Protein usage muchitokisi, kutevedzana pamusoro biosynthetic kwendangariro. Kwetunhu mapurotini pamusoro ribosomes.

Upenyu inofanira kuvapo mapuroteni mamorekuru. Ndizvo zvazvichaita runoratidzwa vazhinji anodavira kuti puroteni ndiyo hwaro hwose upenyu. Mashoko ava Zvemazvirokwazvo ichokwadi, nokuti izvi zvinhu muchitokisi vakawanda zvinokosha mabasa. All mamwe makemikari yeimwe kutamba kunoita simba substrates, uye simba rinodiwa zvakare nokuda kwetunhu mapuroteni mamorekuru.

Muviri Kukwanisa synthesize mapuroteni

Havasi vose huripo zvinenge vanokwanisa kuita kwetunhu mapuroteni muchitokisi. Nemavhairasi uye vamwe utachiona havagoni kuumba mapuroteni, uye saka muri tupukanana kupa aida fuma kubva musero. Nezvimwe zvinhu, kusanganisira masero prokaryotic, vanokwanisa synthesize mapurotini. All dzevanhu masero, mhuka, zvinomera, notumwe tupukanana anenge utachiona zvose uye protists kurarama nokuda mano puroteni biosynthesis. Izvi zvinodiwa Implementation yechivako chacho-kusikwa, rokudzivirira, Kanotokonya, chokufambisa nezvimwe mabasa.

-Stage mamirire mapuroteni biosynthesis

Sechivako puroteni iri encoded mune nucleic asidhi (DNA kana RNA) somunhu codon. Ndiyo mashoko nhaka iri kuridzwa nguva dzose sero kunoda itsva mapuroteni fuma. Kutanga biosynthesis ndiyo nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko kuti musimboti kudiwa synthesize imwe puroteni chitsva ehupfumi akatosarudza.

Achipindura izvi dispiralized mugove pakati nucleic acid, sezvamakaropafadzwa nechivako kwaro coded. Iyi nzvimbo iri kudzokororwa mutumwa RNA uye hwakatamisirwa ribosome. Ivo basa pakuvaka polypeptide cheni pachishandiswa chizvaro - mutumwa RNA. Muchidimbu matanho zvose biosynthetic ndeinotevera:

• transcription (DNA doubling danho mugove pamwe encoded mapuroteni mamiriro);
• kugadzira (danho rokuumba mutumwa RNA);
• Shanduro (mapuroteni usage muchitokisi pahwaro Nhume RNA);
• posttranslational nadzurudzo ( "kuibvisa" ari polypeptide, inotungamirwa yayo-dimensional matatu mamiriro).

Transcription pamusoro nucleic asidhi

Whole Sero mapuroteni usage mu ribosome raiitwa, uye ruzivo pamusoro mamorekuru zviri imwe nucleic asidhi (RNA kana DNA). Zviri kwemajini: jini rimwe nerimwe - kuchiitirwa mapuroteni. Majini vaumbe mashoko pamusoro amino iine acid kutevedzana imwe itsva mapuroteni. Kana Kubviswa DNA majini remitemo iri kuitwa sezvinotevera:

• Rinotanga kusunungurwa nucleic iine acid mugove histone kunoitika despiralization;
• DNA polymerase zvakapetwa kaviri DNA mugove umo majini ari puroteni inochengeterwa;
• mugove nekaviri Nhume RNA aizotangira, izvo chinogadzirwa ne makemikari kubvisa vasiri Coding inoisa (pahwaro hwayo ari kwetunhu mRNA).

Based proinformatsionnoy RNA iri synthesized mRNA. Yatova imwe chizvaro, ipapo mapuroteni usage muchitokisi kunoitika pamusoro ribosomes (mu dzemakwiringwindi endoplasmic reticulum).

Ribosomal mapuroteni usage

Messenger RNA ane miromo miviri, vakaitwa kunze 3`- 5`. Kuverenga uye mapuroteni usage pamusoro ribosomes pamwe 5`kontsa rinotanga uye mberi kusvikira intron - mugove usingabereki encode chero amino acids. Ndizvo sezvinotevera:

• mutumwa RNA "strung" pamusoro ribosome, kubatana rokutanga amino asidhi;
• ribosome chinokambaira mRNA kune rimwe codon;
• Rinopa aida kuchinjwa RNA (mRNA codon encoded date) ane Arufa-amino asidhi;
• amino asidhi wanamatira munhu kutanga amino asidhi chokuumba dipeptide;
• mRNA akabva haachatauri zvakare nomumwe codon, patireyi uye Arufa-amino asidhi wanamatira kuwedzera peptide cheni.

Pangosvika ribosome zvasvika intron (non-Coding muwedzero), mutumwa RNA kungotaura ichifamba. Zvadaro, sezvo mberi mutumwa RNA, ribosome rinosvika zvakare exon - chikamu, ari nucleotide kutevedzana izvo unoenderana nechimwe amino acid.

Kubva panguva iyi kunotanga zvakare mapuroteni akabatana monomers kuti cheni. Kwacho panoberekwa panowanikwa mumwe intron kana kusvikira chemabhazi codon. Last polypeptide cheni usage terminates, pakwakanga chikuru mapuroteni mamiriro anonzi rakapera uye postsynthetic Danho rinotanga (posttranslational) nadzurudzo yacho Morekuru.

post-translational nadzurudzo

Mushure rokushandura, mapuroteni usage rinowanikwa mune matangi mvere endoplasmic reticulum. Ekupedzisira rine shoma ribosomes. Mune dzimwe masero vangava ndisipo mune RES. dzakadaro vanofanira kuumba wokutanga yechipiri, kana tertiary kare ikako, kana akasarudzwa, ari quaternary mamiriro.

Whole Sero mapuroteni usage kunoitika nenzira huru yakawanda zvekushandisa simba pamusoro ATP. Nekuti zvose zvimwe zvoutachiona pezvakaitwa vaifanira kutsigira mapuroteni biosynthesis. Uyezve, vamwe simba vaifanira kutakura mapuroteni muchitokisi kubudikidza basa senga.

Vakawanda mapuroteni vari achichinjwa muchitokisi chimwe nzvimbo nadzurudzo. Zvikurukuru, post-translational mapuroteni usage rikaitika Golgi yakaoma, apo anobatana carbohydrate kana lipid umambo polypeptide chaicho marongerwo.