mhuka yomunhu Democritus akafananidza nyika uye akaitumidza kuti microcosm. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti uyu anofungidzira akacherechedza kuvapo kwevamwari, zvisinei nenzira yakasiyana zvikuru. Kwaari, iwo mapiritsi ematomu anopisa. Kusafa kwevamwari Democritus vakaramba.

Ndeupi mweya maererano neDhemocritus?

Muzivi akafungidzira mweya mufananidzo weatomu. Yakanga iri atomu iyi, iye akatenda, iyo inotsanangura zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwepfungwa. Icho chikuru ndicho kufamba. Mhepo inobereka mvura inofanira kunge inofamba. Saka, inofanirwa kumiririrwa nenzira yemoto maatomu ose. Kufungidzirawo isangano. Uye patinofema, pamwe chete nemhepo tinowana maatomu emoto matsva, tichigadzirisa maatomu akatora mweya yedu. Ndicho chikonzero kusagadziriswa kweizvi kunotungamirira kurufu. Mweya, Democritus akatenda, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mumunhu. Akarayira kutarisira kunyanya kwake, uye kwete nezvemuviri. Muzivi akafunga kuti zvinhu zvose zvinorarama. Mweya unozadza nyika yose imwari. Zvisinei, inoteerera mitemo yemagetsi uye haisi yakasiyana nepitatively kubva pane zvinhu zviripo.

Aesthetics of Democritus

Mariri, mutungamiriri wekare wechiGiriki, sezviri pachena, ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kurondedzera mutsara pakati pekutsvaga unyanzvi hwekushandiswa kwemafirimu uye zvigadzirwa zvemichina, izvo zvisingagoneki pasina kufemerwa. Mukuwedzera, mumitemo Democritus yakagadzira dzidziso yehutachiona hunobata (ataraxia).

Iye zvino unogona zvakare kutaura pamusoro paani Dhemocritus. Bhuku shomanana uye zvinhu zvaakawana zvinokwanisa kufarira munhu wese, saka tinokurudzira kuita izvi. Zvechokwadi vazhinji vehama dzako, hama neshamwari dzako havazivi zvaunoziva. Biography Democritus, chokwadi kubva mubasa rezvesayenzi uye kufadza ruzivo pamusoro payo - izvi zvose zvinogona kukurukurwa kwenguva refu.