The nenzvimbo nzvimbo Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati. Description of Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati

Nhoroondo nyika yedu hwakazara zvikuru zvinonakidza uye zvinokosha zviitiko, mazita vakakurumbira manhamba uye mazita maguta iwayo uye munzvimbo vakashanda uye akararama. Saka, munhau yekare kukosha kukuru kwaiva Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, izvo zvakanga zvakabatana wandei vakakurumbira mazita uye zviitiko.

Zvinosuruvarisa kwayo kare, nzvimbo uye vanhu vanoti zvizhinji zvishoma. Nhasi tichakurukura kuti nenzvimbo nzvimbo Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, uye ayo mamwe maitiro.

chikuru mashoko

Kare, rainzi Rostov-Suzdal nyika, uye yaiva pakati penzizi Oka uye Volga. The Nzvimbo hwagara kusiyaniswa zvinoshamisa rakaorera nevhu. Hazvishamisi kuti mavambo XII remakore pano pakava hombe uye akadzika midzi seigniorial hurongwa munyika gavhuna. Nekuti munzvimbo idzodzo paiva masango akawanda, munzvimbo yose ivhu rakaorera yaiva pakati pavo. Vakazozvinzwisisa zita neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa (izwi rinobva pashoko "munda"). Kwenguva refu muna weutungamiriri raiva guta Yuriev-Polsky (akanga achangobva kugara munzvimbo neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa). Chii vaiva munharaunda ezvinhu enyika Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati?

Kana iwe enzanisa nzvimbo ino Dnieper nharaunda, okunze pano chaiva kwazvo. Goho vaiva guru (nokuti nguva), asi hove, kuvhima uye kunyuchi, zvakanga yakatanga munzvimbo idzodzo, akapa "perk" zvakanaka. Emandiriri nzvimbo yomugariro wacho Vladimir-Suzdal weutungamiriri uye pachinzvimbo hasha ezvinhu ayo kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti Slavs akauya pano paya, atarisana zvemo Finno-Ugric vemo.

Distance kubva nzvimbo yebudiriro nguva idzodzo kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti Vladimir-Suzdal wakarebesa vakaramba kumanikidza nokuiswa chiKristu muKiev.

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Vanhu pano nokukwezvwa rakasiyana nenzvimbo nzvimbo: nyika akadzivirirwa kubva pakurwiswa kubva kumativi ose nzizi yakadzika, rakakura nzvimbo anezvimiti uye masango kwegore risingapindiki. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti nenzvimbo nzvimbo Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati zvakanaka kuti ayo nemiganhu wokumaodzanyemba akaputirwa vamwe necheSalvic ukuru, iyo waidzivirira vagere idzi kubva yaingopambwa ari muArabhu.

Kubudirira weutungamiriri akanga kwakavakirwa guru mari mutizi vanhu vakaenda yomunharaunda dondo kubva zvose zvakafanana vachirwisa uye evatsigiri yakakurisa yesosaiti womuchinda.

Main Unhu Vladimir-Suzdal

Ndizvo yakasiyana kupfuura Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati. ZVIRI tsananguro zvakanaka kwayo zvinhu zvikuru.

About kunobatsira tengeserana

Nyika Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati vateye Volga nevezvokutengeserana, izvo zvine idzi pamwe East. Trade rave richibatsira zvikuru pano. Hazvishamisi, munyika idzi nokukurumidza zvakakwana simba uye akapfuma kwamachinda, waiva kunyanya kuda Kyiv, uye saka vakaedza imwe hofisi yechigarire uye akatsvaka rusununguko. Nokudaro, nenzvimbo chaizvo chinzvimbo Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati vakabatsira pakusikwa refu akapfuma "mamiriro mukati ezvinhu."

Riro mukutsvaga ichi kuti muchinda anofanira kuenda yomunharaunda kumucheto pfungwa dzavo panzvimbo kunopera, nekuti nzvimbo pachigaro choushe munyika kure vakanga chinangwa chete vanakomana vaduku, vakanga yakanaka kubvisa Kiev. Chete kana Monomakh akauya simba, simba noukuru ehurumende vakatanga nokukurumidza kukura. Ndokusaka nhaka fiefdom Monomakh akava zita Vladimir-Suzdal, map izvo vawana nyika itsva nokukurumidza.

Pakati omunharaunda nyika-Township uye vazukuru Vladimir Monomakh akasimbisa simba ukama pano kwokutanga pane mune dzimwe nyika, wajaira nemafungiro vanakomana nevazukuru pakati Monomakh sei machinda avo. Mutsika nhaka anokonzerwa kwakanyanya zvoupfumi basa, kukura uye kubuda mumaguta itsva akatsunga zvoupfumi uye enyika kuwedzera mudunhu. In gakava pamusoro nesimba Rostov-Suzdal machinda vaipiwa mari.

neOpole kuti dzinochengetwa

Agriculture mumazuva iwayo kunodiwa kutsungirira zvinoshamisa. Asi muna Vladimir-Suzdal nyika haina kupa chero inopikira, kunyange izvozvo. Kune rimwe chegumi ari XII remakore pasi zvikuru Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu akakwanisa kuunganidza hapana anopfuura 800 makirogiramu. Zvisinei, mumazuva iwayo zvakanga zvakanaka, asi nokuda Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, iro hunhu unopirwa munyaya akakurumidza vakapfuma.

Asi upfumi vomunharaunda vanhuwo zvavo vari kunyanya zvichienderana mombe. Ivo akatunhidzwa zvinenge zvose dzemarudzi zvipfuwo: mombe, namabhiza, mbudzi uye makwai. Saka, muna matongo Zvakafukunurwa munzvimbo idzodzo ndivo yakawanda dzaiva nemajeko esimbi, izvo zvaishandiswa uswa. Zvikuru kwaiva maberekero namabhiza, izvo massively kushandiswa zvechiuto tsika.

"Zvibereko zvenyika"

Inenge iri XII remakore, yakabuda uyewo horticulture. Its chombo chikuru makore iwayo aiva simbi Fittings pakati chipande ( "yakagadzirwa"). Kunyanya yakawanda vavo awanikwa Suzdal. The Church of Wokuzvarwa yeguta pane mufananidzo Adam. kuti mufananidzo anotsanangura rinotsanangura kuti "Adhamu kuchera rusarura." Saka, nhoroondo yose Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati iri zvakabatana chaizvo achiita kuvandudzika unyanzvi vomunyika yacho.

Inenge iri remakore chete kachitanga ndichibvunza nekurima. Zvinoshamisa, ndipo chete yakawanda vagari. Izvi zvakare akatsinhira vakawanda matongo Zvakafukunurwa, panguva iyo vazhinji vakasara yekare apuro yemichero dzawanikwa. Tsika dzinotiwo kubvira XII remakore ari mundima weutungamiriri akatanga kuisa vakawanda Cherry yemichero. Vomunguva akanyora kuti guta Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati ndiye "parera weRussia."

Pasinei zvakawanda kutengeserana akatanga kuva zvokurima uye horticulture, vanhu vakaramba vachishingaira mubasa apiculture, kuvhima uye kuredza hove. The Kucherwa akawana rakaita utava, nezvikokovonho, floats uye zvakasara hove abatwa. Chiizve anofukidzira ari Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati? Mamirire Zvichava zvikuru kukwana kana tisina kutaura pamusoro rwokugadzira, iyo anopindura vagari vayo.

ounyanzvi

Pasina nyanzvi dzokugadzira zvisingaiti kufungidzira upenyu chete weutungamiriri mumakore iwayo. Sezvineiwo, iwayo emakore vatenzi specialization akasiyana chete pamusoro rakapedzwa chigadzirwa, pane mashoko. Saka, sedelschik akanga rakaisvonaka ruzivo kwete chete nzira yokurapa ganda, asiwo siyana nenyanzvi coinage zvaakanga yakashongedzwa chigadzirwa yake, zvichiita kuti zvichida kukwezva zvinogona vatengi. Sezvo mhizha vakagara bedzi ne "akarondedzera" musimboti, mumaguta kukurumidza zvichiitika nyanzvi dzokugadzira yose ugari.

Vamwe dzimba vanotokwanisa chinokosha choto vashandi simbi vakawanikwa, vakange yakaiswa parutivi nevaya umo zvokudya rinogadzirirwa. Vamwe nyanzvi dzokugadzira akashanda chete chikumbiro. Mumwe, kure kupfuura chikamu vatenzi dzakawanda, manufactures zvigadzirwa nokuti vakawanda kumusika pamwe kumisika dzavo dzomumaguta uye yakananga rokutengesa kuti vadzingi vatengesi, vakanga chaizvo kwazvo pamusoro Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati. Muchidimbu kutaura pamusoro mamwe makirasi, izvo akaparadzirwa pakati vomunzvimbo.

Kubvira XII remakore, yakatanga nokukurumidza chete rwokugadzira zvose zvakanga zvakakurumbira munyika vakasara Kievan Rus. Zvisinei, kubvira yaMakoronike iyoyo, zvinoreva kuti huru basa vemo rwakakurumidza kuveza. In weboka Zvakafukunurwa ndivo yakawanda maturusi kushanda huni. No zvishoma raanoziva yekare munzvimbo iwayo zviumbwa.

Kukura zvehari hugota

Uchapupu vanoshingaira kusimudzira unyanzvi zvehari ndizvo kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral pakupera yacho XII remakore. Pamahombekombe karukova Kamenka akawana zvasara kilns huru matatu, rimwe nerimwe rinogona kutorwa nenguva zviuru zvishanu zvidhinha panguva. Zvinofungirwa kuti munguva imwe chete, mhizha emo pakugona kugadzirwa emura uye usina kukonekita. miganhu dzavo kusvika 19x19 cm izvo pamazuva iwayo aiva chaiye rwokugadzira budiriro. Kuti usina kukonekita vakanaka, nyanzvi dzokugadzira akashandisa guru mazita ose enamels uye glazes.

With yakadaro paupamhi uye akapfuma siyana kwenhumbi Kugadzirwa Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati akaenda nenzira kusvetuka uye miganhu, sezvo mari hoyerera yakakura rukova coffers ake.

Art ibwe kugadzira

Fasteners raanoziva akatanga kukudziridza pakupera ari XII remakore, tenzi nokukurumidza kubudirira soro zvinoshamisa mubhizimisi ravo. Mumaguta enyika weutungamiriri pane mhizha zhinji, vematombo. No masanga kuti vazhinji Suzdal boyars ose Vladimir achifinyamisa kunzi "varanda navavaki." Mukupera 40-ies muna Suzdal pane yoga neboka revanhu vaipfura navavaki. Yakanga tenzi wake vakatora Zvinoshingaira pakuvaka temberi Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Mukuwedzera, ivo akavaka nyika kugara Kideksha.

Kugadzirwa blacksmithing

basa mupfuri kuti munzvimbo idzi yakagamuchirawo kwakapararira zvikuru uye zvakanga akwegura kwazvo. Kana, zvakare, shure kune nyaya yacho kupikidura, iri kosi kuziva akawandisa mupfuri Ezvemutauro. Pedyo netaundi Vyazniki toga mudzimba ivhu zhinji deveteve esimbi yakawanikwa kuti zvinoratidza zvakawanda kupararira iwe ichi pakati pavanhu vaigara Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati. Muchidimbu, vakanga yakanaka mhizha.

Mugumo vemo unyanzvi mupfuri kuva michinjikwa makuru kubvuma uye Dmitrievsky machechi, yakashongedzwa mufananidzo njiva weathervane, uine unyanzvi rakagadzirwa nendarira. Asi Krisimasi nokufungidzira Cathedral of Vladimir ayo mapuriro yemhangura yakanaka nyore apikise zvose.

Weaponsmithing

Asi kunyanya panguva yomunharaunda mhizha vakamira muchikwata gunsmiths. Vakaita Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich uye battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, izvo zvinofanira kufungwa kwete chete specimens ari mhizha, asiwo zvishongo umhizha. Kunyanya nomukurumbira omunharaunda tsamba.

Uyezve, vanochera matongo vakawana chaizvo kamwe ivo kunyika uta, umo kunyange akapukunyuka miseve nomwe. Kureba neimwe inenge 170 masendimita, uye pakarepo vaizoremerwa 2.5 makirogiramu. Ungangove, venhoroondo dzavo yekare inonzi "shereshirami". Kunyanya inoremekedzwa mhizha avo vaiita mukugadzira mapuranga.

Archeologists vakawana Suzdal uye Vladimir mupfuri kubereka mumwe vanenge zana namakumi mashanu specimens hwendarira zvigadzirwa, une panguva iyoyo kupfuura 16 akasiyana unyanzvi.

Weaving uye kushanda pamwe micheka

Pakanga kwakapararira panyika kurukiswa, uyewo siyana mhando Kukosa. Panguva Kucherwa zvakanzi kuwanikwa kwete chete zvokushandisa zvakawanda rwokugadzira izvi, asi vakasara micheka. Zvakaitika kuti vanatenzi Russian muzvikamu izvi vaiziva kuti kusona unyanzvi mashanu, kusanganisira vakawanda vepamusorosoro. vaiva zvinhu zvikuru siyana: matehwe, makushe, sirika uye donje. On micheka muzviitiko zvakawanda akachengetedzwa zvikuru dzakamendwa nesirivha shinda.

Sezvo weutungamiriri yagara dzakabudirira mhuka minda, uye tanners muzvikamu izvi zvakakwana zvakanaka. Suzdal vanatenzi akava nomukurumbira kure miganhu nyika yavo chaizvo yepamusoro yuft uye Morocco majombo. Mukutsigira ichi rinozivikanwa mu madenderedzwa dzavo Purofesa NN Voronin akawana Pavaichera mune dzimwe kuseri kwedzimba chaizvo "semhinganidzo." Saka mumazuva iwayo rainzi zvidimbu mhou mbabvu, kushandiswa machine matehwe.

Mabatirwo pfupa

Zvazikamwa veko uye unyanzvi mapfupa carvers. Zvinenge zvose mumugero kupikidura kusangana dzakawanda pfupa mabhatani, mizinga nezvimwe nenhumbi neimba. Inenge nekaupenyu rakapararira anogamuchira nezvishongo umhizha munguva imwe chete. Sezvo Vladimir uye Suzdal zvakawanda achitanga coppersmiths zvakawanikwa. Jewelers zvakafanana zvikazooneka, basa rayo kushandisa anopfuura 60 mhando siyana zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Special kuremekedza munzanga ainakidzwa avo vanatenzi avo vakashanda pamwe zvigadzirwa kubva nendarama.

Vakawana yemuruoko, uye ose semanekiresi, pendants uye mabhatani kuti zvave nounyanzvi akashongedzwa enamels pamwe chaizvo kunzwisisa kugadzirwa yatinofema. Vose Vladimir vatenzi kubva giremu esirivha akakwanisa kudhonza kiromita wakanakisisa shinda!

zvoupfumi

Ndezvipi zvimwe vaiva zvaiva Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati? Sezvatakamboreva kare akati, kukurumidza kukura hwenyika yakanga hunonyatsobatana rinokosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kuti wakamhanya nomunharaunda yacho. Vanochera matongo vane dzokuchengetera akawanda Oriental mari yakawanikwa (dirhems), izvo akasimbisa zvakajeka pedyo dzaishandiswa ukama pakati Vladimir uye Suzdal pamwe kunyika kure. Asi uyewo epamba zvokutengeserana raibudirira: zvakanga kunyanya kuoneka mune zvepabonde Novgorod, izvo vatengesi vemo mubasa zviyo kutengeserana.

No zvishoma kwazvo aiva kutengeserana Byzantium, uyewo nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope. Kunyanya ambotaurwa rwizi kutumirwa nzira. Zvisinei, machinda vemo nguva dzose zvachose blyuli murayiro uye nepanyika zvokutengeserana makwara, sezvo chokusawirirana iri ukama vashambadziri vaigona kuva inokanganisa zvakanaka munyika.

Ndivo zvaidiwa Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati.