Subject kumusha muna Lermontov M.Yu. nhetembo Lermontov nezvemweya kumusha

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, chokwadi mumwe mukuru vadetembi Russian, ane zita chakaunza mabhuku edu nyika yose mbiri. On kukosha kwayo kupfeka ndima ine geniuses makuru akadai Alexander Pushkin uye NV Gogol.

The chikuru zvakasikwa nguva Nyanduri: Romantic (1828-1832), kuchinja (1833-1836) uye vakura (1837-1841). Subject kumusha muna Lermontov anomhanya kuburikidza ake ose.

Kubvira makore 1830s, mudetembi anotanga kuwana ayo kudanana pamuviri inokosha enhoroondo uye magariro muitiro, kuumbwa panguva iyoyo iri European aesthetics nevazivi uye historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel GF, GG Gervinus And z. mufudzi and said.), uyewo Russian uye European mabhuku (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, mangwanani Gogol nevamwe).

Communication nguva uye zvizvarwa

Sokutaura I. Goethe, yokudhirowa anofanira kunzwa muitiro uyu sezvo kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamwe kare uye chipo. Maererano GG Gervinus, rokusika munhu senhengo pakushaiwa kwake kuva murwi "muuto wematambudziko." Fate zvinonzwisiswa sezvo kuzadziswa nokusingaperi kubatana pakati ramangwana uye kare zvinhu chipo.

Achiziva pacharo nenzira yakafanana basa, Lermontov anotora kudzivirirwa womunhu munhu. Kunzwa kubatana zvizvarwa uye vemazera, Mikhail panguva iyoyowo kuvanetsa zvinoshamisa pakakoromoka. The chando chokwadi inoshora mu pfungwa Ndokusaka umhare kare vanhu Russian. Rinovatadzisa kuti kudzvinyirira, chiito chinokosha munzanga rudo rwechokwadi, izvo kuunza vanhu pamwe chete zvikuru dzakabudirira vanhu, akaaisa kuvandudza yetsika uye yomudzimu kuzvidzora Kuziva uye kubudirira.

Unhu-nyaya-mukusingaperi

Achisiyanisa kare ikozvino, Lermontov, musoro zvakasikwa uye Motherland uko kunoratidzwa mumabasa mazhinji, maererano VF Egorova, anoda kubvisa kubva yokuita "ndivanaani-kare-nokusingaperi" pakati zvinoriumba. Ndichirairira pamusoro kare, Mikhail anoona dzayo basa iri kupomera mhosva yedzinza akararama kungopeta maoko uye kusakendenga (the nhetembo "Duma") uye chiyeuchidzo mbiri umhare kare vanhu ( "Borodino").

DS Merezhkovsky debunks ngano yacho yekuita Solovyov "hwoudhimoni" Lermontov. Anoti kuti dzimwe nguva, kuverenga mabhuku ano, iye nokusaziva aifunga unovapo kuti aiva ndaneta Russian chokwadi. Kukurukurirana pakati okupedzisira makumi mashanu apfuura mumunda mabhuku uye chokwadi, munyori anonyora, vakaparadzwa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mabasa Lermontov.

"Rwiyo pamusoro chevaux Ivan Vasilyevich"

"Rwiyo pamusoro chevaux Ivan Vasilyevich ..." zvirimo rimwe paakaita rugwaro vakasikwa nomunyori sokurota, muchiroto kunozivikanwa mbiri kare apo Russian akanga "ichimutsa vanhu" hunogona chibayiro, munhu umhare chiito uye nezviito muzita zvinangwa yakakwirira, " mutemo usingaperi "kuva kufurira munhu umhare zviito zvakadaro. Vanoramba kwechinguva chiduku, asi nokusingaperi garai kuyeuka vanhu, kuburikidza tichibatanidza "pakarepo" kuti "kusaguma". Subject kumusha muna Lermontov kazhinji kunoratidzwa nezviito izvi, izvo, maererano Mikhail Yurevich, vanoumba mberi ngano rengano dziri the artist uye munyori sezvo Alexander akati, Pushkin, "kufara" pane nhoroondo ndangariro.

The Lyrics hutsva mhando

Lermontov akasika nhetembo yake Lyrics itsva mhando ikashandiswa kuva zvakananga kusakarongeka tsika, nhoroondo uye pachake ruzivo uye ichangobva pfungwa youzivi. Zvinonzi zvakare synthesized nokuda nyota mufaro yepanyika uye kufungisisa pfungwa, kungotaurawo uye pachedu nokuchiva manzwiro, chitsvene, dzisiri shoko uye pakutaura kwezuva nezuva.

Lermontov kwaibva zvose zvinokosha pfungwa ouzivi pamusoro munhu uye munhu (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG and said.), Asi haana kupa kupfuura chero wavo. Pfungwa yake enhetembo dzikava mudziyo yokuzvidzora ruzivo uye ruzivo rwenyika, kukunda kuitwa rationalism uye subjectivism uzivi kuri muna ano romanticism, kubvisa kusawirirana panguva chaichoicho, nokumhanyisa kutsvaka zvechokwadi pakunamata.

MY Lermontov, achifumura unosuruvarisa ezvinhu Russia ano uye kufunga munhu munyika ino, nguva dzose akatsvaka dzakasiyana kudzoka munhu wenyika yose, vanhu, tsvimbo yaMwari. Somugumisiro, mudetembi, nezvairehwa uye kugaya nokubudirira Russian uye nyika yose wokufananidzira pfungwa, I yakazarura tarisiro yokuti kukura itsva mirayiridzo - symbolist nhetembo yechiitiko rechi19 uye rechi20 emakore, uyewo ramangwana yose nhetembo.

Subject kumusha munhetembo Lermontov chinotanga nenzira yakaoma nguva iitike. Nesimba uye expressiveness pamusoro Lermontov mudzidziso nyika zvakaitika uye pfungwa vakava unhu panguva Transitional nguva pakunamata. Akaumba sezvo nyanduri ari pamuganhu pakati pakuwedzera feudal serf maitiro uye kushaya chokwadi mune ramangwana, chinotaurwa simba ichi zvenguva pfungwa, vaibvisa ngetani shackling pfungwa ake akare, asi zvakadaro hauna kuwana nheyo itsva.

MY Lermontov. Yokumusha: dingindira uye pfungwa

Subject kumusha muna mabasa Lermontov, ukama wacho uye mamiriro akamanikidza Mikhail Yurevich kuwana mamiriro chenjera matambudziko yetsika uye socio-dzouzivi. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga kukwana, sezvo ndeuke yokuti nyanduri haana kuva ukama munzanga uye munhu, vanoonekwa nemaonero nokudenga hunhu.

"Duma"

Unhu rinoratidza Lermontov zvinopesana yose kuti unoshanda, asi kazhinji ngozi nokumunyima wake zvose rakasungwa nezvisungo zvomumakumbo rusununguko dzezvinangwa yakakwirira. Panyaya iyi, mudetembi anotendeukira vepanguva yake. Muna detembo "Duma," rakanyorwa muna 1838, inosuwisa vezera, vakatongerwa kuenda kuburikidza upenyu pasina zvikasawanirwa munhau, unotsiva hope roujaya hwake ari kudanana heroism.

Lermontov akanzwa vanosungirwa kuzivisa vaairarama chokwadi pamusoro anosiririsa mamiriro ezvinhu umo maiva hana dzavo uye mweya. In maonero Mikhail Yurevich, raiva vakaderera, vasina simba kwake, youmbwende chizvarwa mupenyu vasina tariro yeramangwana. Iri raiva nyanduri wacho harizi zvichida kuoma kupfuura kuda nokuda nyika yavo uye ayo rusununguko kufa pamusoro scaffold. Nokuti vavengi Lermontov vake kwete chete, asi kunyange vaya vaanoda akashuma chokwadi ichi anosuruvarisa, Mikhail Yurevich akapomera uchivachera dzinoitwa muvanhu. VG chete Belinsky nenzwisiso tisaone aigona kuonekwa "two chilled uye hunhu hwakanaka" Mafungiro kuupenyu Lermontov kutenda nokukudzwa uye chiremera upenyu hwevanhu.

A Feat muzita iri Motherland

Mikhail aisada uye vaisagona kuvanza pfungwa dzake. All nhetembo, mitambo, nhetembo uye njodzi nokuda peni yake mumakore gumi nematatu zvikuru okugadzira zvinhu - ichi zvechokwadi Feat muzita iri Motherland uye rusununguko. Subject kumusha muna mabasa Lermontov kunoratidzwa kwete chete mbiri Russian kukunda mashoko ari nhetembo "Borodino", mune akakurumbira mitsetse "Ndinoda yamadzibaba ...", asiwo vazhinji mabasa, izvo zvisina kutaura zvakananga pamusoro rusununguko, kwete pamusoro yokumusha, asi nokuda kugadzwa nyanduri, njodzi rudzi, benzi ropa, musungwa vakasurukirwa, anoshaiwa upenyu, nhapwa. Achiyeuka chizvarwa chake akararama ari umhare kare vanhu ( "Rwiyo pamusoro chevaux Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), akaratidza kutenda muna rokusika uye umhare mukana kwevanhu, izvo zvinogona kukunda dambudziko ramangwana, nhoroondo uye kuitika. Kuda Lermontov nyika waishanda, basa.

gamba Lermontov ari nhetembo "Kubva Andreya Shene" anoyeuka kudiwa ruzhinji chiito nemabasa, "10 July 1830" uye "July 30 (Paris) 1830" Rinotsvaka kubatanidzwa mune echimurenga hondo uye akagamuchira vechikamu, ari nhetembo "nokufembera" emifananidzo ake akakwezva kwazvakarerekera.

Nyika yokumusha pakutanga lyric

Magamba okutanga nhetembo - Byron uye Napoleon - Mikhail uyewo anoimba paruzhinji chiito. Zvisinei, mharidzo yake echimurenga nenyonganyonga, kufanana gamba pakati nesarudzo chiito Napoleon, dzinopesana. Lermontov akanyora kuti rimwe gore yenhamo kana umambo rinoputswa, vanhu dzichaguma kuda Mambo, uye "zvokudya zvizhinji rufu uye ropa." Akatsanangura mufananidzo - mugumisiro kumukirawo munyika - chinhu chinorwadza uye rakasiyana chii nguva inofadza kuti akanga achitsvaka gamba. Ndicho apotheosis nyonganyonga, kuparadza, vachitambura sina hunhu.

"Kufembera"

Muna detembo "Kufembera", yakanyorwa nomudetembi kunyange gumi navatanhatu muna 1830, Lermontov anoprofita pedyo dambudziko uye migumisiro inosuruvarisa zviitiko zvakadaro. The vanotyisa mufananidzo pamusoro kuuraya iye rinoratidza ari nejasi dema. Izvi dimikira mufananidzo kwegore risingapindiki rima, vanooneka zvino nokuda mumakore utsi zana uye.

Nechekare achiri nhetembo Lermontov anoratidza kudavira vanhu uye upenyu, kuora mwoyo. Gare gare, nokukurira kukwezvana neMuse Byron, ari kuedza kuwana rutsigiro neururami yavo chokwadi pacharo. Subject kumusha muna Lermontov anotanga kuridza zvakasiyana. Iye rinotsanangura rudo yechizvarigo (kufunga, somuenzaniso, "yokumusha" nezvendima kuongorora Lermontov), kunzwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe chete zvakasikwa, ari kuva chiitiko maererano zvakasikwa ( "Kana mafungu yellowing cornfield").

"Borodino"

Subject yokumusha hunoonekwa yakakurumbira nhetembo "Borodino" muna Lermontov. basa iri yakabudiswa "Contemporary" muna 1837. Nhoroondo nhetembo anodzokera mukutanga kudanana nhetembo "Munda Borodino." Lermontov munzira dzakawanda zvakachinja basa chepakutanga. Location isingazivikanwi Mukurukuri, rusununguko-rudo, asi yake volnolyubiya chaihwoihwo, vakatora "babamunini" - zvikuru prosaic narrator, sezvo ndima kuongorora. Lermontov nzvimbo yechizvarirwo anotarira sezvazviri chaizvo nemhaka acho, mamwe pathetic mureza zvikamu kunge kucheneswa, haana dzinoenderana chokwadi zviitiko. Akadai okunze akaipa, kudanana dutu, izvo zvichipomerwa kwakaitika pamusoro avaida rokurwa, kwave chikatsiviwa yakajeka nokuwa usiku, izvo hwaienzanirana chokwadi. Yakanga isingori chokwadi yokunatswa, zvakafanana kutevera uchapupu chaiye pakunamata rokusika chipo Lermontov. Saka, "Borodino" kuri kuva ndima nepfungwa ounyanzvi kuti "Testamende," "Kumusha musoro Lermontov kuti" uye "Valerik".

Kuchinja Genre

nhetembo Lermontov panyaya dingindira "Kumusha" harina zvikuru achinja uye ayo Genre. Didactics nharo mangwanani "Borodino Field" rave nehumwe dzinongoitika, chibhende didactics ndeimwewo nyore uye zvakajeka nhoroondo. Zvinobikwa "Borodino" riri utsva. Asi, ndizvo didactic yokufungidzira, umo pachimiro hondo akatsaukira polemic yake ive inert, usimbe, vasingakendengi, maererano nyanduri, chaizvo. Belinsky akaitira "Borodino" sezvo duality basa apo nechekumberi - nyaya akwegura murwi, chaizvoizvo kuratidzwa mifananidzo muhondo, wake maonero, apo rechipiri - kuvava kuzvidzwa, achisiyanisa kare uye chipo, chokwadi ndechokuti kunyange akasimba kukanganisa ari nhetembo "Duma".

Subject kumusha muna Lermontov ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe pfungwa rudzi uye vanhu. Belinsky akacherechedza kuti Lermontov vakazadzwa nomudzimu norudzi, akabatanidza naye. Cherechedza zvakare kuti Nyanduri aishanda munguva kurega kunotanga. Mumakore iwayo anomutsa mubvunzo pamusoro pakuzadzisa ehurumende yayo yemberi. Mikhail Yurevich nyika kunzwa akafumomuka kwazvo uye zvadaro akava inokosha. Achiri mukomana gumi, MY Lermontov, Kumusha dingindira iyo anomhanya yose basa, akanyora kuti: "Ndinoda musha uye yakawanda zhinji" (the nhetembo "Ndakaona mumvuri hwemafaro ...").

The itsva lyrical gamba

Mushure 1837 kuchinja yekudyidzana lyrical gamba: akatanga kunzwa kuenzana nevamwe vanhu, kure nemadhimoni. Kutsanangura pacharo sezvo nedambudziko nguva, anoteterera achiti mumiririri wake. Pane kufarira upenyu uye nevamwe vanhu, kunyange zvokunamata, mukati chirairo navo, dzimwe nguva anochinja kuva kusanduka kuva musoja kana musungwa ( "Muvakidzani", "Vavakidzani", "The Musungwa," "muuranda Knight"). In rakada iyi gamba mikana mitsva. Iye zvakasimba anonzwa kusabatsira yokuti munhu, kuti undecidability waro dzomukati kuzvipokanidza, anoedza kuwana rutsigiro zvinangwa zvavo. Patsva anotanga kuridza uye musoro Motherland mu mabasa Lermontov.

The rokufananidzira mufananidzo Motherland

The nyanduri, ari kudanana, uye akasika wokufananidzira generalized mufananidzo nyika yavo. nhetembo Lermontov panyaya dingindira "Kumusha" zvinoratidza sechinhu imwe yakanaka. Mikhail Lermontov, ane yokumusha chakareva zvakawanda kuzvidza vanhu vasina izvozvo, vakasununguka kubva kutambura uye chido. Iye rinofananidza navo kumakore (the nhetembo "Makore", 1840), nguva dzose inotonhora uye unzenza, nokumhanyisa kumaodzanyemba kubvira kufinhikana asingabereki cornfields.