The Code Mutemo wokutanga yakabudiswa ... Mutemo 1497 - chinhu. Consequences Sudebnik 1497

Pakupera yacho XV remakore nyika Russian rwakaona chiitiko chinokosha itsva munhau yacho. Panguva iyi, Moscow machinda aifanira kusarudza kuti yaizobatsira kuwana nyika yose uye kuti varambe pamwe chete. The Code Mutemo wokutanga yakabudiswa zvakananga kuti chinangwa ichi.

State asati kuitwa gwaro rinokosha

Kubva 1132 unotanga nguva kusabatana munhoroondo weRussia. Old Russian mamiriro rayo pakati rakada havasisipo muKiev. Kunyange machinda nokurwira chigaro Kiev, asi avo kukunda haana kureva kuti achatora muruoko simba pamusoro dzose Russian. Nokukurumidza Kiev pfuma vakapamba, uye vagari vomuguta akamhanyira dzimwe nyika, pane kuwana ruponeso kubva muArabhu uye hondo.

In ezvinhu apo hama vakaenda kundorwa munin'ina wake, uye mwanakomana wake - baba vake, nyika Russian vaiva nyore kuti marudzi anongofamba. Mumakore aya, zvakawana simba Mongol-wechiTatar madzinza. Dissociation ramachinda Russian uye kushaya nevakawanda murayiro kwakabatsira zvisingaiti kuti varanda Old Russian mamiriro kwemakore anouya.

Nokufamba kwenguva, maguta akawanda akaunganidza simba zvakakwana kuti vave musimboti itsva wehurumende. Nokuda kwayo zvinobetsera nenzvimbo chinzvimbo, uchenjeri uye anokunyengedzera machinda omunharaunda uye kutsigira Orthodox Church of Moscow akakwanisa kukunda paaiitirana ichi.

Moscow anofambisa kwemakumi emakore vakaungana nyika Russian. Ndapedza kuita itsva mamiriro, Ivan III. Izvi zvaida kusikwa mitemo iyo yaigona kuvapo. Mambo aiziva kunofanirawo ichi. The Code Mutemo wokutanga yakabudiswa muna 1497.

Ivan III

Ivan akaberekwa muMoscow muna 1440. baba vake aiva Vasily II, zita remadunhurirwa Dark. Baba Ivan muchirongwa dzoumambo feuds. Ndipo apo vaiwana remadunhu- ake. Mukuedza kushayisa Basil simba uye zvinogonekwa kurwa, iye akakunda vakamutumbura meso ake. Basil II akapona uye akatora choushe. Asi aida kubatsirwa.

Assistant kuti tive munhu Vasiliy Temny kuvimba uyewo pachako. Ivan, mwanakomana wake, akava zvaisanganisira kugadzirisa matambudziko pachena kubva aiva nemakore 16. 6 Makore pashure chiitiko ichi, Vasiliy Temny akafa.

Ivan III aifanira kuda nyika dzavo Novgorod, Tver uye vazhinji nevamwe akapfuma ndima. Yakaguma mubati mamiriro kunyoresa wokuRussia. Uye zvakaita naye paiva Kuchinja Vakuru Vebasa, iyo achasarudza nhoroondo Yababa kwemakore akawanda.

Pashure vachiviga mudzimai wake wokutanga, Ivan III anosarudza kuroorwa zvakare. nguva ino ake musanangurwa inova muzukuru wekupedzisira Byzantine mutongi Sofya Paleolog. Shure refu Nhaurirano, iye anosvika muMoscow uye akava mudzimai gavhuna Russian.

Vomunguva akanyora kuti Sofia akanga akangwara chaizvo uye mukadzi oumhizha. Iye kukanganiswa murume wake uye akafuridzira iye, kuti chete Byzantine mararamiro anogona kunzi chete zvakarurama. Speech mudzimai aifarira Ivan III, nekuti nokukurumidza pashure muchato, akanga abvuma kuti zvinhu.

Byzantine dare hwokuratidza zvokushamisira uye upfumi ezvinhu. Mhemberero, panguva iyo nyaya akabvuma chisingakoshi wake tichienzanisa mutongi guru uye akasimbisa naMwari kwakabva simba rake. Muchato pamwe Sofey Paleolog, Ivan III akagadza mitemo chete uye nyika yake yaakaberekerwa. Kunze netsika rakatorwa pamusoro kubudikidza nguvo maoko Byzantium. Ivan III uye vazukuru vake zvava kunzi chikuru kutsigira kutenda Orthodox, venhaka Byzantium.

Kuchengetedzwa kwetsika

Ivan III vakasarudza kutora ngozi uye kuti kuchinja mune zvakanaka isingachinji tsika kuitisa mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika. Vakawanda mitemo vakagamuchirwa kare, zvichengeteke kuvapo kwayo. Pakati avo akava "zvokudya". Panguva disintegration pamusoro Kievan Rus panzvimbo ine dzakawanda ukuru duku, izvo akasiyana pakukura uye upfumi. In dzakawanda vatongi ava kutarisira nyika dzavo, mune dzimwe vakanga akarangana boyars.

Kana nyika yakanga yakanyanya zvikuru kutarisira pachavo, Prince akatuma wevatariri ake. Havadi kugamuchira mari, asi, zvisinei, akatungamirira hwomutambarakede kuvapo: vakabvumirwa kuwana upfumi munyika pasi pavo. Magavhuna vasinganyari kubirwa vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi. Vaiva nekodzero kutora matunhu mitero muchimiro mari uye zvokudya.

Code muMutemo muna 1497 vakasara "zvokudya", pasinei Vakakonzera chihombe kurwadzisa miduku yokuruwa. Asi pashure racho Code of Mitemo chakagadzwa yavo chaiyo saizi, kupfuura kuti hapana aigona.

Court uye kumatare

Kusika Code muMutemo rokutanga, Ivan III akarayira kuti vainyatsotarisirwa rwakabhadharwa kwete mitemo uye zvekufamba. Nokuti gwaro iri yoga anoratidza ndiani uye sei zvisarudzo.

Kutongwa boyars, courtiers uye vanamabharani. Pakadaro, kana mhosva airevesa, uye zvakanga zvisiri nyore kugadzirisa, dare rinokonzera kuti Grand Duke pachake.

The Code Mutemo wokutanga yakabudiswa uyewo kuti tibu- kururamisira kurangwa, nokuti mitemo yokutanga pamusoro chiokomuhomwe vakanga hwakatangwa. Judges hazvibvumidzwe kugamuchira zvipo uye mari kubva vechikamu enyaya uye kusarudza zvatinoda.

Kuri kuti zvakanga zvakaoma kuona kuti ndiani akarurama uye ndiani asina kururama, dare pamangange. Kuti tizive nei zvakadaro, mukwiriri uye yomupomerwi mu dzokurwa kurwa pamwe mumwe chero mumwe wavo anokunda. Zvisinei, hapana vechikamu havana kufa. Izvi zvinoteverwa chaiwo vanhu. Kuri kuti rimwe mapato kugona kurwa (vakadzi, vanhu vakwegura, vakaremara), aifanira kuwana munhu uchabvuma kudzivirira ayo zvavanofarira.

chitarafu

Code muMutemo muna 1497 uye ine mazita kwechirango kuti vakanga vachibatwa matsotsi. Kubva zvino, vagari vehurumende vakanga vasina kodzero nokuzvidzora vanoita ruramisiro uye kuranga vapari vemhosva. Zvakanzi zvekare rakarambidzwa ropa daka.

First akazviratidza pakati marangirwo rufu. Kwirirei kupfuura kufumura vanopara umhondi, dzimba, zvinhu zvitsvene, uye zvichingodaro .. Mukuwedzera, achaparadza vaya kechipiri akaita kuba. Nokuti wokutanga wemhosva varohwa nezvamboko pachivara, kuitira kuti vanhu vazhinji vakazviona zvinonyadzisa muchikwanisa.

Pakadaro, kana waini yakanga kushanda akaratidza, asi murume akaramba kuzvigamuchira, Mutemo 1497 mvumo kushandisa kutambudza. Nzira iyi yokuwana pupuro rakaonekwawo kokutanga.

vanhuwo zvavo

Zvikurukuru simba kusabatana uye kudzvinyirirwa Mongol-Tatars kwakakanganisa miduku yokuruwa. Vamwe vakatorwa muuranda, apo vamwe - vakaurayiwa. Chete pashure Mongol-Tatars vakadzokera shure, hurumende zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kumuka kubva madota.

Panguva iyoyo, apo Code muMutemo yokutanga yakavambwa, paitova nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo. Vakadaidzwa varanda, vane mamiriro ezvinhu akanga asina vakasiyana mamiriro varanda dzimwe nyika. Vakarasikirwa norusununguko rwavo vanhu vaya vasina nzira kutungamirira yakazvimirira muhondo kuvapo kana vatora musungwa. Kuva muranda, munhu vachangoramba muuranda zvose nezvizvarwa zvavo. nzvimbo iri nhaka, uye mwana wenyu akava muranda, kunyange kana baba vake aiva akasununguka murume.

Ukama varimi Varidzi kuti Sudebnik 1497

Pamberi, kana Code muMutemo rokutanga yakabudiswa, vanhuwo zvavo (kwete varanda) aiva nekodzero kutamira kune muridzi kune mumwe. Nokuti basa rake panyika murimi akagashira chikwereti muchimiro mbeu, maturusi uye mari. Vamwe Varidzi zvinopawo vashandi vavo dzimba.

Nokuti chikwereti Murimi aifanira kudyara mbeu, kutarisira zvinomera uye kukohwa, kuti maipa kudzokera muridzi. Asi hapana chaigona kumumisa kuenda pamberi chirimwa iri ikakohwewa. Ipapo muridzi aifanira kukurumidza kutsvaka vanhu vanobvumirana kuti vakohwe, kudzivisa vaita yakatokura varasikirwa. Varidzi vaida Mutemo 1497 akaruramisa kusaruramisira ichi.

zuva St. George

Ivan III vaisagona kukanganwa dambudziko iri. Nokuti Sudebnik sokuti akavarambidza yokutanga, iyo hanya miduku yokuruwa.

Wokugamuchirwa Sudebnik unocherekedza imwe nguva apo murimi aigona kufamba kubva mumwe muridzi kune mumwe. Saka vakatanga nguva vhiki pamberi Day St. George (26 October) uye vhiki pashure. Panguva iyi zvirimwa iri kumorwa, varimi anogona kubhadhara vakwegura (muripo pekugara munyika yavamwe, kushandisa namajoko basa) kusvika muridzi uye kune mumwe.

Haasi munhu wose aida kuchinja ichi. Nekuti vamwe varimi wokugamuchirwa Sudebnik zvakamanikidzwa kutizira kuna Don, izvo akaumba nyika chaiyo - the Cossacks.

Zvinorehwa gwaro

Of Mutemo - haisi dzakaunganidzwa mitemo, asi kuratidzwa utsinye upenyu vanhu Russian panguva. Imhaka gwaro iri, kudzidza uye muupenyu vagari ehurumende.

Munguva nechisimba Tatars iri kuderera rakasvika tsika Old Russian mamiriro. Kana, pamberi vasvike muArabhu vanhu Russian kunganzi chimwe chezvinhu kuverenga muEurope, kwemazana emakore, zvose zvakachinja. Uyewo pakudzvinyirirwa Tatars kwakachinja mafungiro wokuRussia vanhu, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa Sudebnik.

Kuitwa wokutanga Sudebnik aireva kwaita rufu, kurwadziswa. Hazvina kumboitika kuti pane ari chirango chehasha zvakadaro mhosva. Uye mumakore ichava chete zvipenyu dzavo.

The Bolsheviks, achirondedzera migumisiro Sudebnik 1497, vaidavira kuti ndipo akatanga varanda vanhuwo zvavo. Asi vakanga kururama. Kunyange aihuitira inonzi yakapedza vanhuwo zvavo kubva mumwe muridzi mumwe, chokwadi ichi hazvigoni kunzi harbinger kuti serfdom. Zvakatanga kuoneka apo venhaka Ivan III. A akadzima paingova pashure kuchinja Alexander II - mumwe mumiririri raitonga dzinza.

The Code muMutemo yokutanga yakavambwa kuitira kugadzirisa upenyu hutsva mamiriro wayo muzinda muMoscow. Gwaro kokutanga kune mitemo itsva, vamwe vavo vakanga akatorwa chokwadi wokuRussia - the mitemo okutanga. Asi zvose nemitemo inomiririra yokutanga Russian Code noMutemo, muri kupangidza upenyu Russian nyika yakaoma, iri kunaya pejoko Tatars.