Mamiriro feudal: chiitiko uye unhu

Feudalism akanga chinokosha neEuropean Middle Ages. Panguva iyo socio-enyika hurongwa Varidzi guru akanakidzwa kwazvo simba uye simba. Tsigira simba ravo rakanga uranda uye simba miduku yokuruwa.

Mabviro feudalism

MuEurope, rimwe feudal hurongwa akasimuka mushure kuwa Western hweRoma mukupera V remakore BC. e. Pamwe kunyangarika aimbova ekare akasiya nenguva ainakidza rouranda. On nharaunda duku fuza umambo kwakamuka pamusoro nzvimbo hwacho, akatanga kuva munzanga ukama hutsva.

Feudal hurongwa akazviratidza nokuda paumbwe hombe yagara pfuma. Simba uye akapfuma vakuru, pedyo youmambo simba runofarira vakawana kuti nezera mumwe chete vachiwanda. Panguva imwe chete unorema dzokuMadokero vomuEurope (vanhuwo zvavo) mhenyu munharaunda. Kuna VII remakore umo maiva chinokosha stratification. Common Nyika wakapfuurira private maoko. vanhuwo zvavo Avo vasina kwokurangana, akava murombo, novimba vavanoshandira.

uranda miduku yokuruwa

Independent mapurazi mangwanani Middle Ages makadanirwa Hasha. Panguva iyo kwaiva zvemupiro dzisakarurama makwikwi, kana varidzi guru akadzvinyirira kumusika revavengi vavo. Somugumisiro, varimi zvakaparadzwa uye vakapfuura nokuzvidira pasi patronage pamusoro vairemekedzwa. Saka zvishoma nezvishoma pavaiwana feudal hurongwa.

Zvinofadza kuti shoko rokuti haana kuonekwa mune yeMiddle Ages, asi zvikuru gare gare. Pakupera ari XVIII remakore echimurenga France feudalism inonzi "murayiro wekare" - nguva Mhedziso umambo uye kwamachinda. Gare gare izwi akava akakurumbira pakati pemasayendisiti. Somuenzaniso, yaishandiswa nokuda Karl Marx. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Capital" Akadana feudal gadziriro yacho mugadzi ose capitalism ano uye musika upfumi.

benefice

State mafranc, yaiva yokutanga iyo zviratidzo feudalism richiratidzwa. In umambo iyi chidzoke idzva evanhu ukama akaita nokukurumidza nokuda benefice. The vanonzi nyika mari kubva mamiriro servicemen vanhu - machinda kana zvechiuto. Pakutanga zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti Holdings izvi zvichakurukurwa anazvo nomunhu kuti upenyu, uye pashure pokufa kwake simba riri zvakare anokwanisa dzokurasa yacho panguva yayo kungwara (somuenzaniso, nokutumira zvinotevera wacho).

Zvisinei, muna IX-X emakore. vakasununguka nyika Fund yapera. Nokuda pfuma iyi zvishoma nezvishoma vakarega kuva oga uye vakava nenhaka. Kureva, muridzi aigona zvino zvakaitika Mufurakisi (mugove) vana vavo. kuchinja izvi, pakutanga, zvakawedzera kutsamira pane vanhuwo zvavo kubva overlords dzavo. Chechipiri, kuti kuchinja wakasimbisa kukosha svikiro uye duku feudal madzishe. Vane kwenguva refu nguva akava hwaro wehondo Western Europe.

Varimi dzakarasikirwa pachavo Hasha dzavo, akatora nyika kubva feudal ishe mukutsinhana musengwa basa dzose pamusoro nzvimbo yake. kushandiswa kwakadaro pfupi iri chepasi ainzi precarium. Varidzi Major vakanga vasingafariri kuti kutyaira vanhuwo zvavo munyika zvachose. Simbisai munhu nzira yokuti achivapa nemari kuchikosha, uye akava hwaro zvakanaka pamusoro vakakwirira uye kwamachinda kwemazana emakore.

Kusimbisa simba feudal madzishe

MuEurope, kunyanya feudal hurongwa huri pakuti Varidzi makuru pakupedzisira kuzviwanira chete chikonzero chikuru, asi simba chairo achiri. Hurumende akavapa siyana mitambo, kusanganisira matare, mapurisa, administrative uye mutero. Tsamba idzi youmambo akava chiratidzo chokuti nyika magnates vakagamuchira hauchatamburi chero chipingaidzo mumasimba dzavo.

Vanhuwo zvavo pasi dzavaigara akanga asingabatsiri uye simba. Varidzi vaigona kushandisa simba ravo, pasina kutya hurumende chipingaidzo. Saka chokwadi paiva feudal serf hurongwa, kana vanhuwo zvavo vaimanikidzwa wokubata basa pasina chokuita nomutemo uye yapfuura zvibvumirano.

Corvee uye zvakavakodzera

Nokufamba kwenguva, mabasa ose zvaanoda murombo achinja. Kune mhando nhatu feudal rendi - corvee, zvakavakodzera uye zviwanikwa zvakavakodzera mari. Zvipo rokumanikidzirwa rakanga kunyanya chakajairika mukutanga Middle Ages. Muzana XI remakore, muitiro zvoupfumi kukura mumaguta uye wezvokutengeserana kukura. Izvi zvakakonzera kupararira usapinde ukama. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, panzvimbo currency aigona kuva zvakafanana dzinongoitika zvigadzirwa. Kwakadaro upfumi kuti aizivikanwa ita mutengano. Kana mari iri rakapararira mhiri Western Europe, ari feudal madzishe vakatamira mari rents.

Asi kunyange pasinei ichi, yakakura matunhu ose vairemekedzwa vari kutengeserana vanobatanidzwa pane sluggishly. Vazhinji zvigadzirwa uye nezvimwe zvinhu anobudiswa mundima yavo, ukapedza papurazi. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti machinda vakashandisa kwete chete basa miduku yokuruwa, asiwo basa nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nhamba yenyika ishe nemumba make ungaderedza. NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi vaifarira kupa nzvimbo nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo uye kurarama kure zvakavakodzera uye serfdom.

zvenharaunda zvinhu

Munyika dzakawanda kuWestern Europe feudalism chokupedzisira chimiro kuti XI remakore. Kumwe izvi yapera mangwanani (muFrance uye Italy), kumwe - Papera (muUK uye Germany). Munyika dzese idzi, feudalism kwakanga kwava zvakafanana. Dzakasiyana ukama vakawanda varidzi uye vanhuwo zvavo munyika dzekuma Scandinavia uye Byzantium.

Yaiva pachavo zvachiri nemagariro akanyatsorongwa mune Ages Asia. Somuenzaniso, mashoko feudal wemuTesitamende India akanga dzinoratidzwa simba guru rehurumende huru varidzi uye vanhuwo zvavo. Uyezve, kwakanga kusina dzenhoroondo European serfdom. The feudal wemuTesitamende Japan kwakasiyana chaiko Dual simba. Kana shogunate Shogun akanga kunyanya simba kupfuura mambo. Ichi hurongwa hurumende wakaitwa marongera nemasoja unyanzvi vakagamuchira kwokurangana diki - Samurai.

kuwedzera kugadzirwa

All enhoroondo socio-enyika (muranda hurongwa, ari feudal maitiro, uye zvichingodaro. D.) Kwakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka, pakupera XI remakore muEurope akatanga kuderedza kugadzirwa kukura. Akanga chokuita kuvandudzika kwekushanda maturusi. Zvisinei, kuparadzana kunoitika specializations vashandi. Zvakanga ipapo zvakajeka kuparadzaniswa navapfuri vesimbi vanhuwo zvavo. Kirasi ichi magariro akatanga kugara mumaguta kuti Wapera pamwechete kuvaka European kugadzirwa.

Kuwedzera kwenhamba zvigadzirwa zvakakonzera kupararira kutengeserana. Ndakatanga kuva musika upfumi. Paiva simba mutengesi kirasi. Vashambadzi akatanga kuumba guilds kudzivirira zvavanofarira. Saizvozvowo, mumaguta mhizha vakaumba guilds. Kutozosvikira XIV remakore, makambani aya vakange vaenda Western Europe. Vakabvumira nyanzvi dzokugadzira kuramba yakazvimirira feudal madzishe. Zvisinei, pamwe pakutanga nokukurumidza yesayenzi mberi pakupera kuMiddle Ages guilds kuva kakasaririra kare.

murimi mudiki yokumukira

Chokwadi, feudal evanhu yaisagona kuchinjwa pasi pokudzora zvose izvi zvinhu. Boom maguta, kukura mari uye chinokosha ukama - izvi zvose zviri kuitika tikafunga simbisa vanhu tinorwisana kokumanikidza guru Varidzi.

Murimi mudiki yokumukira vakava idzowo chiitiko. Vose vari zvoutsinye akakurira feudal madzishe uye hurumende. The vevapanduki vacho vakaurayiwa, uye mano nhengo kurangwa Zvimwe mabasa kana kurwadziswa. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, kuburikidza yokumukira, pachavo kutsamira pane vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga kutapudzwa, uye guta ikava inoita rwevanhu vakanga vakasununguka.

Hondo pamusoro feudal nemadzishe uye madzimambo

Muranda, feudal, capitalist maitiro - vose, nenzira imwe kana mumwe, sei hurumende simba uye nzvimbo yaro munzanga. KuMiddle Ages zvinoitwa guru Varidzi (NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, Counts, machinda) anenge kuteerera madzimambo avo. Kugara yakaitika hondo feudal umo vairemekedzwa yokugadzirisa zvinhu pachavo. Panyaya iyi, kuti Crown haana kupindira muhondo idzi, uye kana chinokanganisa, ipapo nekuda kwekuneta kwake kugona kumisa ropa.

Feudalism (maruva nguva iyo kwakaitika pazera XII) kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti, somuenzaniso, muFrance, Key vaiona chete "wokutanga pakati kuenzana". Zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja, pamwe kwakawedzera, dzakakurumbira kumukirana, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvishoma nezvishoma, munyika dzokuMadokero European zvave yenyika inoti vane simba nesimba roumambo, iri kungoramba zviratidzo absolutism. Centralization mumwe zvikonzero izvo feudal maitiro akanga kare.

Kukura capitalism

Feudalism waiva gravedigger kuti capitalism. Muzana XVI remakore, kufambira mberi kwesayenzi rakatanga muna Europe. Zvakatungamirira kuti mazuvaano yokushanda michina uye yose indasitiri. Nokuda guru nenzvimbo matongo ari Old World takadzidza pamusoro nyika itsva kuti nhema mhiri munyanza. The chidzoke ane zvikepe idzva kwakatungamirira kukura dzaishandiswa ukama. Yakabuda pamusoro pamusika kusvika zvisingaoneki zvinhu.

Panguva ino vatungamiriri maindasitiri kugadzirwa akava Netherlands uye England. Munyika idzi, chero fekitari - mutsva mhando vachida. Vakaripira basa rakashandiswa, iro yakakamurwa. Ndiko, ari manufactories wakashanda kubudikidza vakadzidziswa unyanzvi - achinyanya nyanzvi dzokugadzira. vanhu ava vaiva yakazvimirira feudal madzishe. Saka kune marudzi matsva okuwana - Cloth, simbi, kudhinda, etc ...

manyowa kubva feudalism

Pamwe chete manufactories akatanga bourgeoisie. kirasi iyi evanhu raiva varidzi muridzi zvokurarama kugadzirwa uye mabhizimisi makuru. Pakutanga, stratum ichi kwevanhu kwakanga diki. mugove wayo ari upfumi kwave tuduku. Kupera kuMiddle Ages unorema kugadzirwa zvinhu akaonekwa mapurazi, novimba feudal madzishe.

Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, asi bourgeoisie kuwedzera uye akava dzakapfuma uye kupfuura simba. Izvi aisagona kutungamirira kuti mukakavadzane tsaru vepamusoro. Saka XVII remakore muEurope vakatanga Bourgeois munzanga chimurenga. Boka itsva vangada kusimbisa yavo pesvedzero munzanga. Izvi zvakaitwa pachishandiswa kumiririrwa chepamusoro vehurumende nhengo (the States-General, Parliament), uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chokutanga, kwaiva 'War, izvo yakaguma Yemakore Makumi Matatu iri masere Makore War. kumukira uku kwaiva zvakawanda National hunhu. Vagari vokuNetherlands ndikabvisa simba chakasimba youmambo chiSpanish Habsburgs. Chinotevera chimurenga muEngland. Iye kunonziwo Civil War. Mugumisiro zvose izvi uye nekutambira the yakafanana yakanga kuramba feudalism, kuti nekodzero dzevanhu miduku yokuruwa uye yakunda vakasununguka musika upfumi.