The Latvian SSR: maguta, zvitsva, mashizha, zvisikwa uye magetsi kufamba kwevanhu, nhoroondo. Dzidzo yeLatvian SSR

Muna 1991, Soviet Union yakarega kuvapo. Zvisinei, pakutanga mabato eBaltic, kusanganisira Latvia SSR, akaparadzaniswa nayo. Pasinei nekududzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwehupenyu hwekuumbwa kwayo nekuvapo mukati mehutungamiri hweSoviet Union, mumwe haakwanisi asi kubvuma kubudirira kweiyo nguva. Uye zvaiva, uye zvakakura!

Prehistory

Musi waAugust 5, 1940, vagari veSoviet Union vakaona kubvumirwa kweimwe republic kune USSR . Zvisinei, mutungamiri wechiitiko ichi wakatanga kutanga muna 1939 nekusaina chibvumirano pakati pe USSR neGermany, kune zvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvakabatanidzwa, apo zvikamu zvezvavaida muEastern Europe zvakanyatsorondedzerwa. Kunyanya, Latvia, Estonia, Finland vaifanira kutungamirirwa neSoviet Union, uye Lithuania - neGermany. NezvePoland, nzvimbo dzayo dzekumabvazuva dzaizivikanwa senharaunda yezvido zveUSSR, asi nzvimbo dzekumadokero dzakazivikanwa seTatu Reich.

Mushure mokutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, nyika dzeBaltic dzakazivisa kusarerekera kwavo. Zvisinei, mushure mekushanda kwePoland, vakamanikidzwa kubvumirana nekuiswa kwemauto eSoviet. Somugumisiro, kubva pakupera kwaOctober, zvikamu zve 16th Rifle Corps, pamwe ne 31st High-Speed Bomber uye 10th Fighter Aviation Regiments nezvimwe zvikamu zvevarume 25 000 zvakamira muLithuania.

Kupinda kwemaSoviet mauto

Pakazosvika pakati paJune 1940, hurumende yeSoviet yakapa zvirongwa zvekutumira kuLithuania, Latvia neEstonia, umo vatungamiri vavo vehurumende vaipomerwa kuputsa mitemo yekubatana kwebvumirano yakanga yapera ne USSR. Mukuwedzera, nyika idzi dzaifanira kuendesa mamwe mauto eSoviet munharaunda yavo uye kuumba itsva. Mamiriro aya akagamuchirwa. Pasati rimwe zuva, mapoka eU Red Army akapinda muLatvia. Hurumende itsva yakaumbwa zvakare, yakatungamirirwa naA A. Kirchenstein. Yakaronga sarudzo kuvanhu veSeim. Simba rezvematongerwo enyika iro rakakunda ivo raiva "Block of the Working People".

Dzidzo yeLatvian SSR

Pamusangano wokutanga weVanhu veSeim, simba reSoviet uye kuumbwa kweLatinvian SSR zvakaparidzirwa. Mukuwedzera, vatongi vakatumira chikumbiro chepamutemo kuMoscow kuti republication ive chikamu cheU.SR. Akange agutsikana, uye musi waAugust 5, Latvia yakava chikamu cheSoviet Union. Pakarepo, basa rakanga ratanga kushandura Bumbiro reMitemo uye kuumbwa kwemasimba matsva emunharaunda.

Nhoroondo yeLatvian SSR (pre-war period)

Matanho ekutanga ehurumende itsva yakakonzera maitiro akasiyana pakati pevagari veRepublic. Semuenzaniso, pakarepo mushure mekunge vatongi vakazivisa kuumbwa kweLatinvian SSR (mugore ra1940), zvikwereti zvezvirimwa zvakasara zvakatanga kubviswa, izvo vagari vomumaruwa vakawanda vakagamuchira nekushingaira. Panguva imwe chete, kurudzirwa kwevanhu kwakagadzirwa, kusanganisira zvivako zveimba huru, izvo zvakaunza kusagutsikana pakati pemaguta evanhu vari pakati nepakati.

Mukuwedzera, kubatanidza kushandiswa kweRubles neLats kwakatungamirira kushayikwa kwezvimwe zvinhu uye kuwedzera kwemitengo, nekuda kweiyo yakasarudzwa kubvisa mari yenyika kubva pakuparadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kurasikirwa kukuru kwakabatwa nevaya vakange vaisa mari mumabhangi, sezvo mari yakawanda dzinopfuura 1 000 dzakabviswa. Dutu rekutsamwiswa rakakonzerwawo nekuumbwa kwemapurazi enyika, apo nhengo dzemapurazi maduku akawandisa akanyora zvinyorwa. Somugumisiro, pakutanga kwekuGermany kupindira kweU.SR, hurumende yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika, uye dzimwe sangano pasi pepasi rinopesana neSoviet rakashanda. Ikoko kwakauya nguva yekururamisa - kudura uye kutumira kumisasa yeuto reLatvia, pamwe nekudzingwa kwevanhu vanopfuura 14 000 vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti vanotsigira mauto ekudzivirira.

Basa

The SSR yeLatvia yaiva imwe yekutanga kuti ive chinangwa chekurwa kwehondo ye Wehrmacht. Zvisinei, kana kuBelrusrus neUkraine vanhu vaibatsira Red Army, muLatvia mamiriro ezvinhu akazosiyana zvakasiyana. Saka, pakarepo mushure mekunge bhomba rakanyanya kuitika yeVentspils neLiepaja, kupesana kwehurumende yeSoviet kwakatanga munyika. Nhengo dzemasangano epasi pasi dzakaumbwa kubva kune avo vakange vasina kugutsikana nehurongwa hwevane masimba, maitiro ezvidziviriro zvekuzvidzivirira ndokutanga kurwisa zvigaro zve Red Army. Maererano nekufungidzira kwakaitwa kare mumakore ekupedzisira-hondo, muna June chete vakauraya 6000 makakomunisiti, Soviet vakuru uye vaJudha.

Kuponesa ivo vanhu vese vakange vaityisidzirwa nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vemarudzi, hurumende yeU.SR yakavabudisa mukatikati memunyika. Pose, vanhu vanopfuura 53 000 avo vaimbogara muLatvia SSR vakabviswa.

Sechikamu cheOstland Reich Commissariat

Musi waJuly 1, mauto e Wehrmacht akapinda muRiga, kwavakasangana nekushingaira ndokuendeswa kumauto 1 500 akatorwa neSoviet. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhengo dze "self-defense units" dzakapisa musinagogi reRiga Choral pamwe chete nemaJuda 600 avo vakadzingwa ikoko ndokupfura vanomiririra vane chiuru chevanhu ava muDaugavpils. PanaJuly 4, maLatvian SSR akanga apfuura nepasi pekutungamirirwa kweuto reGermany, uye hurumende yayo yakaendeswa kuMoscow.

Musi waSeptember 1, 1941, republic yakava chikamu cheOstland Reichskommissariat. Yakatemerwa kuti iinzi General District. Zvisinei, mukati megore kana gore nehafu havo maGermany akarega kuonekwa sevasununguri, sezvo yakasava nyore kurarama. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakanga pane vanhu vakabvuma kubatana neLatinvian SS legion. Maererano nevamazuva ano, vazhinji vevarwi vake vaiva vafundisi vaida kuona nyika yavo yakasununguka. Vakasarudza Germany, nokuti vakaona mairi zvakaipa zvishoma uye vakavenga Russia.

Mushure mehondo

Kutenda hutsinye hwevaSoviet, vaNazi vakakundikana kuunza USSR pamabvi avo. Gumiguru 13, 1944, mauto eSoviet akapinda muRiga. Pakarepo mushure mekudaro maRatvia SSR akatanga kudzorera hurumende, hurumende nekurima.

Panguva imwecheteyo, mhirizhonga yeSoviet repressive machine yakanyatsogadziriswa, iyo yakaita kuti kubudiswa kwevanhu 40 000. Kuti vawane zvigadzirwa zvematunhu eU.SR, ayo akatambura kupfuura Latvia munguva yehondo, ivo vakaita zvekumanikidzirwa kumanikidza.

Development of industry

Sezvo hurumende ikatambura zvishoma munguva yemakore yehondo kupfuura dzimwe nzvimbo dzakagara munzvimbo dzeU.SR, kudzorerwa kwayo kwaienderera mberi nokukurumidza. Mumakore mashomanana vanhu vakaona kuchinja kwakanaka mune dzakawanda. Kunyanya, kubvira pakutanga kwema1950, mhizha yeLatvia SSR yakatanga kukura. Zvimhare zvakadai seRVZ, RAF, VEF, "Commutator", "Alpha", REZ, sarimasi inonzi yainzi Popov, uye Riga uye Plyavinskaya HPPs uye kadhaa dzeCPP dzakatumirwa. Chivako chekuvaka chikaitwa zvakasimba.

Pakati pezvinobudirira zveLatvia munguva yeSoviet, munhu anogona kuona kuumbwa kwenzira yakagadzirwa yemigwagwa, yemazuva ano yezvokurima, uyewo kubudirira kunoitika munharaunda yekondari uye yepamusoro, mitambo, tsika uye hutano.

Misha itsva

Kuvandudzwa kwemakambani kwaive chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzerwa neLatvia SSR yaidada. Maguta ehurumende yakakura nekuda kwekuderera kwebasa raidiwa kuitira kushanda kwemabhizimisi makuru. Mukuwedzera, mamwe misha yakachinja maitiro avo. Saka, yakazova maguta eOlaine neVilak nemamwe mimwe misha miduku.

Tourism

Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo idzi dzokugara dzaiva pamhenderekedzo yeGulf yeRiga hondo isati yamboitika, chete muna 1950s yakawanda mitambo yemasitoriyumu uye misha yezororo yakaumbwa mu republic. Kunyanya, guta reJurmala, rakatangwa muna 1959, rakava rimwe remasitirwo akakwirira eU.SR. Mamiriro ekunze ane mamiriro okunze, gungwa rakachena, mabhiza akanaka, maitiro akanaka uye kupodza mhepo yakaita gungwa reLatvia yeGungwa reBaltic nzvimbo yakanaka kune mazororo ezhizha, kunyanya sezvo vagari vazhinji veSoviet Union vaiona nzvimbo yeBaltic seimwe nzvimbo "kunze kwenyika".

Vashanyi vanobva kumativi ose enyika yakakura vakakwezva zvinhu zveLatvian SSR. Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vaenzi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vaifara nemapuranga ekare ezvakaitika uye maumbirwo eRiga, akadai seDome Cathedral, St. Peter's Church, House ye Blackheads , nezvimwewo. Vanogonawo kuona zvinhu zvinonakidza kunze kweguta guru reLatvia. Kunyanya kufarirwa kwaive mafurati, kuratidza kushanya kuMezhdunn uye Rundale dzimba dzeimba, imba yeTuraida, Old Town Hall nechechi yeMweya Mutsvene muBauska.

Mukuwedzera, chido chaimiririrwa nezviitiko zveLatvia, zvakasikwa munguva yeSoviet. Pakati pavo pane Riga TV Tower, iyo Salaspils Memorial Complex yeVatambudzi veFascism nevamwe.

Demographic situation

Sangano rechisikiro uye rakagadzirwa nevanhu veLatvian SSR munguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzaro rakange rakasiyana chaizvo. Pakati pezvikonzero zvikuru zvinogona kutaurwa:

• Kutaura kunzvimbo dziri kure dzeU.SR yevanhu vanoonekwa sevasina kuvimbika kune Soviet Union;
• Kurasikirwa pakati pevanhu vasiri vanhu vevanhu vakanyorerwa muRobert Army uye vakabatana nematanho eWehrmacht munguva yehondo;
• Kuberekwa kwepanyama kunowanikwa pasi, izvo zvakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemaguta;
• Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekushaikwa kwevashandi nekudzosa vagari venyika kubva kune dzimwe nyika kusvika kuLatvia SSR;
• Ihwo hutano hwepamusoro hwehupenyu, hukoshesa vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Somugumisiro, nhamba yevamiririri vevanhu vasiri vagari vemunyika vari kugara munharaunda yeLatvia SSR yakanyanya kuwedzera. Mushure mekuzivisa kwekusununguka kwakasimbiswa kuti nechetatu chevagari vemunyika iyi vanhu vakatama kubva kune dzimwe hurumende muna 1940-1989, uye nevana vavo. Mukumanikidzwa kwekumuka kwe ultrapatriotism, iyi nharaunda yevanhu yakatanga kutumidzwa kwete vasiri vagari uye kusarurwa. Gare gare, kodzero dzavo dzaive dzakapararira, asi kusvikira nhasi havabatanidzi musarudzo, havakwanise kubata mimwe miviri uye kushanda kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoita sokuti hazvina maturo zvachose, kunyanya sezvo nyika iri nhengo yeUnited States, uko kushushikana kwakakwana kunoparidzirwa kunyange kune vasingatenderwi vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika.

Iye zvino unoziva kuti sei uye nei sei kuumbwa kweLatvia SSR kwakaitika (musi - July 21, 1940). Kufanana nezvimwe zviitiko zvezvakaitika kare, zvakange zvine zvose zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka. Inoramba ichitarisirwa kuti Latvia ichakwanisa kukunda matambudziko ose ari kutarisana nawo (kusakosha kwekutsvaga mari, kuputika kwevanhu vane simba, mukana mukuru mumari pakati pevarombo nevapfumi, nezvimwewo) uye havazoenderera mberi vachipa mhosva "Soviet yapfuura" mavari, vachiedza kuendesa kusakanganiswa zvose zvakanaka, Izvozvo zvakanga zviri muna 1940-1990.