Renyukireya: chikuru Russian NPP

The paChernobyl nenhamo uye kunoshamisa zviitiko panguva "Fukushima-1" renyukireya simba miti zvakakonzera chakakomba kuvadza kukura renyukireya yose. Nokuedza nhau wakasika kwakasimba pakati pe ngozi chero simba chirimwa simba renyukireya chirimwa. Asi, maererano masayendisiti akawanda, chinhu chine musoro unotsiva kupa magetsi inoda asi, asi Somuenzaniso, Balakovo - Russia guru simba renyukireya chirimwa - chinotyisidzira hapana kupfuura zvimwe maindasitiri Zvivako zviri zvikuru ichi.

Nheyo kwomudzimu NPP

chikuru simba miti yose uchishanda renyukireya mafuta, akafanana ari uchishandisa musimboti. Nokuti simba rudzi achishandisa kupisa kuti yakawanikwa panguva dzinodzorwa renyukireya fission cheni maitiro huni - kunyanya zvakapfumisa uranium exchange. Izvi zviri kuitwa nenzira reactor kwenyukireya - "mwoyo" pakati chirimwa.

Uyezve pane kugadzirira inopisa hwemvura iyo inobudisa turbine emagetsi. Zvichienderana akagadzira vanogona rotors kushandiswa iri simba zvirimwa marudzi ose uye akavaka kufungisisa kushanda renyukireya mafuta chirimwa specificity.

marudzi reactors

Kune mhando inoverengeka reactors izvo zvakasiyana mafuta, coolant achipfuura musimboti, uye retarder kunodiwa kudzora cheni zvakaitwa.

Kupfuura mari uye zvibereko akaratidza reactors, apo kushandisa muitiro Urume ane kwakajairika, "chiedza" mvura. By design, vari pakubhadhara inokosha maviri:

• RBMK - RBMK. It vakaroorana ari turbine torque rinogadzirirwa zvakananga chinoumba, saka chivako ichi anonzi fluidized. Ndiro simba chechina reactor pa paChernobyl, kugadzwa ichi mhando anoshandisa, semuenzaniso, Kurskaia yemapurisa - chikuru Russian chirimwa.
• VVER - VVER. ino vaviri hermetic zvishwe: pakutanga - radioactive - mvura iri rinoparadzirwa zvakananga kuburikidza chinoumba, kupedza kupisa kubva renyukireya fission cheni maitiro rechipiri - chiutsi iri vanowanika izvo zvokudya kuti Turbo emagetsi. reactors kwakadaro zvinoshandiswa kupfuura simba muEurope, Zaporizhzhya NPP, vanoshanda mumwe chikuru Russian NPP - Balakovo.

The mhando chechipiri reactor - gasi-dzaserera, sezvamakaropafadzwa kuti kuongorora pezvakaitwa vachishandisa graphite (reactor EGP-6 Bilibino). The wechitatu - mafuta muchimiro dzinongoitika uranium exchange, uye ane "mvura inorema" - deuterium oxide - sechinhu coolant uye Sachigaro. Wechina - Rn - kutsanya Nyuturoni reactor.

Yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa

Kuedza wokutanga kushandisa zvenyukireya reactors simba Chizvarwa chaiitirwa mune US, Idaho National Laboratory muna 1951. The reactor vakavhiyiwa pane simba zvakakwanira akabuda mana 200-watt Mabumba. Pashure pechinguvana chirimwa kupa magetsi vakava chivakwa yose apo tsvakurudzo kuitwa panguva reactor yenyukireya. Nesimba pomumbure zvakanzi zvakabatana pashure 4 makore uye guta pedyo Arco kuti murabhoritari yaiva yokutanga munyika kugovera magetsi Via renyukireya simba chirimwa.

Asi nyika yokutanga vezvokutengeserana simba renyukireya chirimwa ndiyo yenyukireya simba chirimwa, akatanga muna Obninsk, Kaluga munharaunda USSR muzhizha 1954 uye pakarepo chokuita pemambure. Kubva pano rinobva renyukireya simba bhizimisi weRussia. Power Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant yaiva duku - 5 chete MW. Pashure 3 makore Tomsk mudunhu, muguta Seversk, izvozvo akaiswa kushanda padariro wokutanga Siberian renyukireya nesimba chirimwa, izvo yakabereka 600 MW vakazochinja. The reactor akanga akatasva ikoko, aida kubudisa plutonium zvombo giredhi, uye nemagetsi uye chafariz simba vari byproducts. Nhasi reactors pazviteshi izvi pamambakwedza.

Nuclear simba chirimwa mune yaimbova USSR

Kubvira mukupera 1950s uye mangwanani Kuma1960 muSoviet Union akatanga ndichibvunza kweDzimba simba zvinomera dzakasiyana kumatunhu munyika. List wokuRussia simba renyukireya miti uye Union chinoda inoumbwa 17 zvivako zvakadaro, izvo 7 vakasiyiwa kunze ano Russian Federation:

• Armenian, pedo neguta Metsamor. Rine zvidzidzo zviviri ane zvachose inokwana 440 MW. Mushure 1988 kudengenyeka, iyo vakamira NPP pasina tsaona chero chakakomba nokuda ambofanobata pamasikiro zvizivikanwe nemichina nemishonga, kwakasarudzwa kumisa chisarudzo charo. Zvisinei, munguva yemberi, nokuda kudunhu kudiwa magetsi, hurumende reRepublic asarudza vomurova muna 1995, chikwata chechipiri. Pasinei chokwadi kuti kufungisisa vakawedzera yaanoti zviripo uye kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka, European Union achingoramba richengetedzwe.
• Ignalina simba renyukireya chirimwa kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva Lithuania kushanda kubva 1983 kusvika 2009 uye yakavharwa akumbirwa European Union.
• Zaporozhye, simba kupfuura simba renyukireya chirimwa muEurope, riri pamahombekombe ari Kakhovka Dam, muna Energodar, yakavakwa muna 1978. Its sezvamunoita 6 VVER-1000, pave cheshanu magetsi muUkraine - vanenge mabhiriyoni 40 kWh / gore. It zvakazara sezvarayirwa netsika International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, pedyo netaundi Kuznetsovsk Rivne mudunhu muUkraine. It ane 4 VVER zvachose inokwana 2835 MW. IAEA rave yaakakudza migumisiro vakachengeteka audits.
• Khmelnytsky, pedo neguta Neteshin, pedyo norwizi Gorini muUkraine. 2 zvaisanganisira VVER-1000.
• South-Ukrainian, riri pamhenderekedzo weSouthern Bug iri Mykolaiv mudunhu Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 zvinopa 96% wokumaodzanyemba Ukraine inoda magetsi.
• PaChernobyl, pedo neguta Pripyat, akava nzvimbo guru nevanhu njodzi 26 musi April 1986 gore. Wokupedzisira reactors mana RBMK-1000 yakamira muna 2000.

Ratio pakati nemagetsi ari chirimwa, iri zvachose simba makurusa simba renyukireya zvinomera, Hydroelectric, TPP mu Russia iri vanenge 18%. Izvi zvakanyanya isingasviki Somuenzaniso, mutungamiriri renyukireya nesimba indasitiri - France, apo nhamba 75%. Maererano nevamwe Hurumende simba zano kuti nguva kusvika 2030 iri vakaronga kuwedzera reshiyo iyi 20-30% uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa magetsi Via simba zviumbu uchishanda mafuta zvenyukireya, 4 nguva.

Nuclear simba Russia

simba Vangani yenyukireya zvirimwa muRussia nhasi? In nyika yedu mune 10 pazviteshi, kuva kwayo Zvinoumba 35 vamapoka siyana (zvakadai zvivako anenge 100 kushanda muna US). Kuparadzira chikuru kugamuchira pressurized mvura reactor (PWR) - zvidimbu 18 chete. Izvi, 1,000 MW - 12, mumwe 6 - 440 MW. Pepa zvakare 15 mugero achibika reactors 11 RBMK-1000 uye 4 - EGP-6.

Chii chikuru simba renyukireya chirimwa muRussia

To musi, hapana wemuTesitamende Rosenergoatom mutungamiriri pachena pakati renyukireya simba miti vanokwanisa uye mupiro zvinonyatsorehwa pakuenzanisa nyika. Pane 2 zvakaoma, apo imwe nhamba rinoshandisirwa (4) yakafanana VVER-1000. It Balakovo uye kuKalinin simba renyukireya chirimwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvachose inokwana 4,000 MW. The chete simba iri musimba chirimwa pamusoro Kursk uye Leningrad, izvo inoshandiswa Unit 4 RBMK-1000 mhando. Panyaya iyi, simba kupfuura simba renyukireya chirimwa munyika - muJapan Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - ane 7 inokwana zviyero ane zvachose inokwana 8212 MW.

Wevasungwa kwesimba emakambani nerudzi rwayo muna reEurope chikamu Russia kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vatambe inokosha pakuita kuti magetsi kuti nechepakati kumatunhu munyika. Pakati Russia, uye kunyanya kuchamhembe, mugove simba renyukireya riri simba pachiyero kusvika 40%.

6 vamwe Russian NPP

Batsirawo kune Russian simba zvekutepfenyura chinowedzera Kola chirimwa, Russia guru simba renyukireya chirimwa ari kuchamhembe mundima, inoshanda mbiri simba tysyachemegavattnyh. It anopfuurira kusuma kugona zvitsva Novovoronezh renyukireya simba chirimwa, apo ivo vanoona kushandisa idzva, nani VVER -1200. Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant muna Sverdlovsk nharaunda anogona kunzi sechinhu experimental chikuva kuti masayendisiti Russian yenyukireya. Inoshandisa Mhando inoverengeka reactors, kusanganisira kutsanya Nyuturoni reactors. In Chukotka, riri Bilibino chiteshi unokupai kudunhu zvakakodzera kupisa.

The mubvunzo chii simba renyukireya chirimwa ndiyo pakukura Russia, anogona zvakare kuva akakodzera kana zviumbu itsva kusumwa muna Rostov chirimwa, izvo kusvikira matatu, uye kukwanisa kwavo 3100 MW. Rine chete simba uye Smolensk, kushanda RBMK reactors.

tarisiro

The purogiramu Kugadzirwa nemauto inocherechedzwa nhoroondo, sezvo simba renyukireya zvinomera muRussia vanofanira kuvaka zviumbu vakawanda vanofanira vakiridza ndokuiswa kushanda kuvandudza simba zvitengeswa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nokuda nzvimbo North, Siberia uye kuFar East. Kune rakamiswa ruzhinji makambani mafuta uye gasi unobereka, apo achiumba hwaro Russian upfumi.

Imwe ndiyo nzvimbo, iro rine simba renyukireya indasitiri weRussia, - kusikwa zvinoyangarara zvenyukireya thermoelectric simba chechitima. Kwakavakirwa kutsanya reactors KLT-40 yakaderera-simba transportable simba zviumbu (70 MW). Zvivako izvi Mobile anogona kupa kupfuura mumaruwa magetsi, maindasitiri uye mudzimba kudziyisa uye kunyange mvura yakachena. Nokutumwa wokutanga zvinoyangarara simba renyukireya chirimwa "Mikhail Lomonosov" iri kurongwa mumakore kuuya.