Board Nicholas 2. Kunobva Nicholas II

Vanotaura kuti kana munhu asingazivi nhoroondo yekuzvarwa kwake, haazive midzi yake. Kune rumwe rutivi, tiri kurarama iko iko ikozvino, kusvika pakuguma kwevatongi vaitonga makore mashomanana akapfuura? Asi zvinoratidzira zvinoratidza: nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare hairegi kuratidzika mune imwe nguva. Kutonga kwaNicholas II ndiyo yaiva yekupedzisira mukutonga kwerudzi rweRomanov, asi rwakava rwakajeka uye rinonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yenyika yedu. Munyaya iri pasi apa iwe uchanzwisisa mhuri yeumambo, dzidza nezvei zvaiva Nicholas 2. Maitiro ehurumende yehurumende yenguva yake, kugadziridza uye zvikamu zvekutonga kwake zvichava nehanya kune vose.

The Emperor Last

Nicholas 2 aiva nemazita akawanda uye regalia: ndiye aiva Mambo weRussia, Grand Duke weFinland, Mambo wePoland. Akagadzwa kuti ave Colonel, uye madzimambo eBrithani akamupa mukana we Field Field yeBritish Army uye Admiral yeFleet. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pakati pemisoro yeimwe nyika aive achifarira kuremekedzwa nekufarirwa. Akanga ari munhu akajeka mukukurukurirana, asi panguva imwechete haana kumborega kuzviremekedza. Mune mamiriro ose ezvinhu, mambo haana kumbobvira akanganwa kuti iye munhu weropa roumambo. Kunyangwe mukutapwa, panguva yekuvharirwa kweimba uye mumazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, akaramba ari murume chaiye.

Nguva yekutonga kwaNicholas 2 yakaratidza: paRussia nyika vashandi vane vavariro dzakanaka uye mabasa anobwinya kuti zvibatsire nyika yebaba haina kutama. Venguva vakati Nicholas 2 akatarisa somunhu anoremekedzwa: murume asina mano, ane hanya, akazvimiririra kune rimwe bhizinesi uye nguva dzose akanzwa tsitsi kune mumwe munhu kurwadzisa. Akanyengedza kubata vanhu vose, kunyange varimi vashoma, vaigona kutaura nyore nyore kune umwe wavo ivo zvakaenzana. Asi mambo haana kukanganwira avo vakabatanidzwa mukunyengera kwemari, vachinyengedza uye kunyengedza vamwe.

Kuchinja kweNicholas 2

Mambo akakwira pachigaro muna 1896. Ino inguva yakaoma yeRussia, yakaoma kuvanhu vese uye inotyisa kune boka rekutonga. Umambo pachake akaomerera zvakasimba kumitemo ye autocracy uye aigara achisimbisa kuti aizonyatsoteerera pamutemo wake uye akanga asina chinangwa chekuita chero shanduko. Kutonga kwaNicholas II kwakawira panguva yakaoma yehurumende, saka kusagadzikana kwevanhu mumasangano uye kusagutsikana kwavo neboka rinotonga kwakamanikidza Nicholas 2 kuti aite mbiri mbiri dzekuchinja. Idzi dzaiva: kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika muna 1905 kusvika muna907. Uye kugadziriswa kwegadziriro ye 1907. Nhoroondo yekutonga kwaNicholas inoratidza kuti zvikamu zvose zvemambo zvakakumbirwa uye zvakaverengwa.

Bulygin Reform ye 1905

Yokutanga kuchinja kwakatanga negadziriro, iyo yakaitwa kubva munaFebruary kusvikira munaAugust 1905. Musangano unokosha wakagadzwa, wakarongedzwa naVaMutungamiriri weZvenyika A.G. Bulygin. Munguva iyi, chiratidzo chinogadzirirwa pakugadzwa kweHurumende Duma uye Mitemo yeZisarudzo. Yakabudiswa musi waAugust 6, 1905. Asi nekuda kwekumuka kwevashandi, boka reBulygin Duma remitemo harina kubvumirwa.

Mukuwedzera, danho rose reZimbabwe-Russia rakaitwa, iro rakamanikidza Emperor Nicholas 2 kuita sarudzo dzakasimba dzezvematongerwe enyika uye akabudisa ma manifesto musi waOctober 17, iyo yakapa kodzero dzepamutemo pamutemo wepamutemo, yakasununguka rusununguko rwezvematongerwe enyika uye yakawedzera zvikuru denderedzwa yevhoti.

Zvose basa reDuma nemitemo yekuumbwa kwayo zvakanyorwa muMitemo yeElection yaDecember 11, 1905, muChirevo pamusoro peKugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kweHurumende Duma yeFebruary 20, 1906, uyewo mumitemo yekutanga yaApril 23, 1906. Kuchinja kwehurongwa hwematongerwo enyika kwakagadziriswa nemutemo wekuita. Basa rezvemitemo rinopihwa kuHurumende Council uye Council of Ministers, iyo yakatanga basa rayo musi waOctober 19, 1905, uye Yu.V. Witte. Kuvandudzwa kwaNicholas 2 kwakananga kusimbisa hurumende kushandura simba uye kuparadza hurumende.

Kuwa kweDuma muna 1906-07

Yakatanga kuumbwa kweHurumende Duma muRussia yakanga yakawanda kwazvo, asi izvo zvaidiwa kuiswa mberi zvakanga zvakashata. Vakatenda kuti kushanduka kwezvematongerwo enyika kunofanira kuramba kuchidaro, vakakumbira kuti varidzi venyika vasiye mvumo yavo yepanyika, vanopomera mutongi wehurumende, unotsigirwa nehuwandu hwekutya. Mukuwedzera, vakaratidza kusavimba nevatongi vekutonga. Zvechokwadi, zvose izvi zvitsva zvakanga zvisingagamuchirwi neboka rinotonga. Saka, yekutanga uye yechipiri magumisiro e 1906-1907 gg. Yakaparadzwa naMambo Nicholas 2.

Kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika kwaNicholas 2 kwakaguma mukusikwa kwekupedzisira kwekutonga kwemwedzi waJune, umo kodzero dzevanhu dzakanga dzisingakwanisi. Iyo itsva yezvematongerwo enyika haikwanise kushanda nekusagadziriswa kwehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika.

Kutonga kwaNicholas II kwaive kushanduka kwematongerwe enyika enyika. Duma yakashandurwa ikava chikwata chekutsoropodza zviremera, ichizviratidza sechirongwa chekupikisa. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuve nehupenyu hutsva hwemhirizhonga uye huri kuwedzeredza dambudziko munharaunda.

Agrarian "Stolypin" kuchinja

Iyo nzira yekushandura yakatanga muna 1907. Stolypin. Chinangwa chikuru chaiva chekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakatarwa. Kuti zvive nemugumisiro uyu, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuchenesa mharaunda uye kutengesa nyika kuvanhu vanogara mumisha kuburikidza nePasan Bank. Nokuti kuderedzwa kwevarimi nzvimbozemelia kwakatanga kutamisa varimi kubva kuUrials. Muchitarisiko kuti zviyero izvi zvose zvinomisa mararamiro evanhu munharaunda uye pachava nemukana wekuvandudza masimiro emari, yatanga mararamiro ehurumende.

Kuwedzera kwemari yeRussia

Zvinhu zvitsva zvinotanga kuunza zvakajeka zvinokonzera mune zvekurima, hupfumi hwehurumende yeRussia yakaona kuonekwa kunoonekwa. Kukohwa zviyo zvakakura ne2 centners pa hektare, kukohwa kwezvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa ne 20%, zviyo zvakatengeswa kune dzimwe nyika, muzvikamu zvakawedzera 1.5 nguva. Imari yevagari vemunyika yakawanda yakawedzera uye simba ravo rekutenga rakawedzera. Kutonga kwaNicholas 2 kwakamera hurima kune imwe nzvimbo.

Asi, pasinei nekukura kwehupfumi, mutongi haana kukwanisa kugadzirisa nyaya dzevanhu. Mhando yehurumende yakaramba yakafanana, uye kusagutsikana kwayo nevanhu vakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka 25% chete yemhuri yakasiya mharaunda, 17% yeavo vakagadziriswa kunze kweUrials vakadzoka zvakare, uye 20% yevarimi vaitora nyika kuburikidza nePeasant Bank vakakanganisa. Somugumisiro, kupiwa kwevagari vekudyara pamwe nekugoverwa kwenyika kwakaderera kubva pa11 acres kusvika kuma 8 acres. Zvakava pachena kuti yechipiri kuchinja kwaNicholas 2 kwakaguma kusagutsikana uye dambudziko remagariro harina kugadziriswa.

Kunyora mhedziso yekutonga kwaNicholas 2, tinogona kutaura kuti Umambo hweRussia muna 1913 hwakava umwe wevapfuma kwazvo munyika. Izvi hazvina kudzivirira mumakore mana kuti vanhu vauraye mambo mukuru, mhuri yake yose uye vanhu vakavimbika vari pedyo.

Zviratidzo zvekudzidziswa kwemambo wemangwana

Nicholas pachake 2 muhucheche hwake akakurira munharaunda uye muSpartan. Nguva yakawanda yakazvipira kumitambo, paiva nekusava mumapfekete, uye zvinonaka uye masukisi zvaingova pamazororo chete. Mafungiro akadaro kuvana akaratidza kuti kunyange dai vakaberekerwa mumhuri yakapfuma uye yakanaka, iyi haisi iyo yakakodzera. Zvaitendwa kuti chinhu chikuru ndechekuti iwe unoziva uye unoziva kuti sei uye mweya wei iwe unayo. Mhuri yeumambo yaNicholas 2 muenzaniso wehukama, hune zvibereko hunobatanidza murume, mukadzi uye vana vavo vakadzidza zvakadzidziswa.

Kurudzirwa kwakadai kumambo wekare kuchaendeswa kumhuri yake. Vakunda vamambo vaiziva kubvira paudiki kurwadziwa uye kutambura zvaiva, vaigona kubatsira avo vaida. Somuenzaniso, vanasikana vakwegura Olga naMaria, pamwechete naamai vavo, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, vakashanda muchipatara munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yokutanga. Kuti vaite izvi, vakapedza mazano ezvokurapa akakosha uye kwemaawa akawanda vakamira pamakumbo avo patafura yekushandisa.

Parizvino, tinoziva kuti hupenyu hweTsar nemhuri yake inotyisa nguva dzose yehupenyu hwake, nemhuri yake uye nyika yose yebaba. Izvi zvinopfuura zvose mutoro mukuru, kunetseka uye kutarisira vanhu vose. Uye "chiitiko" cheTsar isingatenderi uye chinotyisa, icho chinosimbiswa nenhau yehurumende yeRussia. Mhuri yeumambo yaNicholas 2 yakava mutemo wekuvimbika kwewanano kwemakore mazhinji.

Musoro weImperial Family

Nicholas 2 pachake akava wokupedzisira weRussia tsar, uye yakapera kutonga kweRussia paImba yeRomanovs. Aive mwanakomana wedangwe mumhuri, uye vabereki vake vaiva Emperor Alexander 3 naMaria Romanovna. Mushure mekufa kunorwadza kwekurukuru vake, akava mudyi wenhaka pachigaro cheRussia. Nicholas 2 aiva nemunhu wakadzikama, aiva nechitendero zvikuru, akakura ane nyanya uye mukomana anofungisisa. Zvisinei, panguva yakakodzera, nguva dzose aigara akasimba uye anoramba achifunga nezvechinangwa chake nezviito.

Mudzimai uye amai vemhuri

Mudzimai weMambo weRussia Nicholas 2 aiva mwanasikana weGuru Duke weHesse-Drmstadt Ludwig, uye amai vake vaiva mutongi weEngland. Muvakidzi weEmpress akaberekwa musi waJune 7, 1872, muDarmstadt. Vabereki vake vakamutumidza kuti Alix ndokumupa iye Chirungu chaiyo kukura. Musikana wacho akaberekwa wechitanhatu mumutsara, asi izvi hazvina kumudzivisa kuti ave munhu akanaka uye akakodzera kuramba achienderera mberi nhangemutange yeChirungu, nokuti mbuya vake vaiva Queen Victoria weEngland. Imam Empress aiva nemafungiro akanaka uye ainyara chaizvo. Pasinei nezera rake rakanaka, akatungamira mararamiro eSpartan, mangwanani-ngwanani akagezera nemvura inotonhorera ndokupedza husiku usiku pamubhedha wakaoma.

Unofarira vana vemhuri yeumambo

Mwana wokutanga mumhuri yaMambo Nicholas 2 nemudzimai wake Mudzimai Alexandra Feodorovna akava mukunda Olga. Akaberekwa muna 1895 munaNovember ndokuva mwana anodiwa nevabereki vake. Duchess Makuru Olga Nikolaevna Romanova akanga akachenjera zvikuru, akashamwaridzana uye aiva nehunyanzvi hukuru mukudzidza marudzi ese enyanzvi. Akanga akazvipira uye aine rupo, uye mweya wake wechiKristu wakachena uye wakanaka. Kutanga kwekutonga kwaNicholas II kwakaratidzwa nekuzvarwa kwomwana wokutanga.

Mwana wechipiri waNicholas 2 aiva mwanasikana Tatiana, uyo akaberekwa musi waJune 11, 1897. Kunze, iye akafanana namai vake, uye unhu hwake hwakanga huri baba. Akanga ane pfungwa yakasimba yebasa uye aida zvose zvakarongeka. Mukuru Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova akavezwa uye akachekwa zvakanaka, ane pfungwa dzakanaka uye akazvichengeta mumamiriro ose ehupenyu.

Iyo inotevera uye, maererano naizvozvo, mwana wechitatu wemambo uye umambo aiva mumwe mwanasikana, Maria. Akaberekwa musi waJune 27, 1899. Mukuru Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova akasiyana nehanzvadzi dzake dzakanaka, dzakashamwaridzana uye dzinhurume. Akanga akanaka uye aive nesimba guru. Aifarira zvikuru vabereki vake uye akavada kwazvo.

Mambo wekumambo akamirira mwanakomana wake, asi mwana wechina mumhuri yeumambo aiva zvakare musikana Anastasia. Mambo wacho akamuda pamwe chete nevanasikana vake vose. Mukuru Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova akaberekwa musi waJune 18, 1901 uye akanga akafanana chaizvo neunhu. Akazova mwana akakurumidza uye akakurumidza, akada kutamba mitambo uye akafara.

Musi waAugust 12, 1904 mumhuri yeumambo yakagara nhaka yakamirira kwenguva refu. Mukomana uyu ainzi Alexei, mukuremekedzwa kwekurukurukurukurukuru Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Tsesarevich akagara nhaka yakanakisisa kubva kuna baba vake namai vake. Akada vabereki vake zvikuru, uye Baba Nicholas 2 vaiva chifananidzo chaicho kwaari, nguva dzose akaedza kumutevedzera.

Kuenda kune chigaro choumambo

May 1896 akacherechedza chiitiko chakakosha zvikuru - kuratidzirwa kwaNicholas 2 kwakaitika muMoscow.Iyo ndiyo yaiva yekupedzisira chiitiko ichi: Tsar yakazova yekupedzisira kwete mumhuri yaRomanov chete, asi zvakare munhoroondo yeRussia Empire. Zvinoshamisika, iyi ndiyo yekugadziriswa kwakazova yakanakisa zvikuru uye inoshamisa. Nokudaro ndiko kwakatanga kutonga kwaNicholas 2. Pachiitiko chinonyanya kukosha, guta racho rakave rakashongedzwa nemarambi akanga achangobva kuonekwa panguva iyo achinyatsojeka. Maererano nevanoona, chiitiko chacho chaiva "gungwa rinopisa".

Guta guru reMambo weRussia rakapindwa nevamiriri vemarudzi ose. Kubva kumakurukota evanhu kune vanhuwo zvavo - vamiririri vekirasi imwe neimwe vaiva pamhemberero yekutsaurira. Kupora zuva iri risingakanganwiki muvaravara, venerable artists vakauya kuMoscow: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov nevamwe. Kuratidzirwa kwaNicholas 2 yaiva yezororo rechokwadi kuvanhu veRussia.

Mari yekupedzisira yeumambo

Numismatics ndeyechokwadi sayenzi inofadza. Haaongorori mari nemari yematunhu akasiyana uye eras. Mune zvinyorwa zveiyo numismatists yakakura, imwe inogona kutsvaga nhoroondo yenyika, yehupfumi, yezvematongerwe enyika uye yehupenyu hwevanhu. Nokudaro chervonets yaNicholas 2 yakava mari inoshamisa.

Nenguva yokutanga yakabudiswa muna 1911, uye gore rimwe nerimwe iyo mint yakagadzira ma chervonets ane mazai makuru ekudhinda. Iko mazita ekukosha kwemari yacho aiva 10 rubles uye yakaitwa nendarama. Zvingaita sekuti, nei mari iyi ichikoshesa kutarisa kwevanhu vanoverengeka uye vanyori vezvakaitika kare? Inobata ndeyokuti nhamba yemari yakabudiswa uye yakagadzirwa yakanga ishoma. Uye, saka, zvinonzwisisika kukwikwidzana kweve chervonets inokosha. Paiva nezvakawanda zvezvo kupfuura zvigunwe zvaitaura. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa, pakati pezvizhinji zvefake uye "vanyengeri" zvakaoma kuwana mari chaiye.

Sei zvakanyanya kwazvo kuti mari yacho ine "kaviri"? Pane pfungwa yokuti mumwe munhu aikwanisa kutora matanho emakona epamberi nekumashure kubva munti uye aisa mumaoko avo kune vanyengeri. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotaura kuti izvi zvinogona kuva vaKolchak, avo "vakarova" yakawanda chervonets kuti vasaderedza hupfumi hwenyika, kana hurumende yeSoviet, iyo yakaedza kubhadhara mari iyi nevashamwari veWestern. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kwenguva yakareba nyika dzekuWest hadzina kuziva hurumende itsva zvakakosha uye dzakaramba dzichigadzirisa neRussia gold chervontsi. Saizvozvowo, kubudiswa kwemazana emari yematengesi kunogona kuitwa zvikuru gare gare, uye nehutsika hwegoridhe.

Foreign Foreign Policy of Nicholas 2

Panguva yekutonga kwaMambo kwakasvika makambani makuru makuru ehondo. Mune Far East, nyika yeRussia yakabatana neJapan ine utsinye. Muna 1904, hondo yeRussia neJapan yakatanga, iyo yaifanirwa kupesanisa vanhuwo zvavo kubva mumatambudziko ehupfumi nehupfumi hwehurumende. Basa guru remauto rakaitwa panzvimbo yakasimba yePort Arthur, iyo yakapa muna December 1904. Pasi Mukend, hondo yeRussia yakarasikirwa nehondo munaFebruary 1905. Uye pachitsuwa cheTsushima muna May 1905, ngarava dzeRussia dzakakundwa ndokudzimwa. Sangano reuto reRussia -Japan rakagumisa kusaina zvibvumirano zvorugare muPortsmouth munaAugust 1905, maererano neJapan yakabva Korea nechekumaodzanyemba kweSakhalin Island.

Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga

Muguta reSarajevo muBosnia, mugari wenhaka yeAustria chigaro, F. Ferdinand, akaurawa, ndicho chaiva chikonzero chekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yekutanga ya1914 pakati peTreeple Alliance neChipente. The Triple Alliance yaisanganisira nyika dzakadai seGermany, Austria-Hungary neItaly. Uye iyo Entente yaisanganisira Russia, England neFrance.

Iyo huru yekuita mauto yakaitwa paWest Front muna 1914. PaEastern Front, Austria-Hungary yakakundwa neuto reRussia, rakanga riri pedyo nekutorwa. Asi Germany yakabatsira Austria-Hungary kuti imire uye ienderere mberi kwayo inopesana neRussia.

Zvakare Germany vakandorwa Russia muchirimo uye kwezhizha 1915, vachitora nawo panowanikwa kwePoland, chikamu reBaltic, chikamu Western Belarus uye Ukraine. Uye muna 1916, mauto eGermany huru akarova kukonzerwa pamusoro Western Front. Mauto eRussia dzakapasanura napakati mberi vakakunda hondo yeAustria zvaizoitawo akatungamirira uto kushandiswa, General AA Brusilov.

The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 2 zvakakonzera yokuti Russian mamiriro akanga zvoupfumi aneta nehondo refu, akakura matambudziko enyika. Vevatariri havana kuvanza chokwadi kuti hazvina kugutsikana mutemo kudzingirirwa nesimba kutonga. The mushandi-murimi mudiki mubvunzo asina kugadziriswa, uye Hondo Yenyika II chete yakawedzera izvozvo. By kusaina kuti Brest runyararo March 5, 1918, Russia akagumisa hondo.

Achiratidza

About zvichaitirwa nevatongi anogona kutaura kwenguva refu. Zvakabuda rokutonga Nicholas 2 ndeinotevera: Russia vave achikwakuka huru zvoupfumi uye nokusimbaradza kupokana enyika uye magariro. Panguva yaitonga Kesari akanga nokumukirana maviri chete, vokupedzisira wakanga kusarudza zvokuita. Large-pamwero kutendeuka pachinhu dzimwe nyika zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti Russian Empire yakawedzera nawo kumabvazuva. paitonga Nicholas 2 zvakanga zvikuru nharo. Zvichida, saka, zvakanga mumakore iwayo paiva zviitiko zvakatungamirira kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika.

Inogona kukurukurirana refu, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti mambo zvakadaro. Historians vachigere kubvumirana rimwe pfungwa dzokuti ndiani aiva wekupedzisira Emperor yeRussian Empire - guru autocrat kana vawe statehood. Paitonga Nicholas 2 - nguva ino, imwe nguva yakaoma kwazvo Russian Empire, asi panguva imwe chete zvinoshamisa uye upenyu-changed.