Physics. Reactive kufamba zvakasikwa uye ari unyanzvi

Jet Propulsion hunhu uye rwokugadzira - nevakawanda chinoshamisa. Zvakasikwa, zvikaitika kana chikamu chimwe muviri akaparadzaniswa neumwe nokukurumidza kubva dzimwe chikamu. In ichi kuita simba rinowanikwa pasina nesungano pakati nhengo pamwe kwokunze miviri.

Kuti tinzwisise zviri mungozi, zvakanaka kureva mienzaniso. Mienzaniso reactive inofamba zvakasikwa rwokugadzira vakawanda. Chokutanga, tichataura sei rinoshandiswa mhuka, uye zvino sei kushandiswa unyanzvi.

Medusa, mukonikoni mazana, plankton uye mollusks

Vazhinji, kushambira mugungwa, akasangana muramba. MuGungwa Dema izvozvo, zvakadaro, zvakakwana. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose vakafunga kuti kufambisa muramba kungovashandisa ndege propulsion. Nzira imwechete mukana wokuzvidzivirira uye mazana kuti dragonflies, uyewo vamwe vamiririri zvomumvura plankton. Kunyatsoshanda kuti invertebrate zvomumvura mhuka kuti kuushandisa kazhinji yepamusoro zvikuru kupfuura kuti unyanzvi zvigadzirwa.

mollusks Vakawanda kufamba kwedu mubereko nzira. Somuenzaniso, cuttlefish, Squid, octopus. Zvikurukuru, clam, scallop anokwanisa kuenda mberi, kushandisa ndege mvura, iyo asunungurwa singi apo nebhanhire rake zvinoshamisa shure.

Uye mienzaniso mishomanana kubva upenyu hwemhuka nyika, zvinogona kuguma rokuratidza dingindira: ". Ndege propulsion hwezuva nezuva upenyu, hunhu rwokugadzira"

Sei kufambisa cuttlefish

kunakidza chaizvo munyaya iyi, uye cuttlefish. Kufanana zhinji cephalopods, chinofamba mumvura, uchishandisa zvinotevera mashandiro. Kuburikidza fanera rinokosha riri mberi muviri, uyewo kuburikidza lateral mutswe cuttlefish kuvacheri vemvura kupinda kwayo Gill mhango. Zvino iye Anovhiringidza naye zvakasimba kubudikidza fanera. Cuttlefish chubhu fanera anorayira shure kana padivi. Sangano iri mhosva kunogona kuitwa kwakasiyana-siyana.

A nzira iyo inoshandisa salpa

Curious uye nzira inoshandisa salpa. Saka akadana gungwa mhuka kuti ane segirazi muviri. Salpa kuvacheri vemvura apo motokari uchishandisa kumberi buri. Mvura iri rakafara mhango, uye mukati maro vanosarudzirwa Tsanga yacho yaichekwa gills. Gomba iri akavharwa apo salpa anoita mvura huru mvura. transverse Its uye longitudinal tsandanyama chibvumirano, todzokera muviri wose nemhuka. Kuburikidza rwemberi Panovhurwa mvura akasunda chokunze. The mhuka ichifamba mberi nemhaka zvakaitwa zvichiguma jeti.

Squids - "torpedoes mhenyu"

The guru kufarira, zvichida, jeti injini, iri Squid. mhuka iyi anonzi mumiriri unokosha kupfuura invertebrate kwemarudzi panguva munyanza zvikuru makadzika. The reactive kufamba Squid zvasvika kukwana ichi. Kunyange mutumbi mhuka chakafanana chitundumuseremusere yavo zvekunze siyana. Asi makopi ari chitundumuseremusere Squid, sezvo zvake undisputed kuvamumwe panyaya iyi. Kana uchida kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma, mhuka anoshandisa uyu guru zenze nedhaimani serin'i kuti akatsunga kubvira nguva nenguva. Kana inoda kukurumidza rikaposherwa kubatsira jeti injini.

Kumativi ose muviri mollusk runopoteredza jasi - the tsandanyama tishu. Chinenge hafu zvachose Vhoriyamu muviri hwemhuka kuti ayo mhango vhoriyamu. Squid anoshandisa jasi mhango kuti kufamba, yakayamwa mvura mukati maro. Akabva zvikuru runodzingira vataipa Hova yemvura kuburikidza rakamanikana kamwene. Somugumisiro, iye zvinopfakanyika jerks shure nokukurumidza kukuru. Muchiitiko chino, Squid anowedzera dzose 10 tentacles mu pamusoro musoro wako chikwata kuwana munhu streamlined chimiro. Sezvo chikamu kamwene ane vharafu, uye pemhuka tsandanyama vanogona tenderera nayo. Pakudaro kuchinja nhungamiro kufamba.

Fadza nokukurumidza Squid

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti Squid injini iri mari chaizvo. Speed, izvo anokwanisa kutanga, unogona kusvika 60-70 km / h. Vamwe vaongorori yaitoti zvingava kusvika 150 km / h. Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti Squid hakusi pasina inonzi "mhenyu Avangard". Inogona zvayaitenderera paguyo iri kutsvakwa mirayiridzo, vakafugama pasi, kumusoro, akasiya, kana tentacles rworudyi akapeta danda.

Sezvazvakanyorwa anodzora kwebasa Squid

Sezvo tichienzanisa kukura mhuka iri vhiri guru kwazvo, kusvika Squid nyore kudzivisa kudhumhana pamwe chipingamupinyi, kunyange uchifamba panguva kunonyanyisa kumhanya, tinoda chete zvishomanana kwebasa mudhiraivho. Kana kutendeukira hasha, mhuka pakarepo mumhanye negwara risiri. Kalmar anokotama shure kuguma fanera uye somugumisiro vangafanira Vaiisa headfirst. Kana vygnet zvakanaka, iye vachakandwa kuruboshwe ndege huru. Zvisinei, kana uchida kukurumidza kuenda, kuti fanera nguva dzose zvakarurama pakati tentacles. The mhuka, muchiitiko ichi muswe nenhokwe mberi sezvinoita kenza run-mumhanyi, kana akanga ane bhiza agility.

Kana kana asina kudiwa nhokwe squids uye cuttlefish dzinoshambira unduliruya naro zvimbi. Front kuti musana abayiwa vakasiyana wave. Squid uye cuttlefish papfungwa akanyatsodengezerwa. Ivo chete neapo kuzvimanikidza umene mvura inoyerera, anokandwa kunze kubva pasi nguo dzavo. anorovera wega kuti mollusc anogamuchira kuputika mvura jets, mune Pakadaro pachena zvinoonekwa.

Flying Squid

Vamwe cephalopods anokwanisa mhanyisa kusvika 55 km / h. Hapana sokuti kuita yakananga kuyerwa, asi nhamba ichi tinogona kudana kwakavakirwa kure uye nokukurumidza ruchibhururuka Squid. Zvakaratidza kuti panewo vakadaro. Kalmar stenotevtis ndiyo yakanakisisa mutyairi kuti dzemugungwa zvose. vezvikepe Chirungu vanouti kubhururuka Squid (Flying Squid). mhuka iyi, pikicha iyo chinopiwa kumusoro, zviri mupfupi, pamwe vanenge herring. Iye nokukurumidza zvichatevera hove kuti kazhinji anobuda mumvura akatakurwa nevanhu museve pamusoro wayo pemvura. imwe nzira kwakadaro inoshandisa uye kana kurwiswa pazvikara - Tuna uye mackerel pasión. Iva kunonyanyisa torque maitiro ruoko mumvura, Squid inotanga mudenga uye ipapo rinobhururukira pamusoro 50 metres pamusoro remafungu. Panyaya iyi, iyo apogee kwayo ndege kunyange yakakwirira kuti kazhinji kubhururuka Squid yakarova zvikepe achipfeka. Kukwirira 4-5 metres kwavari - kwete zvinyorwa. Dzimwe nguva kubhururuka squids kubhururuka yakatokura.

Dr. Rice, dzemugungwa muongorori kubva United Kingdom, yake sayenzi munyaya akatsanangura mumiriri mhuka idzi, muviri kureba masendimita 16 chete. Zvisinei, akakwanisa kubhururuka kwakanaka kure nomumhepo vasati achiwana pamusoro bhiriji racho vacation. Kureba zambuko rakanga anenge 7 mamita!

Pane zviitiko apo chikepe rikawira waingova ndege Squid. Trebius Niger, munyori wekare akamboudza anosuruvarisa nyaya chikepe rinoita vasingagoni kutakura kurema mhuka idzi zvomumvura uye rikanyura. Sezvineiwo, Squid vanokwanisa kubvisa kunyange pasina overclocking.

kubhururuka octopus

Uyewo nhaka kukwanisa kubhururuka octopus. Jean Verani, mumwe zvakasikwa French, akatarisa somumwe wavo clocked ari tangi rake, uye ipapo pakarepo Akasvetuka achibuda mumvura. Animal akarondedzera imwe chinhu chakakombama mudenga panguva vanenge 5 metres uye ipapo kwakadonha kupinda akwariyamu. Octopus, achiunganidza zvakafanira kuti kusvetuka kumhanya, akatamira kwete chete nokuda ndege huru. Naiyewo aifambisa pamwe tentacles dzavo. Octopus zvakakura-kura, saka ivo kuyangarara kupfuura Squid, asi panguva yakaoma nguva, uye mhuka idzi vanokwanisa kupa aida kuti zvakanakisisa sprinter. California akwariyamu vashandi vaida kutora mifananidzo octopus, iyo inorwisa ari gakanje. Zvisinei, kuti octopus, ruchapa zvavo, akakudziridza kukurumidza zvokuti mifananidzo, kunyange hurumende chaiyo zvakazoonekwa blurry. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rwakapetwa anyanya nyaya mumasekonzi!

Zvisinei, octopus kazhinji kushambira zvishoma nezvishoma. Scientific Saynl Joseph iyo octopus vaitamira akadzidza, akawana kuti octopus, kukura riri 0.5 metres, floats panguva neavhareji kumhanya anenge 15 km / h. Mumwe jeti dzemvura, raakanga Anovhiringidza mukombe, akarikunda mberi (kuva kunyatsoenderana, musana, sezvo iye floats shure) kumwe ari mamita 2-2.5.

"Crazy gaka"

Jet Propulsion hunhu uye zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvinogona zvakare kuonekwa achishandisa mifananidzo yake, mienzaniso kubva munyika zvinomera. Imwe yakakurumbira - Ripe chibereko anonzi kupenga wemagaka. Ivo kujaira kana baba namai kure hunde kuchangotanga ikabatwa. Zvadaro, kwaizoita somugumisiro buri ichi nesimba guru kunze munhu namira mvura chaiyo, iyo ine mbeu. Sam gaka nhunzi kure mune negwara rikayerera kusvika 12 m.

Murairo kuchengetedza tichimhanya

Iva nechokwadi kuti kukuudza nezvazvo, kufunga ndege propulsion zvakasikwa uye mune zvemichina. Zivo mutemo kuchengetedza tichimhanya kunotibvumira kuchinja, kunyanya kwedu kufamba nokukurumidza, kana tiri mune imwe nzvimbo rakashama. Somuenzaniso, uri vakagara muchikepe uye iwe kuva matombo shoma. Kana ukarasa navo imwe nhungamiro, sangano muchikepe vachava negwara. The nzvimbo zvakare anoita mutemo uyu. Zvisinei, pane inoshandiswa ichi chinangwa chitundumuseremusere injini.

Ndezvipi zvimwe mienzaniso zvinogona kutaurwa reactive kufamba zvakasikwa rwokugadzira? Very kuchengetedza tichimhanya zvakanaka kunoratidzwa muenzaniso pfuti.

Sezvaunoziva, mumwe vapfurwa nayo nguva dzose pamwe kudzoka. Zvokufungidzira kurema bara kwaizova akaenzana kurema pfuti. Muchiitiko chino, vangadai vakapararira kumativi pamwe chete nokukurumidza. Kickback iri nokuti pave reactive simba, sezvo pane unokandirwa kurema. Kuburikidza nesimba iyi inopiwa sangano iri Vacuum nzvimbo, uye mudenga. The mukuru kumhanya uye vakawanda inoyerera magasi, kuti hazviiti simba kuti anonzwa papfudzi yedu zvakare. Saka, maitiro simba riri kumusoro, akasimba maitiro pfuti.

Dream kubhururuka muchadenga

Jet Propulsion hunhu uye zvemichina rave kwemakore akawanda tsime rakafuridzirwa nokuda masayendisiti. emakore vanhu akarota kubhururuka muchadenga. Kushandiswa ndege propulsion zvakasikwa uye zvigadzirwa, zvakakodzera handiti aneta pachayo.

Zvakangotanga vakatanga vane hope. Vanyori renyaya emakore mashoma apfuura isu akapa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vawane kutsvakwa chinangwa ichi. Muzana remakore rechi17, Sirano De Berzherak, mumwe munyori wokuFrance, akasika nyaya kutizira mwedzi. Hunhu ake aisvika Satellite paNyika, vachishandisa kuchiteshi ngoro. Above mamiriro ichi, iye aigara akakanda simba magineti. Ngoro, kufarira izvozvo, akasimuka pamusoro penyika pakakwirira. Pakupedzisira, vakasvika Moon. Mumwe mutambi wakakurumbira, Baron Munchausen, akakwira mwedzi uri bhinzi nedzinde.

Chokwadi, panguva iyoyo haana kuziva zvakawanda nezvokuti kushandisa Jet Propulsion zvakasikwa uye zvemichina anokwanisa kuita upenyu nyore. Asi kutiza chinoshamisira, Chokwadi, inovhura horizons itsva.

On inoenda hunoshamisa kuwanikwa

In China mukunopera 1 chemakore. e. We akazogadzira ndege propulsion, zvichiguma kanda chiito. Ekupedzisira vaive bambu sepombi, vakanga makazara gunpowder. zvombo aya raparurwa zvokungonakidzwa. The jeti Injini yaishandiswa rimwe wokutanga motokari muzvirongwa. Pfungwa iyi vaiva Newton.

About sei jeti propulsion zvakasikwa uye ari zvemichina unomuka, pfungwa uye ARMENIA Kibalchich. echimurenga ichi Russian, munyori nekubatwa munhu kwendege, iyo yakagadzirirwa vabhururuke kwaari munhu wokutanga. zvinosuruvarisa, Revolutionary, zvakanga akaurayiwa April 3, 1881. Kibalchicha mhosva kuti chaibatanidzwa chigaro Alexander II. Nechekare mutirongo vakamirira kuurayiwa rufu, akaramba kuongorora anonakidza chakajairika kuti sezvo ndege propulsion zvakasikwa uye ari zvemichina kuitika kuparadzana chinhu. Somugumisiro Zvakawanikwa izvi, akava basa rake. Kibalchich akanyora kuti pfungwa iyi kumusimbisa nechinzvimbo chake. Akagadzirira kusangana rufu rwake wakadzikama, achiziva kuti inokosha kuwanikwa munhu haana kufa pamwe naye.

Implementation pfungwa dziri muchadenga ndege

Kuratidzwa jeti propulsion zvakasikwa uye zvemichina tichidzidza K. E. Tsiolkovsky (Photo nayo anomiririrwa pamusoro). Kare kwezana remakore rechi20, Russian musayendisiti mukuru zvinganaka pfungwa kushandisa zvitundumuseremusere kuti muchadenga kutiza. Nyaya yake panyaya iyi akazviratidza muna 1903. Rakanga hunomiririrwa kwemasvomhu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, iyo yakava inokosha nokuda astronautics. It inozivikanwa nhasi se "Tsiolkovsky payakavakirwa". mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi rinotsanangura inofamba ane muviri ane shanduka guru. Mabasa ake hwakazotevera Akauya chitundumuseremusere injini redunhu, kushanda mvura mafuta. Tsiolkovsky aidzidza kushandiswa ndege propulsion zvakasikwa uye zvigadzirwa, yava akakudziridza multi-padanho chitundumuseremusere magadzirirwo. Iyewo akatanga nepfungwa mikana ine pedyo-Pasi muchadenga nzvimbo mumaguta ose. Akadaro kwezvakazarurwa akauya musayendisiti, kudzidza ndege propulsion zvakasikwa rwokugadzira. Missiles sezvo Tsiolkovsky akaratidza - chete namano kuti anogona kukunda simba regiravhiti. Rocket iye sokuva mashandiro ane ndege injini, riri pamusoro payo utilizes mafuta uye oxidizer. midziyo iyi anomuchinja makemikari simba ane huni, inova kinetic simba pamusoro gasi jeti. Chombo pachayo saka anotanga kufamba negwara risiri.

Pakupedzisira, masayendisiti akadzidza kufamba miviri vari reactive hunhu uye zvigadzirwa, akaenda kudzidzira. It akatarisana basa guru Implementation yacho-refu amire hope vanhu. Uye boka remasayendisiti Soviet inotungamirwa Academician S. P. Korolevym, akachigadzira. Chakasimudzira akaita pfungwa Tsiolkovsky. Yokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite nyika yedu yave raparurwa iri USSR, October 4, 1957 Chokwadi, kushandisa zvitundumuseremusere.

Yu. A. Gagarin (yaifananidzira pamusoro) aiva munhu aiva rukudzo kuita ndege yokutanga muchadenga. Zvakakosha kuti nyika chiitiko kwakaitika April 12, 1961. Gagarin ari Satellite-chitundumusere-musere "Vostok" rakatenderedzwa panyika. The USSR yaiva nyika yokutanga iyo chitundumuseremusere asvika mwedzi, tendererei naye uye mifananidzo divi, asingaoneki kubva Earth. Mukuwedzera, uye musi Venus pakutanga wakashanyira zvakanga Russian. Vakamuisa pemvura ino midziyo yesayenzi. American asitironati Neil Armstrong - murume wokutanga pamusoro Moon pevhu. Akasvikira pariri July 20, 1969. Muna 1986, "Vega-1" uye "Vega-2" (ngarava enzvimbo USSR) akaongorora kumusoro kometi pedyo Halley zvokuti anosvika Sun 76 makore ose chete. nzvimbo ubanguranyika mberi ...

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvinokosha chaizvo uye anobatsira sayenzi wefizikisi. Jet propulsion zvakasikwa uye zvigadzirwa - ichi rinongova rimwe dzinonakidza nyaya dzinokurukurwa mariri. Uye kuti vawane sayenzi iyi chaizvo, zvinokosha chaizvo.

Rakashandiswa nhasi reactive kufamba zvakasikwa rwokugadzira

Mufizikiki mumazana emakore apfuura, zvikwereti zvakakosha zvakakonzerwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvisikwa zvinoramba zvisingashanduki, teknolojia inovandudzika nokukurumidza. Muzuva redu, nheyo yejet propulsion inowanzoshandiswa kwete chete nemhuka dzakasiyana siyana nemiti, asiwo mune astronautics uye ndege. Mukati, hapana mamiriro ayo muviri unogona kushandisa kushandura kuchinja mutemo uye kutungamirirwa kwekukurumidza. Ndicho chikonzero chezvikepe munzvimbo isina mhepo unogona kushandisa zvombo chete.

Nhasi kufamba kwejet muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, zvisikwa uye teknolojia inoshanda zvakashandiswa. Hazvisiri chinhu chakavanzika, sekutanga. Zvisinei, vanhu havafanire kuzorora pamararamiro ayo. Iko kune mitsva yakatarisana mberi. Ndinoda kutenda kuti jet kufamba mune zvakasikwa uye teknolojia, inotsanangurwa muchidimbu munyaya yacho, ichakurudzira mumwe munhu kuti aite zvitsva.