Okuruka mutauro uye kutaura zvekunyanyisa. mutauro dzichipfekeka kuno-

Stylesheet Language - ndiro siyana, izvo kushumira mumwe kana mhiri evanhu upenyu. Vose vane zvimwe zviruva: chinangwa kana kushandisa zvinhu, chimiro yavanofanira kurarama, uye iine kwomutauro mari.

Nyaya yokudana rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki "stilos", iro raireva rutanda kuti tsamba. Sezvo chirango nesayenzi atora chimiro sezvinoita ari maviri remakore rechimakumi maviri. Pakati pevaya zvakasimba nezvokumwe zvinetso stylistics, akanga M. V. Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. Serious pfungwa inobhadharwa neimwe dzichipfekeka zvitaera D. E. Rosenthal, VV Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina nevamwe.

Five okuruka kutaura mumutauro Russian

mutauro Functional kuno- - vane zvimwe zvaidiwa kutaura pacharo, kana ayo mumagariro mhando, yakananga mashoko uye girama, izvo dzinoenderana kukura uye mafungiro.

In Russian, vari rakagara richidudzirwa rakakamurwa nezvemarudzi shanu:

• Elementary;
• pamutemo basa;
• mutsvakurudzi;
• publicist;
• Art.

Standards uye pfungwa nechimwe zvinoenderana enhoroondo yaitonga uye kuchinja kwenguva. Kusvikira XVII remakore kwezuva nezuva uye bookish nemashoko akasiyana zvikuru. mutauro Russian vakava chaiko chete XVIII remakore, Nemhaka kuitwa M. V. Lomonosova. Modern mutauro Style akatanga kuoneka panguva imwe chete.

Birth siyana

In yekare nguva kwakanga mabhuku chechi, ebhizimisi uye yaMakoronike. Ataurwa mutauro nezuva akasiyana navo zvakasimba zvakakwana. Panguva iyoyowo, zvipfuwo uye ebhizimisi vane zvakawanda zvakafanana. M. V. Lomonosov akaita kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu yakawanda nesimba.

Ndokuisa hwaro rekare pfungwa, ichijekesa mukuru, yakaderera uye pakati zvekunyanyisa. Maererano naye, Russian mutauro chaiko rakaumbwa somugumisiro vagari kukura bhuku uye kwezuva nezuva dzakasiyana. Iye akatora sezvikonzero stylistically kwazvakarerekera siyana uye kuratidzwa mumwe uye imwe, akabvumira kushandiswa nevanhu mashoko uye rinokutadzisa kushandiswa zvishoma kuzivikanwa uye yakananga Slavonicisms. Nemhaka M. V. Lomonosovu raivapo panguva iyoyo yesayenzi mutauro zvekunyanyisa kukasawedzerwa.

Zvadaro, A. S. Pushkin zvakasimbisa kuti pakuzadzisa zvidavado. basa rake nheyo unyanzvi manyorerwo.

zvirevo Moscow uye naPetro kuchinja vaiva kwakatangira mutauro unonyanya-bhizimisi. Yekare aMakoronike, mharidzo uye nedzidziso akaumba hwaro journalistic maitiro. Mune mabhuku shanduro, zvakatanga kuoneka chete XVIII remakore. To musi, zvose 5 mutauro kuno- yakashongedzwa pachena zvikuru uye vane subspecies zvavo.

muhurukuro mhuri

Sezvo zita rinoreva, manyorerwo urwu rwokutaura zvaishandiswa pakukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva. Kusiyana jargon uye tumitauro, nayo inobva mabhuku duramazwi. Kukura kwayo - ezvinhu apo pasina pachena pamutemo hukama pakati mapato. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, akashandisa mashoko kazhinji enyika uye zvirevo (semuenzaniso, "zvitema", "bhiza", "akasiya"). Asi iwe unogona kushandisa mashoko ataura coloring ( "cloakroom", "kusava nguva").

Inside kutaurwa ndiwo subspecies matatu: obihodno-mutengi, zvebhizimisi-obihodno uye epistolary. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira private tsamba. Colloquially, zvebhizimisi - pfungwa kukurukurirana chakarongwa ezvinhu. Elementary uye pamutemo zvitaera basa mutauro (chidzidzo kana hurukuro inogona mumwe muenzaniso) mune imwe pfungwa, ichi subspecies yakakamurwa pakati pavo, sezvo rinogona kunzi, uye ipapo ipapo.

Informal zvinoita kujairirana, rudo uye kuderedzwa kutaura, uyewo mashoko evaluative suffixes (eg "domische", "tsuro", "kuzvirumbidza"). Kukurukurirana musha kunogona wakajeka chaizvo uye mutsipa nokuda kushandiswa Mitsara uye mashoko mupfungwa kuratidza mumvuri ( "usimbe", "blizehonko", "vamwe", "mutsvene", "yubchonka").

Zvinowanzoshandiswa mavanga siyana - "kusingagutsi", "amburenzi", "yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka". mutauro unotaurwa zvakareruka kupfuura bhuku - kukodzera kushandiswa PARTICIPLE uye gerunds, multipartite dzakaoma mitsetse. Kazhinji, manyorerwo ichi anofambirana chaiko, asi panguva imwe chete ine peculiarities ayo.

nesayenzi Style

Iye, uyewo pamutemo basa, zvikuru kuzviomesera wokusarudza mashoko kuti zvikuru nhete iri yezvinoreva bvumidzwa. Scientific werudzii mutauro wokuRussia haabvumiri remutauro jargon, kwezuva nezuva mashoko, mashoko mupfungwa nechimiro chokureva. Inoshanda nokure sayenzi nemaindasitiri.

Sezvo chinangwa magwaro nesayenzi - kupa tsvakurudzo zvakabudiswa, vavariro chokwadi, zvinoita zvinoda kuti sezvamunoita kwavo uye mashoko akashandiswa. Kazhinji, kutevedzana mharidzo iri sezvinotevera:

• Sumo - mutsara dambudziko, zvinangwa, nyaya;
• chikuru chikamu - kutsvaga uye Sorting zvokusarudza, kudhirowa pfungwa, uchapupu;
• Pakupedzisira - mhinduro kumubvunzo nechinangwa.

The chigadzirwa ari Genre ichi inovakwa uye zvine musoro, izvozvo vakashumira marudzi maviri mashoko: chokwadi, uye ipapo, sezvo muvambi pakuronga kwavo.

Scientific mutauro Style kunoita kushandisa zvikuru mashoko, kuti chivakashure anti-, ambodzidza, quasi-, super- -skeleton suffix, ism, -Kwete-e (antibodies, nedambudziko, supernova, ndakagara upenyu, Chirevo, cloning). Uyezve, mashoko okuti havapo voga - zvinoumba kunzwisisa richikurukura ukama uye hurongwa kubva mukuru kune kunyanya kubva yose kusvika zvikamu, iyo genus / kwemarudzi nokuzivikanwa / zvakapesana, uye zvichingodaro.

Essential nzira dzakaita rugwaro - zvinhu sezvazviri uye kururama. Chayo vanodzinga mhosva mutauro, Kudanidzira, unyanzvi zvirungamutauro mupfungwa, ari kukodzera pano kutungamirira nyaya rokutanga munhu. Kururama runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo okuti. Sezvo mufananidzo, imwe Excerpt kubva mubhuku Anatoliya Fomenko, "Nzira kwemasvomhu kuongorora nhoroondo magwaro."

Mwero "kuoma" ari yesayenzi rwezuva kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro akainangisa uye chinangwa - uyo Mwari akaronga chigadzirwa, sei ruzivo anofungidzirwa kuva vanhu ava, kana vachakwanisa kunzwisisa zviri pangozi. Zviri pachena kuti mune zvakadai chiitiko, sezvinoita chidzidzo mutauro Russian, matauriro, uye mashoko zvitaera chikoro vanoda nyore, uye hurukuro pamusoro mukuru makosi kuchaita kukunakira uye kunzwisisa yesayenzi mazwi.

Chokwadi, chikuru basa mutambo nezvimwewo - dingindira (ari hwokugadzira mutauro sayenzi yakasimba uye zvakawanda yaidzorwa kupfuura nevanhu) Genre.

Mukati Style ichi pane kuomesa zvinodiwa kuti kunyoresa basa rakanyorwa: yatenzi uye doctorate zvichemo, monographs, essays.

Substyles nuances uye matauriro nesayenzi

Kuwedzera pakutsvakurudza chaiko, govera subgenres zvikuru yesayenzi-inodzidzisa uye zvesayenzi-akakurumbira. Mumwe rinoshandiswa kuti chinangwa chaicho uye kuti yakananga vateereri. mutauro izvi kuno- - mienzaniso yakasiyana, asi panguva imwe chete, zvakafanana chitarisiko yokukurukurirana Rwako.

Research uye Training Sub-Genres - rudzi chiedza shanduro inokosha manyorerwo, umo mabhuku zvakanyorerwa avo uchangotanga kuongorora nzvimbo itsva. Representatives - mabhuku kuti dzakakwirira zvikoro, mumakoreji, chikoro (chesekondari), chikamu okuzvibatsira, mamwe mabhuku, rakagadzirirwa beginners (hereinafter - imwe Excerpt kubva zvepfungwa rokushandisa muzvikoro: Vanyori Slastenin V. Isayev AI nevamwe, "Pedagogy Textbook .. ").

Scientific-mukurumbira Sub-Genres - nyore kunzwisisa pane mamwe maviri. Its chinangwa - kutsanangurira vateereri zvakaoma chokwadi uye kurongedza nyore uye unonzwisisika mutauro. Various maenisaikoropidhiya "101 chokwadi pamusoro ..." zvakanyorwa naye.

Official mabhizimisi

kupfuura formalized 5 Russian mutauro zvekunyanyisa. Rinoshandiswa yokukurukura pakati States uyewo masangano pamwe nemumwe uye vagari. Inzira kutaurirana pakati vanhu kumabasa, mune masangano, pabasa zvekutepfenyura, mukati yechiitwa yavo pamutemo sungiro.

Official mabhizimisi Style zvinoreva bhuku-kunyora, rinoshandiswa mune magwaro mitemo, mirairo, makondirakiti, mabasa, nemasimba gweta uye magwaro zvakafanana. The zvokuudzwa chimiro rinoshandiswa kutaura, mishumo, kukurukurirana yechinangwa kushanda ukama.

Zvinoumba pamutemo Style

In mukuru muchikwata akataura anoverengeka Sub-Genres:

• Legislative. Rinoshandiswa nomuromo uye pakunyora, mumitemo, mirau, mutongo, mirayiridzo, tsananguro tsamba, vanorumbidza, uye mirayiridzo, wavo akanyora pasi uye woshanda mashoko. Nomuromo rinonzwika munguva gakava dzeparamende uye nyaya.
• Nematunhu - iripo nomumukanwa uye akanyorwa nezvimiro, rinoshandiswa indictments, zvakazvinakira, kusungwa kunogarirwa, nezvaakatonga, rokukwirira, Maitiro mabasa. Uyezve, unogona kunzwa panguva nezvakatongwa nharo, kukurukura vagari 'kugamuchira uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Administrative - pakunyora chaitwa mune mirairo, nemitemo, sarudzo, makondirakiti, basa uye inishuwarenzi zvibvumirano, pamutemo tsamba, mikumbiro siyana, neteregiramu, achida, memoranda, autobiographies, mishumo, pakutengeserana, kutumirwa mapepa. The zvokuudzwa chimiro administrative Sub-Genres - varayirwa, Auktionen, zvokutengeserana Nhaurirano, mashoko ari yemichato, Auktionen, misangano, etc ...
• Nedzenyu. Genre ichi kunyora zvinogona kuwanikwa muchimiro zvibvumirano, magungano, zvibvumirano, nesungano, protocols, pachedu manotsi. The zvokuudzwa chimiro - munhu communiqué, memorandums, vadyi mashoko.

The mukuru-bhizimisi Style yakatarwa zvirevo anoshandiswa vachishingaira kudenha mibatanidzwa kutukana emazita:

• inobva ...
• maererano ...
• pahwaro ...
• nokuda ...
• nokuda ...
• nokuda ...

nesayenzi uye yepamutemo mabhizimisi mutauro zvitaera chete vane chimiro yakajeka uye mamiriro. Panyaya iyi, chikumbiro, CV, dzemari, kadhi, muchato uye nevamwe.

Nokuti Style ari dzinoratidzwa kwazvakarerekera mataurire inhoroondo, yakananga shoko murayiro, zvirevo yakaoma, Kupfupika, conciseness, kushaya munhu akazvimiririra. Zvinowanzoshandiswa chaiyo mazwi, abbreviations, inokosha nemashoko uye mitsara. Chimwe akakurumbira chinhu - munhu cliche.

publicistic

mutauro Functional kuno- vari chaiyo chaizvo. Journalistic - hapana anosara. It rinoshandiswa nhau, paruzhinji uye nguva nenguva mabhuku, panguva enyika, zvokutonga zvesimba. Kakawanda unogona kuwanika mimwe paredhiyo nepaterevhizheni, mumapepanhau, magazini, mapepa, Misangano mikuru.

Reading ari aiendeswa navanopinda vateereri, saka pane haawanzopiwi kuwanikwa zvakananga mashoko, uye kana paine, vanotsvaka kutsanangura imwe chete murugwaro. It iripo kwete chete pakutaura uye kunyora - inowanikwawo mapikicha, firimu, hwakajeka uye zvokufananidzira, chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo, kunoshamisa uye kutukana-zvekuimba chimiro.

Journalistic werudzii mutauro une huru mbiri Mabasa: ruzivo uye simba. The basa rokutanga - kuratidza vanhu chokwadi. Chechipiri - angagadzirira pfungwa, kukanganisa pfungwa zviitiko. Information kushanda zvinoda mashoko dzechokwadi uye yakarurama Data vari kufarira kwete chete kune munyori, asiwo muverengi. Achishanda sezvo zvakauya pachake mafungiro munyori, foni yake chiito, uye nzira zvokuratidzira.

Kunze chaicho ichi maitiro, pane mutauro nevakawanda zvavo zvinhu: kukurukura, upenyu uye aesthetic.

kukurukura basa

Kukurukurirana - huru mukuru dambudziko mutauro, izvo kunooneka pacharo mumarudzi acho ose uye zvekunyanyisa. Absolutely kuno- ose mutauro uye kutaura zvitaera vari kukurukura basa. In nhau chete magwaro uye zvesimba vari aiendeswa navanopinda vateereri, kuti inofambiswa chaitwa kuburikidza tsamba uye foni vanoverenga, pemapuranga kukurukurirana, kubvunzurudza. Izvi zvinoda kuti rugwaro akanga akajeka uye nyore kuti vaverengi kunzwisisa.

kuratidza basa

The journalistic Rugwaro zvinoonekwa kuti ndiani ayo munyori, izvo zvinogona kuratidza mafungiro avo kuti zviitiko, kugoverana maonero avo. The siyana Genres nemunyori yakasiyana dhigirii rusununguko - emotionality runowanzoitika turakiti kana hurukuro ratidza hondo, asi haana kutambirwa mune mashoko katsamba kana nhau kusunungurwa.

Mashoko arege kudarika musoro mitemo - zvakafanira kuremekedza mitemo nemagariro kutaura uye kutaura manzwiro havagoni kuva chete chinangwa.

The aesthetic basa

Ose 5 okuruka kutaura mutauro wokuRussia, basa iri aripo chete muna maviri. Mumabhuku aesthetics inoita basa rinokosha nhau basa raro shoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, verenga kana kuteerera zvakanaka-akagadzirirwa, zvakanaka vakafunga panze, pakati nepakati rugwaro zvinofadza zvikuru. Saka, zviri chinodiwa kuti kuteerera aesthetic unhu iri pakati Genres.

Genres kuti nhau

Inside huru manyorerwo secrete yakawanda akapakatira kushandiswa Genres:

• oratorical kutaura;
• kabhuku;
• rondedzero;
• kushuma;
• lampoon;
• kubvunzurudza;
• pabepa nevamwe.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo rinoshandiswa zvimwe ezvinhu: turakiti racho sezvo mufananidzo romubati uye journalistic mabasa kazhinji kunangana imwe pati, pasocial chakajairika kana zvematongerwo enyika zvarwo, mashoko - a chiriporipocho uye kusasarura mashoko kubva panzvimbo, nyaya - a Genre nako munyori It inoongorora zvimwe zviitiko, chokwadi, uye anovapa kuongororwa yavo uye dudziro.

uri Style

kuno- Vose mutauro uye kutaura kuno- achishandisa unyanzvi. Rinopa manzwiro uye pfungwa munyori, kunokanganisa muverengi kuti zvokufungidzira. Inoshandisa vose zvishandiso mamwe zvitaera, kusiyana-siyana uye wakapfuma mutauro, hwokuratidza mufananidzo, manzwiro, pfungwa kutaura. Rinoshandiswa mabhuku.

Chinokosha zvidavado uyu aesthetics - pano, kusiyana venhau, mumwe runodiwa Kufananidzira.

Kune mhando ina romubati zvitaera:

• paakaita;
• lyrical;
• Drama;
• vasanganiswa.

Mumwe nemumwe genera idzi ine yayo yokusvika kuna chiitiko kuratidza. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro yakakura, pachava kunyanya yakatodzama nezvenyaya yacho kana chiitiko apo munyori amene kana mumwe wevanhu achaita basa narrator nyaya.

The lyrical nhoroondo chinotaura pamusoro sokuti chiitiko akasiya munyori. Hedzinoi pfungwa zvakaitika, chii chiri kuitika munyika yomukati.

Kunoshamisa kusvika chinomirira imwe nyaya muzviito, ndichimuratidza akaipoteredza. zvinhu uye zviitiko. Dzidziso idzi genera matatu ndezvaMwari V. G. Belinskomu. In "wakachena" chimiro, mumwe nomumwe ava hariwanikwi. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvimwe vanyori kudoma mumwe mhando - vasanganiswa.

Uyewo, yakakura, lyric, nzira zvinoshamisa kuti tsananguro zviitiko uye nyaya dziri rakakamurwa Genres: rengano, nyaya, nyaya pfupi, yokufungidzira, ode, mutambo, nhetembo, mutambo uye zvakawanda.

The unyanzvi kwokukurukurirana mutauro une pachake zvachiri:

• Inoshandisa ibatanidzo mitauro pfuma vamwe zvitaera;
• chimiro, mamiriro, mutauro, Ezvemutauro vanosarudzwa maererano pfungwa uye pfungwa nemunyori;
• Kushandiswa dzakananga zvirungamutauro, izvo zvinopa rugwaro Colorful uye fungidzira;
• zvikuru ndiye aesthetic basa.

Hapana zvikuru kushandiswa nzira (zvinofananidzira dimikira kuenzanisa synecdoche) uye manyorero nhamba (default epithet, epiphora, hyperbola, metonymy).

Artistic mufananidzo - wokugadzira - mutauro

Munyori chero basa, kwete chete chaiko, inoda nzira neVadzidzi Fafitera kana muverengi. Ose unyanzvi chimiro ine nzira yayo yokukurukurirana. Pano uye pane trilogy - ane zvinoyevedza mufananidzo, maitiro uye mutauro.

The mufananidzo - a Generic kusvika kunyika uye upenyu, akaratidza by the artist achishandisa mutauro wavo akasarudzwa. Zviri mumwe muboka mukuru uri, rudzi kududzirwa nyika paakasika zvivako yaivapo nemachira.

Artistic nzira rinonziwo chero Chiitiko, anosikwa nomunyori basa. Zvarinoreva kunoratidzwa chete kubata pamwe muverengi kana Fafitera: kuti vachaona munhu anoona kunoenderana ake zvinangwa, unhu, manzwiro mamiriro, tsika uye tsika, umo iye akamutsa.

The chinhu pamusoro vanamwari vatatu vatatu "mufananidzo - Style - mutauro" wechipiri anoreva imwe manyorero yaingowanikwa munyori kana nguva mubatanidzwa nzira uye unyanzvi. In unyanzvi, pane zvakasiyana pfungwa nhatu - manyorero yaitonga (anofukidza nhoroondo kwenguva, iyo inozivikanwa vaivakowo features, dzakadai Victorian nguva), National (pasi pake kunzwisisa zvinhu ndezvemamiriro chairo vanhu, rudzi, somuenzaniso, Japanese manyorerwo) uye munhu ( tiri kutaura pamusoro yokudhirowa, ane mabasa vane zvinhu zviri hwokuzvarwa nahwo humwe unhu Somuenzaniso, Picasso).

Language mune chero uri - ezvinhu ziso zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kushumira zvinangwa munyori kuumba mabasa, mudziyo kusika hwokudhirowa mufananidzo. Inoita kutaurirana pakati musiki uye vateereri, anobvumira kuti "kunyora" mufananidzo pamwe zvikuru nemamwe maitiro zvinhu.

Mumwe mhando rinoshandiswa okusika iyi nzira: kupenda - ruvara, chivezwa - Volume music - intonation, inzwi. Pamwe chete zvinoumba Utatu Categories - zvinoyevedza mufananidzo, manyorerwo, mutauro, rubatsiro kuti pedyo munyori uye kunzwisisa zviri nani kwavari zvakasikwa.

Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti, pasinei musiyano pakati pavo, zvitaera regai zviumbe, zvikuru namahwindo gadziriro. Vanokwanisa kuramba interpenetrate mumwe: kwete chete mifananidzo kushandiswa mutauro zvinoreva mamwe zvitaera, asi bhizimisi pamutemo ane zvakawanda pfungwa yakawiriranwa nesayenzi (dunhu uye zvemitemo subspecies nemazwi ayo pedyo anoranga yesayenzi avo).

Business Mutauro chinopinda ari ataura mutauro, uye vakutarisire. Journalistic maonero Kutaura hwakada zvakanyatsobatana nomuromo uye kunyora pamwe yezvinoreva zvataurwa uye akakurumbira yesayenzi manyorerwo.

Uyezve, mamiriro mutauro haisi chinhu yakatsiga. Pane kutaura kuti iri simba zvakanyatsoenzana. Kuramba kune pfungwa itsva, Russian Dictionary vaisanganisa kubudikidza mashoko anobva mimwe mitauro.

Kuunza itsva siyana mashoko achibatsirwa munazvo. Kukurumidza kukura zvesainzi uyewo kushingaira kunoitawo kuti vapfume musayenzi kwokukurukurirana pakutaura. Pfungwa zhinji kubva kusango renyaya uri ndanogara chikamu kwomuitirowo chaizvo mashoko, vaya kana nemamwe maitiro uye zvakavapo. A Pfungwa nesayenzi re zvavo pakutaura.