Nzira uye manyuko kudzidza nezvenhoroondo. How kuti "nhoroondo chokwadi"?

History - pfupi izwi kutsanangura zvakaitika kare panguva dzakasiyana uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Uyewo, icho nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvinokonzera kare kuti vadzidze pamusoro zviitiko uye kutevedzana dzavo, zvinokonzera uye kuchera ane chinangwa mufananidzo kwacho kunoitika. Nzira uye manyuko kudzidza nezvenhoroondo zvinosanganisira yaMakoronike, matongo zvakawanikwa, kudzidza zvitupa, kushandisa pfungwa simulation.

Chii uye sei kudzidza nhoroondo?

In mabhuku akararama kuverenga kusvika 30 akasiyana tsanangudzo nhoroondo yacho. Saka vazhinji nayo kushatiriswa chokwadi kuti izvi zvidzidzo sayenzi vave vanhu vane maonero akasiyana nyika, yakasiyana zvakaitika uye mararamiro. Chete kusiyana kwemaonero akavamba pakati vasayendisiti uye tsanangudzo chokuita nhoroondo muitiro.

Asi kana ari musoro kungaita kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana uye pezvakaitwa, nzira kuramba chete. Zvino chinhu, uye nzira yokudzidza nhoroondo yokubata chinangwa mananara, nokuti izvo unogona kushandisa nekusimba mureza kusvika. All nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: mukuru dzesayenzi, munhoroondo, yakagadzirirwa zvakananga kushanda zvinotisimbisa uye pfungwa nemasayendisiti ichi, uye chinokosha (nemasayendisiti kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye yaainge dzakaitika).

Nzira dzakasiyana uye nzira yokudzidza

By zvesayenzi zvine musoro uye munhoroondo - vaviri vanogona kunzi. Nzira mbiri idzi kuti kudzidza mananara mukwanisi kuvandudza mumwe, nomusoro anotibvumira generalize nechidzidzo vafunga apo simba nhoroondo kusvika.

Nokuti kudzidza zviitiko uye pezvakaitwa masayendisiti vanoshandisa nzira dzakadai:

• anotevedzana - zviitiko zvose dziri kunoparirwa mu kurongwa;
• synchronic - anofunga zviitiko siyana uye ukama hwavo zvakasiyana pfungwa yacho uye nyika panguva imwe chete nguva.

Inside the anotevedzana nzira anosimbisawo mharidzo dzakasiyana. Maererano nemaitikiro-dambudziko nzira rinoongorora zvakaitika kwemakore, muna epochs - pamatambudziko. Problem-anotevedzana - nomusi zvinopesana; vanotora ane dambudziko zvimwe mhando kana chikamu upenyu, budiriro uye kushandura kupi uye akadzidza ari akapoteredza nokufamba kwenguva.

Kuwedzera kune izvi, uyewo emit huri munhoroondo, maitiro-STRUCTURAL, uye retrospective Statistical nzira, uye nzira periodization uye Sociological zvidzidzo.

Data zvinyorwa - hwaro yenhoroondo sayenzi

Nzira uye manyuko kudzidza nezvenhoroondo zvakanyatsobatana. Facts - ndizvo zvose. Kudzidza zvinotisimbisa chokwadi dzinobatanidzwa ari oga ebetsero kuranga - Chronology. Tinogona kusiyanisa nesekondari manyuko nokudzidza nhoroondo, kuti atsaure maererano nedanho mashoko kuchinjirwa uye hunhu mutakuri:

• zvakanyorwa (Birch nemakwati, evhu, enhokwe uye mabhuku);
• zvinhu (maturusi, midziyo, fenicha, zvipfeko, zvombo, mapurani hurongwa);
• ethnographic zvinyorwa;
• ngano (rengano, nziyo, ngano, tsika, ballads);
• mutauro;
• Film uye Photo.

Mumwe bhuku zvinoda kungwarira kuongorora uye kufunga nzira, dzinoongorora rakavimbika.

vanokakavara nyaya

Zvisinei, nhoroondo - harisi chete sainzi chokwadi, zviri zvakare kududzirwa chokwadi. Naizvozvo, nzira uye manyuko kudzidza nhoroondo kukanganisa zvakabuda zveBhaibheri zvakawanwa zviitiko vavo dzenharo.

Pane nhoroondo zvinyorwa zvakawanda kushuma chokwadi kuti nyanzvi dzakatsaukana zvichishandurwa zvakasiyana. About matangiro uye wemapoka the Great Wall of China vane dzakasiyana pfungwa: mumwe wavo - kuti rusvingo rwakati rwavakwa kuchamhembe China kudzivirira vavakidzani of North. Panguva iyoyowo, vanhuwo dzidziso dzayo chitarisiko rinoti rusvingo urwu yakavakwa ne Chinese pachavo.

Hunotaurwa mu mabhuku yezviitiko zvinokosha - chete "yepamutemo" shanduro kare. Vazhinji zvenhoroondo zvinhu kubvumira zviviri, uye kunyange zvakawanda kududzirwa Matambudziko. mhirikiro siyana kuonekwa chete nokuda dzinopesana zvinyorwa, kukonzera uye nzira uye zvinopa nokudzidza nhoroondo, uye subtleties ari shanduro ndima ekare, uye ine nyika zvokutsvakurudza masayendisiti.

Principles kunzvera chokwadi

Akapiwa zvose izvi, zvinokosha kuti musayendisiti-wenhoroondo, ndivo misimboti nokudzidza nhoroondo chokwadi. Principle - ichi ndicho chishandiso unobvumira kudzidza kare "kumira netsoka vose pasi." Principles uye nzira nokudzidza nhoroondo sezvizvi, uye vokutanga nevechipiri vakawanda:

• nheyo historicism. Zvinoda kuti vose zviitiko uye chinozivikanwa vaionekwa chete kuburikidza prism nguva inoenderana. Hazvibviri kudzidza mananara oga, pachavo, sezvo ivo dzakabuda kukurukurirana zvinhu zvakawanda, uye chete nemusoro ari kutaurwa.
• Nheyo zvinhu sezvazviri. Zvinoda kudzidza uye kufunga zvose zvinobatanidzwa zvisina kuzivikanwa, kunze oga uye haana kukanda, kwete kuedza aenderane kuzivikanwa zano "zvakakodzera" kana dzidziso.
• Nheyo evanhu kusvika, kana nheyo partisanship.
• dzimwe nheyo.

Zvaidiwa zvose zvinotaurwa hakurevi yakavimbika kumhedziso, uyezve, mumwe muongorori, pamwe chete akagadzirwa data, uyewo kuchengeta mitemo tsvakurudzo, unogona kuwana yakasiyana zvachose mugumisiro.