The inonyanya simbi iri pasi goko. Metals zvakasikwa

Metals vari boka zvinhu zvakasiyanawo ehupfumi zvakadai magetsi conductivity, mukuru kupisa kuchinjwa coefficient ane zvakanaka nemishonga mamirire uye Gloss hama ductility. Iyi mhando iri nyore zvinhu kwemakemikari yeimwe.

Kupatsanura mumapoka

Metals ndivo rakajairika zvakashandiswa nevanhu munhoroondo yacho. Vazhinji vavo dziri pakati akaturikidzana dzenyika nechepasi, asi kune vaya vari zvakavigwa mugomo reservoirs yakadzika.

Pari nesimbi yakawanda zvikuru periodic table (94 kubva 118 zvinhu). Pamutemo zvinokosha kuziva zvinotevera mapoka:

1. The alkali (lithium, potassium, yavaibvisa, francium, necesium, rubidium). Pamusoro kuonana nemvura vanoumba hydroxides.

2. alkaline pasi (calcium, barium, strontium, Radium). Siyana arambe achirema neukukutu. 3. Chiedza (aruminiyamu, kutungamirira, zingi, gallium, cadmium, tini, nemekiyuri). Nokuda yakaderera arambe achirema inowanzoshandiswa alloys.

4. Hupfupi (uranium exchange, ndarama, titanium, mhangura, sirivha, nickel, simbi, cobalt, Platinum, palladium nezvakadaro.). Kuva shanduka oxidation mamiriro.

5. Semimetals (germanium, nesilicon, namavara akanaka, Boron, polonium and unto.). Marongerwo ane sekristaro covalent napamahwindo.

6. actinides (americium, thorium, actinium, berkelium, curium, fermium, etc.).

7. Lanthanides (gadolinium, samarium, cerium, neodymium, lutetium, lanthanum, erbium, etc.).

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pane simbi panyika nechepasi, uye vaya vasina rinorondedzerwa muboka. Izvi zvinosanganisira magnesium, uye beryllium.

Native kubatana

Zvakasikwa, pane yoga boka sekiristaro codification. zvinhu izvi zvinosanganisira zvinokosha simbi. Izvi chicherwa sezvamunoita vari chokuita. Kakawanda, chizvarwa nesimbi anobudiswa zvakasikwa somugumisiro Geological kwendangariro. Mune crystalline mamiriro panyika nechepasi kuzivikanwa 45 zvinhu. Vazhinji vavo zvakasikwa zvikuru zvisingawanzoitiki, saka avo kudhura. Huwandu zvakadaro zvine maatomu akafanana 0.1%. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kuvapo simbi idzi ndiwo chinhu chinodhura uye rakaoma muitiro. Zvinonzi inobva kushandiswa maatomu pamwe yakatsiga anoshongwa uye maerekitironi.

Native nesimbi vanonziwo vanokudzwa. Vari kuzivikanwa kugadzikana uye makemikari inertia pakati yeimwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira goridhe, palladium, Platinum, iridium, sirivha, ruthenium, uye zvichingodaro. Kakawanda kuwanikwa zvakasikwa mhangura. Iron ari chizvarwa ezvinhu aripo kunyanya migodhi deposits dziri meteorites. The rarest zvemamiriro muboka vatungamirire, chromium, zingi, indium uye cadmium.

Key ehupfumi

Anenge nesimbi zvose kazhinji zvakasiyana kwoukukutu uye nemishonga. Kunze - francium nemekiyuri, alkali simbi. Utsotso tembiricha kuti zvinhu zvose boka akasiyana. Its dungwerungwe zvichisiyana -39 kusvika 3410 Celsius. Zvikuru husingakwanisi kubvunda tungsten vaiona. yeimwe Its vanorasikirwa nemishonga chete panguva imwe tembiricha pamusoro 3400 C. Kubva legkorasplavlyaemyh nesimbi vanofanira govera kutungamirira uye gaba. Uyewo, zvinhu vakakamurwa pakureva arambe achirema (chiedza uye rinorema) uye ductility (zvakaoma uye akapfava). All remubatanidzwa simbi wakaisvonaka conductive. pfuma uyu anokonzerwa kuvapo crystalline lattices nokuva maerekitironi. Kunonyanyisa conductivity imhangura, sirivha uye aruminiyamu, zvishoma duku - yavaibvisa. Zvinokosha kucherechedza yakakwirira chafariz ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. The yakanakisisa Kupisa Muitisi anoonekwa kuti sirivha, kupfuura - nemekiyuri.

Nesimbi iri Environment

Kazhinji, kwakadaro zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa muchimiro yeimwe uye ores. Metals zvakasikwa kuumbika sulfites, oxides, carbonates. Kuti achachenesa yeimwe vanofanira kutanga kusiyanisa kubva mhangura. Danho iri doping uye yokupedzisira kugadzira.

In maindasitiri simbi akasiyana ferrous uye nonferrous mhangura. Okutanga kwakavakirwa simbi yeimwe, wechipiri - on nedzimwe simbi. nesimbi Precious vanoonekwa kuti Platinum, ndarama nesirivha. Vazhinji vavo riri goko paNyika. Zvisinei, vashoma inorwara nhoroondo uye mvura yomugungwa.

Pane vanokosha zvinhu kunyange zvipenyu. The muviri rine anenge 3% nesimbi yeimwe. Maererano pamwero mukuru mumuviri uri yavaibvisa uye calcium, izvo kuita intercellular electrolyte. Magnesium inodiwa kwomuzvarirwo CNS uye kwetsandanyama, simbi runobatsira ropa, mhangura - chiropa.

Kuwana simbi yeimwe

Vazhinji okunze yaiva pasi pamusoro rukoko ivhu kwose kwose. The inonyanya simbi iri pasi goko - ndiko aruminiyamu. chikamu muzana yayo zvichisiyana mukati 8.2%. Tsvaga simbi kupfuura kuzhinji panyika goko zviri nyore, sezvo kumbowanikwa muchimiro ores.

Iron uye calcium yakawanda zvinowanikwa muropa zvishoma. Ravo kubva muzana zviri 4.1%. Uyezve pane magnesium uye yavaibvisa - ne 2.3%, potassium - 2.1%. The nedzimwe simbi zvakasikwa kugara hapana anopfuura 0,6%. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti magnesium uye yavaibvisa iri zvakafanana zvinogoneka kubudisa zvose pasi uye mvura yomugungwa. Metallic zvinowanikwa zvakasikwa muchimiro esimbi kana ari chizvarwa mamiriro, sezvo mhangura kana goridhe. Pane zvinhu zvinofanira kuwanikwa kubva oxides uye sulfides, zvakadai hematite, kaolin, magnetite, galena, etc.

kugadzirwa simbi

zvinhu okuwana nzira iri dzokubvisa zvicherwa. simbi ari zvakasikwa ari muchimiro ores ndiwo nyore uye rakajairika kwacho zvavo indasitiri. Kuti vatsvake crystalline deposits vaishandisa chaiwo Geological midziyo, aongorora Zvinoumba zvinhu pamusoro imwe nomunda. Ishoma kuwanikwa zvakasikwa nesimbi kuderedzwa kuti chenhando nzira yakazaruka-pachivande.

Mushure dzokubudisa danho vapfume kunoitika apo panobva zvicherwa esimbi Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu asunungurwa. Kusiyanisa wetting zvinhu rinoshandiswa, Magetsi, nemakemikari, kupisa kurapwa. Kazhinji, kusarudzwa simbi mhangura kunoitika pamusana Fusion, i.e. kudziyisa hwokudzorera.

aruminiyamu dzokubudisa

Maererano muitiro munyaya dzisiri ferrous simbi. Kutambudzwa zvinodyiwa uye kugadzirwa, iye ari mutungamiri nezvimwe inorema maindasitiri. The inonyanya simbi iri pasi goko mu kudiwa kukuru munyika yanhasi. In mazwi okuwana goho aruminiyamu simbi chete. Vazhinji chaikosha ichi rinoshandiswa avhiyesheni, motokari uye zvemagetsi maindasitiri. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti simbi kupfuura kuzhinji panyika goko kunogona kuwanikwa uye "chakagadzirwa" zvinoreva. Nokuti mushonga maitiro kwaida bauxite. Izvi, alumina aumbwa. Kana mukomboni yamarudzi iyi kabhoni electrodes uye fluorine munyu nemunhu Magetsi anogona kuwanikwa yakachena aruminiyamu mhangura.

Aitungamirira nyika pakati Vanoburitsa chikamu ichi kuna China. Mugore mune vainyungudutsa mamiriyoni 18.5 matani zvesimbi. Mutungamiri kambani iyoyo Rating nokuda aruminiyamu Kugadzirwa ndiwo kushamwaridzana Russian-Swiss UC RUSAL.

Kushandiswa simbi

zvinhu zvose zvakasiyana simba, impermeability uye kurwisa hama kuti tembiricha. Ndokusaka simbi kwakajairika muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nhasi vavo kuti magetsi waya, resistors, midziyo, zvemumba.

Metals chinhu yakanaka STRUCTURAL uye turusi zvokuvakisa. Pakuvaka kushandiswa uye zvabatanidzwa mambure alloys. In zvokuimba engineering ndege huru yeimwe vari simbi uye kusimba chokuita.