Nhema dzezvakabva mafuta: organic and inorganic. Zvikamu zvemafuta ekuumbwa. Kwemazana mangani mafuta acho achapera

Nezvekodzero yemafungiro emafuta, masayendisiti haana kusvika pane imwe pfungwa. Iyi inhau yakakomba, uye dambudziko remhinduro yake iri kunze kwemasimba e geology yegesi nemafuta, kana yezvose zvesayenzi yezvinoitika izvo zvino zviripo kuvanhu. Mavambo emafuta haatauri chete nevanyori, asiwo nevashandi. Nyanzvi yekuzivikanwa yemafuta yemagetsi IM Gubkin mumakumi matatu ezana remakore ekupedzisira yakanyora pamusoro peizvi zvakawanda uye zvinonakidza, kukurukura mazano akasiyana-siyana ezvakabva mafuta. Isu tinowanzofungidzira kuti izvozvi zvave zvichiri kuitika kwemabhirioni emakore pasi penyika pasi, pasi redu riri munzira dzakawanda chisingazivikanwi kwatiri. Munhu anoziva zvishomanana nezvenzira yezvokwadi yemagadziriro ekugadzirwa kwemhepo, saka mafungiro ezvakabva mafuta akawanda kwazvo.

Zvinyorwa zviviri zvinokosha

Apo vanhu vanonyatsoziva nezvemamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira pakubuda kwemafuta, apo inodzidza kuti mari yacho yakaumbwa sei pasi pano, apo inoshamwaridzana nezvose, kunze kweivo, maitiro emarongerwo emhando, maitiro avo ane maitiro anofadza kuonekwa uye kuunganidza mafuta - chete Kutsvakurudza uye kutarisa kwezvinyorwa zvichange zvichiitwa nenzira chaiyo. Senguva iyo shanduro yezve geological yakatanga kukura, mazano maviri makuru ezvakabva mumafuta akataurwa. Wokutanga anorondedzera dzidzo yake kune nyaya inorarama. Iyi inyanzvi yehupenyu yekutanga kwemafuta. Yechipiri inoratidza kuti gasi nemafuta zvakasimuka nekuda kwehuwandu hwehydrogen necarboni pamatambudziko makuru uye kutonhora munzvimbo dzakadzika dzepasi. Iyi inyanzvi yehutano yemafungiro emafuta.

Nhoroondo inotaura kuti chikafu chinonzi chikafu chakaonekwa gare gare chisina kuitika: kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, mafuta akabudiswa bedzi apo yakasangana nepamusoro penyika - muCalifornia, muMediterranean, kuVenezuela nekune dzimwewo nzvimbo. Mumwe musayendisiti weGermany Humboldt akafungidzira kuti mafuta acho aumbwa sei: saAsphalt, semugumisiro wekuitwa kwemakomo. Kwapera nguva yakati, muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, makemikari ainge atoziva maitiro ekugadzira acetylene C ₂ H ₂ ne methane hydrocarbons mu laboratories. Kunyange gare gare Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev akaendeswa kunyika yose yake "carbide", panzvimbo yehutano hwehupenyu hwemavambo emafuta. Nyanzvi yezvegoloji uye nyanzvi Gubkin vakamutuka zvikuru.

Mendeleev naGubkin

Muna 1877, tenzi akaita muRussian Chemical Society pamusana pemafungiro ekutanga kwemafuta. Yakanga yakavakirwa pamashoko makuru echokwadi, uye naizvozvo yakabva yave yakakurumbira. Kutarisa kubva pauchapupu, zvose zvakasununguka zvipo panguva iyoyo zvakanyanyisa kumativi ezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nemakomo, zvinowedzera murefu uye zviri pedyo nenharaunda yezvikanganiso zvakakura. Maererano naMendeleyev, kuburikidza nezvikanganiso zvakadzika muNyika, mvura inopinda uye inopindirana nesimbi carbides, nokudaro ichiita kuti kuve kwemafuta, izvo zvinowedzera uye mafomu aripo. Mendeleyev fomu yakaita seyiyi: 2FeC + 3H ₂ O = Fe ₂ O ₃ + C ₂ H ₆ . Kutonga nemafungiro ake (mafuta anoumbwa sei), izvi zvinowanzoitika, uye kwete chete kune kure kwegehena.

IM Gubkin yakatsoropodza carbide theory kwose kwose. Iyi sarudzo haigoni kugutsa munhu anoziva zvakanaka geology yemunhu anoziva kuti mafuta akaumbwa zvakakwana uye apo pasina zvikanganiso zvinotungamirira mvura kumvura yakasvibiswa. Kukanganisa kwakadaro hakusipo mune zvakasikwa - kubva pamucheto wePasi kusvikira kumusoro. Bhandi rebasalt haringabvumi mvura kuti ipinde mukatikati, kana mafuta akapera kuti aende kunze. Kunyanya zvakadaro nokuti zvinopesana nedzidziso iyi inotaura mafuta ose, nhasi anobva mumvura yakadzika. Nharo Gubkin yakashandawo sekuti mafuta akaumbwa nenzira isinganzwisisiki, iyo inenge isingaiti, asi yakasikwa-inoshingaira, inogona kukwanisa kuenderera mberi mundiro yekujekesa chiedza.

Cosmos ndiyo nharo yechitatu

Inonyanya kufarirwa yakanga iri nheyo ye cosmic yekuti mafuta anogadzirwa sei. Nhasi, nekutangira kwemazuva ano teknolojia, uye yakatambura fiasco inopwanya. Gologist weRussia N. A. Sokolov akafumura chirevo chake chezvinhu zvakasikwa zvemafuta mumakore ari kure muna 1892, zvichienderana nekuti mahydrocarboni aivapo panyika yedu nguva dzose, mumamiriro ayo akaisvonaka, uye akaumbwa pamatambo ekudenga apo nyika yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa. Kunotonhora, nyika yakanyanyisa mafuta, ichiipisa mumvura inopisa. Mushure mekugadzirwa kwechigadziko chakasimba, magma yakaita seinosiya mahydrocarboni, ayo aipfurikidza nekuputika uye akasimuka kumativi ayo ekumusoro, uko akawedzera kubva kunotonhorera uye akaumba zvimwe kuunganidza. Arguments Sokolov yakashanda sekuti mahydrocarboni akawanikwa muhukuru hwemeteorite.

Gubkin uye nheyo iyi yakatsoropodzwa kumiti, yakapa mhosva yekuti zvikonzero zvayo ndeyekuti zvinyorwa zvinorevei, izvo maonero ezvegungwa asina kumbosimbiswa. Akanga aine chokwadi kuti pane anenge asiri mafuta asina kusimba muzvisikwa, uye izvo zviripo, hazvikwanisi kukosha. Iyo yakawanda yemafuta aripo ichiripo ine chinhu chakapfuura nepakati pematanho ose emafuta ekugadzira, uye inonzi organic. Hurukuro inotevera yechinetso ichi yakatora makore anenge zana, nemakakatanwa akafanana uye kusawirirana kwechibvumirano. Soviet masayendisiti masayendisiti akaendesa mberi pfungwa yakajeka yemafungiro emafuta.

Masayendisiti eSoviet Union

Kropotkin, Porfiryev, Kudryavtsev uye vamwe vanhu vakaita semafungiro akaedza kuratidza kuti kubva kune hydrogen uye carbon, iyo yakakwana mumagma, zvinodhaka CH, CH ₂ , CH ₃ , zvinosunungurwa kubva pamwe chete neoksijeni, zvinowanikwa, izvo zvinoshanda sechinhu chekutanga kune nzvimbo dzinotonhora Kuumba mafuta. Kudryavtsev aive nechokwadi chekuti biogenic kubva mumafuta inobvumira kuti ipfuure pamwe chete nemagesi muchidembo chepasi chepasi kuburikidza nezvikanganiso zvakadzama zvakananga kubva kumucheka wepasi. Porfiriev akaramba kuti mafuta haana kuuya nemafungiro e-hydrocarbon radicals kubva munzvimbo dzakadzika, asi atove aine zvizere zvezvinhu zvose zvemafuta akazowedzerwa, achiputsa napamabwe. Akange asingagoni kupindura mubvunzo chete wekuti mafuta akadzika sei asati apinda. Pasina mubvunzo, mumasangano e-subcortical, asi nheyo yose haina kungofanana neyo yapfuura.

Izvo zvakabva mumafuta zvakasimbiswa nezvikonzero zvinotevera:

1. Izvo zvinowanikwawo mumatombo anokosha e crystalline.

2. Zvivako zvegesi nemafuta zvinowanikwa pamwechete nemahrocarboni mumhepo inopisa, mu "kuputika tubes", mumhepo.

3. Hydrocarboni inogona kuwanikwa ne laboratori zvinoreva, kuumba mamiriro ekudzvinyirira kukuru uye kutonhora.

4. Magasi anokonodha uye mvura inokonzerwa newadhirocarbon fluid aripo mumatsime anozarura chivako chekristalline (kuSweden, Tatarstan nedzimwewo nzvimbo).

5. Organic theory haigoni kutsanangura kuvapo kwekukura kukuru kwemafuta uye magumi makuru.

6. Ikoti yegesi ndeyezera reCenozoic, uye yemafuta-post-Paleozoic pamapuratifomu ekare emakomo.

7. Mairi emafuta anowanzobatanidzwa nezvikanganiso zvakadzama.

Organic theory

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, mabhuku akawanda ane data itsva akaonekwa. Semuenzaniso, mafuta emvura anowanikwa mumakungwa, munzvimbo dzavo dzinopararira. Zvizhinji zvezviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kutanga kwemafuta. Zvisinei, ichiripo pane zvishoma uye zvishoma nezvisina mhosva. Saka, ane vashoma vatsigiri kusvikira nhasi. Iyo yakawanda kwazvo yezvikwata zvema geologist, kunze kwenyika uye munyika yedu, inonamatira kune zvakananga zvidzidzo zvemavambo emafuta. Ndeipi inonakidza pamusoro penyaya iyi?

Iyo yebiogenic inotangira mafuta inoreva kubuda kwayo kubva munyaya yehupenyu ye sedimentary subaquatic deposits. Chimiro chebasa iri chiri pachena. Vatsigiri veiyo biogenic vanodavira kuti mafuta chibereko chakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekushandurwa kubva munyaya dzehupenyu. Izvi ndizvo zvakasara zvemhuka nemhuka yezvirimwa muzvinyorwa zvemahombekombe emvura yakabva, iyo gramu yemunyu inoshandiswa pairi imwe yega inenge magiramu chaiyo, asi mumatombo asingatsviki iyo yemamita mita imwe ye sediment inogona kukonzera kusvika pamakirogiramu matanhatu. Muvhu-hafu kikilogiramu, mune saritombo - mazana maviri magamu, mumakona-mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu.

Mhando mbiri dzezvinhu zvakasikwa

Sapropel uye humus - munhu wese, anofarira nezvekura kwemazviro, anoziva kuti chii. Kana iyo nyaya inogadziriswa iri pasi pemvura, uko kuwanika kwemhepo kusina kukwana, asi ndiko, kunotenderera, humus inowanikwa - chikamu chikuru chevhu inopa kubereka. Kana iri pasi pemvura, asi isina ruzivo rwemhepo yakasvibiswa, iyo nyaya inowedzera, zvino "slow distillation" inowanikwa, chimiro chekuporesa chirongwa chiri kuora. Zviduku zviduku zvine mvura yakasimba nguva dzose zvine zvakawanda zvebhuruu-green algae, plankton, kusanganisira arthropods, iyo inorarama kwenguva pfupi uye inofa muhuwandu hwakawanda.

Nzvimbo yakasimba yealt-sopropel yakasikwa yakadzika pasi. Izvozvo ndizvo zvikamu zvegungwa zvemahombekombe, zvivako, zvinyorwa. Nechipfuti chakaoma sapropel chinogadzira makumi maviri neshanu kubva muzana yehuremu hwemafuta-samafuta mafuta. Uye kuumbwa kwemafuta inzira inotora nguva yakareba uye yakaoma zvokuti hazvibviri kuti munhu atevere zvikamu zvayo zvose, anongowana chete mugumisiro - mahomwe makuru uye mafuta anoiswa. Uye izvi zvakatora zviuru zvemakore muzvivigiro zvemafuta, uko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuisa zvigadzirwa pasi pegungwa uye zvine denga rakapararira rezvisikwa zvakasikwa pane zvisiri pasi pejekiti-mazana mana magamu pamakiromita emakiromita.

Zvichida

Petroleum inotakura nepamusoro-soro-ivhu-carbonate, ine zvinhu zvakashata sapropel. Zvitoro izvi zvinonzi imba-vavaki. Izvo zviripo mune zvose zvinyorwa zvepamberi, mumaPhanerozoic, uye pane imwecheteyo yemakondinendi emakondinendi akasiyana zvakasiyana. Zvakaitika sei? Makore mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu akapfuura, upenyu hwakatanga panyika. Munguva yeCambrian, gungwa reMvura rePasi rakanga ratova nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvinhu zvakasikwa. Paleozoic yokutanga yaimiririrwa nemakungwa makuru uye mahombekombe, apo vagari nevana vasina simba vakatova nemhando zhinji yemarudzi.

Uye kwete zvose kamwechete nyika iyi yehupenyu yakamhanyira kunyika. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaisvonaka ehupenyu akaumbwa muzvitubu pahupamhi hwemakumi matanhatu kusvika makumi masere mamita, kazhinji mashefu emiganhu yepasi pepasi. Icho chiri pedyo nenyika, iyo inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumiti. Intracontinental mazamu inosvika makumi mashanu kubva muzana yezvose zvakachengetwa nyaya yehupenyu. Izvo zvakanakisisa mamiriro ekusika kwemafuta ndiyo mahombekombe egungwa. Nyika yekombe yemafuta ndiyo makungwa ekare, uye kwete maruva mumvura yakachena.

Zvikamu zvemafuta ekuumbwa

Academician Gubkin akatsigira kuti maumbirwo emafuta haagoni kuita pasina kupedza dzimwe nhanho. Chokutanga-sedimentogenesis uye diagenesis, apo kuumbwa kwegesi-amai uye amai-mafuta ari zvigadzirwa, iyo-yekutanga yehupenyu. Nharaunda yekutanga inotakura zvinokonzerwa nemasikirwo emakemikari, pasi pekugadzirwa kwechizigoni uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinokonzera gaseous, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinopera.

Chimwe chikamu chazvo chinoputika uye chinowedzera, dzimwe nguva kunyange kuchimiririra kufarira kwekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi (makumi mashanu mabhiriyoni cubic mamita ematane mune rimwe reAfrica, somuenzaniso, kana muJapan, zvakare, gasi rinobudiswa kubva mumhepo inosvika kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe muzana yemethane). Zvisinei, mafuta haasati atanga panguva iyi. Asi imwezve dive inotungamirira kusvitsa kune peteroleum matombo e catagenesis zone, umo ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, methane, carbon dioxide, uye zvinhu zvinodhaka zve hydrocarbon zvatove zvichibuda kubva pakutanga kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Phases and Zones

Chikamu chikuru chekuisa mafuta mumutambo we catagenesis pahupamhi hwemakiromita maviri kusvika matatu emvura yakasvibirira pakushambidza kwemasere makumi masere kusvika kune zana nemakumi mashanu Celsius. Izvo zvakanakisisa mamiriro aya ndeaya ayo maonero ehupamhi yepamusoro yekushisa. Oiri uye chigasi chegesi zvinewo nzvimbo dzakasiyana maererano nekudzika kwezvinoitika. Kusvikira kumamita zana nemakumi mashanu nzvimbo yacho inonzi biochemical, iyo iyo kukura kwehupenyu hwehupenyu muhupenyu hwehupenyu nekubudiswa kwegezi inozivikanwa.

Kubvira kune imwe kusvika kune imwechete nehafu kubva pasi - nzvimbo yekushandura, apo zvose zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu zvinoputirwa. Nzvimbo yechitatu inobva kune imwe nehafu kusvika pamakiromita matanhatu - thermocatalytic, inonyanya kukosha pakuumbwa kwamafuta. Uye yechina ndiyo gesi, umo methane inowanzoumbwa. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti tsvina inotanga nekuumbwa kwegesi, uye inofambidzana nemafuta ekugadzirisa pamatanho ose, uye inopedza izvi. Kuisa zasi kwakajeka, uye kugovera kwehydrocarboni muminda kunopera.

Kuwedzera

Pamberi pacho, mafuta akabudiswa apo inoswedera pedyo nechokumusoro. Iye zvino maitiro ayo akawedzerwa kakawanda, uye naizvozvo matsime anongoshamisa zvinoshamisa nehurefu hwavo. Nzvimbo refu kupfuura dzose dzakaputirwa muUnited States: paSakhalin - makiromita anopfuura gumi nemaviri, uye paKola Peninsula - mamita 12262. MuQatar, tsime rakakosha rinopfuura makiromita gumi nemakiromita refu, muUnited States matsime mapfumbamwe mapfumbamwe. Muzvikomo zveBavaria zveGermany kune rimwechete makiromita makiromita zvakanaka, kubva pane izvo zvisina kugoverwa kana kubviswa, kunyange zvazvo vakashandisa madhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemanomwe pairi. MuAustria, munda muduku wemafuta wakawanikwa, izvo zvisingatarisirwi zvakazove zvakakura kudarika zvakaongororwa, asi mafuta akawanikwa pakadzika kwemakiromita masere. Pachinyatsoongorora, boka iri rakanga risina mafuta, asi gesi, iro raisakwanisika kubvisa - maitiro edzirosi ino haana kubvumirwa. Uye ivo vakanyura tsime, asi havana kuwana chinhu zvachose, kwete kunyange slates, iyo inogona kubviswa.

Nyika dzose dzinoda mafuta. Nemhaka yokuti haasipo, hondo dzinogara dzichatanga. Iko zvino yakatorwa mune zvisati zvamboitika. Nyika yakatove yakanyatsobudiswa. Nyanzvi dzezvesayenzi dzakaverenga kuti inguva yakareba sei mafuta aripo mumoyo wePasi achagara. Uye zvakazoitika kuti kwaiva nemakore makumi mashanu nematanhatu chete akasiiwa ezvo zviongororwa zvakachengetedzwa. Zvechokwadi, hazvizoperi zvachose. Vanhu vatoziva kuti vangabvisa sei mafuta kubva mumafuta, mafuta ejecha, bhitumini yemhando uye nezvimwe zvakawanda. Venezuela ine mafuta akakwana kwemakore zana, Saudi Arabia - inenge makumi manomwe, Russia - pasi pemakore makumi matatu ekuva mafuta uye gasi guru.