The kutanga zvokukura kukura upenyu Panyika

sayenzi Natural dzakagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu kuziva sezvo pachedu uye nyika yakatipoteredza uye, chokwadi, kuti uzive kuti ari redu zvakatanga upenyu chipi zvacho uye kuratidzwa. Pasina kupinda chitendero dzidziso pakusikwa chemhando zvokunamata simba - Mwari, tichadzidza pfungwa nezvekwakabva yacho mhenyu, iyo inoshanda zvipenyu. The chikuru zvokukura kukura upenyu Panyika kuchatibatsira kuratidza dambudziko kwayakatangira uye nokuratidzwa munyika.

Representation masayendisiti pamusoro Kushanduka mhuka

Kana isu kuunganidza zvose marudzi zvipenyu, zvose zvemazuva ano uye yakatotsakatika, iwe tora munhu nhamba isinganzwisisiki - bhiriyoni marudzi. Hazvishamisi kuti masayendisiti, vaigara dzakasiyana, akatsvaka kuziva chikuru nzendo kukura upenyu Panyika, zvichiita kuti chidzoke nezvezvikwata izvi zvipenyu, uyewo paumbwe ano mifananidzo zvakasikwa. Akatanga taxonomy Karl Linney muzana remakore rechi18 kwakavakirwa mazano nesayenzi ichi "kurarama kubva mupenyu," izvo vakati kuti upenyu zvinogona chete simuka kubva pre-huripo mhenyu fuma. Linnaeus haana kubvumira kunyange kuchiratidza vanonzi vaingoerekana chizvarwa zvipenyu. bhayorojisiti German Ernst Haeckel rokutanga zvairatidza pfungwa monophyletic - kwakabva zvose zvipenyu kubva tateguru mumwe chete. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck uyewo akadzivirira pfungwa iri unicellular yemadzitateguru chimiro, panowanikwa iyo yakaitika tanga kukura upenyu Panyika. Nokupfupikisa zvose pamusoro, zvinganzi vakati huripo sayenzi iri pfungwa matangiro upenyu dzinoiswa muzvikwata zviviri. First - Pfungwa isingabatanidzi zvinhu zvipenyu, chinosanganisira pfungwa pamusoro paumbwe yacho mhenyu kubva zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Other - biogenic, rinosanganisira pfungwa chimiro zvipenyu chete wavo mhando (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Kana chikuru zvinenge aiva zvakafanana yemadzitateguru chimiro

Nzendo rokutanga kukura upenyu Panyika, uye abiotic (namakemikari), zvino nguva chimiro biopolymers (mapuroteni uye nucleic acids) akadana prebiological uye, pakupedzisira, padariro chaivo shanduka (inotungamirwa chikuru voga-celled zvinenge). Vakanga akabatanidza uye zita biopoeza. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi (semuenzaniso, D. Bernal, S. Miller) zvinganaka Pfungwa progenote - tateguru, iro archaea, eubacteria, nucleated masero. vaongorori Vamwe vanodavira kuti eukaryotes kwakamuka kwete progenote, uye vaiva pamusana symbiosis, kana aumba somugumisiro kuchinja chokunze Kamudzira protobionts. Funga pfungwa iyi zvizere.

Pfungwa pamusoro Oparin - Haldane

Pakati shanduro dzakawanda nesayenzi, achiedza kutsanangura Chiitiko, nesayenzi sezvo pre-chaivo padanho kusimudzira upenyu hwenyika, mukurumbira chaizvo pfungwa coacervate anodonhedza. Zvinonzi akagadzira ne Russian musayendisiti A. I. Oparinym. pfungwa yakafanana vakanga vakanyorwa nevatsvakurudzi British D. Haldane. Masayendisiti pfungwa resonated pamwe refu-anozivikanwa mu zvipenyu pfungwa pamusoro vaingoerekana chizvarwa upenyu.

Musimboti pfungwa pakati coacervates

Academician Oparin akataura kuti boka mamorekuru ose Organic yeimwe, kunokonzerwa makemikari Danho pezvakaitwa vaigona kuumba zvakakwana batana ganda. Saka, vakaparadzaniswa kubva primordial muto - mvura hwaiitwa nenyanza yekare. Mapoka aya mamorekuru musayendisiti anonzi coacervates. Vaikwanisa chinozvimirira, mberi kugoverana chezvinhu zvichachipedza. Nokuti zvinokosha zvikuru, maererano Oparin, Zvivako zviri coacervates akaitira kugona kwavo kukura uye kusabatana (kubereka). D. Haldane, vaivimba zvakaitika Miller-Jüri, iyo experimentally rwaiwanikwa yakaoma Organic zvinhu kubva musanganiswa methane, amoniya, sehydrogen, uye carbon dioxide. Chaiva amino asidhi mamorekuru uye nyore shuga. Izvi zvakaita kuti mukana yoga hurongwa - probiontov.

Maererano Oparin uye Haldane, kutanga nzendo kukura upenyu Panyika, zvichiita kuti paumbwe chikuru zvivako - wokutsauka masero, akapa hwaro mberi muitiro yemhindumupindu kwenyaya mupenyu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokuti kuedza masayendisiti vakabudirira simulated zvingangove ezvinhu zvingasakwaniswa mumhepo uye nyanza dziri chikuru, kureva yakakwirira tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa, ionizing nemwaranzi uye magetsi discharges.

Probionty vavo zvivako

The tanga zvokukura kukura upenyu Panyika - the Hadean, Archean uye ipapo, kwakaratidzwa kuchinja kubva coacervates kuzvipira kuronga (probiontov) kune zvikuru masero mapenyu. Akanga kunounzwa rakasiyana ehupfumi probiontov: kukwanisa kuumba membranes dzoga, zvinoita nyore siyana kubereka, chikuru mukutsinhana pamwe kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza rikurumidze. Self-sangano nucleoprotein mamorekuru, kunokonzerwa makemikari pachikuva, yatinowana probiontov nokuratidzwa inokosha ehupfumi nyaya mhenyu - kukwanisa kubvisa magene ruzivo.

Zvinoitwa kutanga zvipenyu

Kwenguva refu (anenge mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura) dzakaumbwa sediments umo kungoda zvipenyu zvakawanikwa. Vakanga vari muchimiro cyanobacteria uye calcareous anoshongwa residues mureinovyh kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi masvingo. Geochemical ezvinhu ari lithosphere Archean yaitonga ari dzichichinja, saka mukuru mararamiro prokaryotes kuchinja kwavari kuunganidza zhinji phenotypic dzakasiyana. Photosynthesis rinoitwa nomudzimu rwebhuruu-nyoro algae (cyanobacteria), akatipa chinokosha kuchinja gasi Kuronga primordial kuitika Earth, vachibvumira kuti humwe goho venyama pakati hwemvura dzinogarisana panyika. Basa rokutanga zvinenge prokaryotic, uye vakanga kunyanya sarufa simbi utachiona, kwakaguma nokuumbwa kwete emadhaka, asi sezvo mafuta negasi.

Sei chakaitwa zvibvire chidzoke masero eukaryotic

Sezvatambotaura kare, kuti photosynthetic basa manyoro uye ruvara nesarufa utachiona uye utachiona simbi vakabatsira kuti paumbwe nhovo ozone rukoko uye kwaita eukaryotic masero Kurovedza. Mune mamwe manzwi, 3 nzendo upenyu hwenyika yokutanga kwakaita kuti paumbwe biocenosis ine unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda eukaryotic zvinenge. Masayendisiti Most chiwanzo chokudavira kuti chitarisiko chavo kwakaitika anenge mamiriyoni 600 apfuura. Pakutanga zvenyukireya zvinenge vakanga hunomiririrwa chete-celled flagellate siyana. Somugumisiro ari siyana vakauya miriwo vokutanga - algae uye majemusi uye hunokuvadza. An dzinonakidza mafungiro mamwe vatsvakurudzi kuti prokaryotes vari-shanduka akafa-mugumo, nekuti havana akachinja zvikuru tanga kukura upenyu Panyika. Biology anokwirira zvikonzero zviviri kuti kushaya shanduka kugadzira vasiri zvenyukireya zvinenge.

Wokutanga wavo chokuita kutadza kwakaita masero prokaryotic kuvandudza sangano uye Kusiyanisa. Chikonzero chechipiri - zvakaoma vanachandagwinyira nhaka zvinhu prokaryotes akabvuma dzeraundi chete morekuru reDNA, inonzi plasmid.

Symbiosis, izvo zvakaita kuti echimurenga kuchinja mamiriro

Pakuonekwa nucleated masero ari madenderedzwa musayenzi kutsanangura chinzvimbo symbiogenesis - dzidziso wakatangwa na A. Shimperom. Sezvo paumbwe sero musimboti, kuvapo chiri chikuru chinoratidza eukaryotes, uyewo paumbwe mitochondria uye chloroplasts yakaitwa ivepo kuchinja zvimwe utachiona Kurovedza. Vanoverevedza kamuri huru ine majini fuma chakaparadzana Kamudzira, utachiona vari nemasiraidhi akapendwa muviri dzaro musero. Somugumisiro, havana vakarasikirwa tichikwanisa chinozvimirira kunze muchitokisi uye akatanga ayo fanira organelles. Chinoshamisawo pfungwa kuti rinotsanangura chimiro chloroplasts. Haukwanisi kukanganwa kuti mavambo organelles izvi vaipa chinoshamisa autotrophic muviri uye photosynthesis. Zvichitevera A. Shimperom yakadaro anozivikanwa masayendisiti Russian sezvo KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky uye vamwe vade kuboka photosynthetic utachiona vanokwanisa symbiosis pamwe masero heterotrophic. Kamwe ari cytoplasm, ivo pachena wakafananidzwa pamwe cellular muviri uye mashandiro sezvo simbi organelles, yakazonzi chloroplasts. Pachavo masero heterotrophic mutate kupinda rimwe-celled uswa algae, achiva iye wokutanga autotrophic eukaryotes.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Naizvozvo, coexistence pakubhadhara anoverengeka non-zvenyukireya zvinenge - bacteria - kungaita kuti paumbwe itsva mhenyu gadziriro - the eukaryotic muchitokisi. Uchidzidza vepakutanga zvokukura kukura upenyu panyika, ngatitsidzei Vendian Proterozoic zera, izvo chakatsiva Archean. Munguva hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza, - huru mbereko upenyu panyika, zviri biogeocoenoses akatanga kuumbwa. Producers vakanga photosynthetic utachiona uye unicellular uye ichitongwa mitema algae.

Vakanga dzoga okisijeni, synthesized Organic zvinhu anoshandiswa heterotrophic zvinenge: unicellular majemusi uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda siyana: coelenterates uye trilobites. Vendian nguva vachipedzisira nzendo kukura upenyu paNyika rokutanga. Eram uye nguva inotevera payo, aifanira kushandisa mberi kwemasayendisiti-shanduka zvakasikwa mupenyu, zvose zvakavakirwa majini kushanduka uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa.