Red Army: zvisikwa. Nhoroondo yezvisikwa zveBlack Army

Pakutanga, Soviet Red Army, iyo yakasikwa yakarwisana nechekare kwehondo yevagari vemo, yakanga ine zvinhu zvese. VaBolshevik vaifunga kuti pasi pehutungamiri hwevanhu hunoti hondo inofanira kuvakwa pazvipo. Iyi purogiramu yakaenderana nemafungiro eMarxist. Hondo yakadaro yaipikisa mauto evanhu vemadokero enyika. Maererano nedzidziso yezvinyorwa munharaunda imomo inogona kungove "yekusimba kwevanhu vose".

Zvisikwa zveRove Army

Nhanho dzekutanga dzeBolshevik dzakati dzaida chaizvo kusiya tsika yekare yekare tsarist. Musi waDecember 16, 1917, chirevo chakapfuura pakubviswa kwemahofisi ehurumende. Vatungamiriri vakanga vava kusarudzwa nevanotungamirirwa navo. Maererano neurongwa hwemutambo, pazuva rekusika kweRombo Army, hondo itsva yaifanira kuva yechokwadi. Nguva yakaratidza kuti zvirongwa izvi hazvigoni kupona mumiedzo yenguva yeropa.

VaBolshevik vakakwanisa kutora simba muPetrograd nekubatsirwa kweVaduku VechiGuru uye vakasiyana-siyana vezvematongerwo enyika evashambadzi nemasoja. Hurumende Yepurogiramu yakange yakaoma mitezo, iyo, kusina kukodzera, yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuna Lenin nevatsigiri vake. Asi kunze kweguta guru rakaramba riine nyika huru, iyo yakawanda yakanga isingafadzwi neboka revanhu vakadzama, avo vatungamiri vavo vakauya kuRussia mumoto wakavharwa kubva muvengi weGermany.

Pakutanga kwehondo yakazara yevanhu vomunharaunda, mauto eBolshevik akashandurwa nekushaya simba kwekudzidzira zvemauto uye kusina kwekugadzirisa masimba ekutonga. Vashandi vari muRud Guard vaitungamirirwa nemhirizhonga yekuvandudza uye maonero avo ezvematongerwe enyika, ayo panguva ipi zvayo yaigona kuchinja. Mamiriro ehurumende yainzi ichangobva kuziviswa yeSoviet yakanga isinganyanyi kunetseka. Akanga aida Red Army itsva. Zvisikwa zvehondo yakashanduka yakava nyaya yehupenyu nerufu kuvanhu vakange vagere kuSmolny.

Matambudziko api akatarisana neBolshevik? Mutambo wacho haugoni kuumba mauto ake pane zvigadzirwa zvekare. Vakuru vakakurumbira munguva yeumambo neHurumende yeHurumende vaisada kubvumirana nemashure ekumhanya. Dambudziko rechipiri nderokuti kwemakore anoverengeka Russia yakarwisana neGermany nemabatanidzwa ayo. Masoja ainge aneta - ainge achinetswa. Kuti vazadzise zvikwata zveRobert Army, vatsigiri varo vaifanira kuuya nekurudziro yenyika, izvo zvaizova chikonzero chakanaka chekutorazve zvombo zvekare.

VaBolshevik vaisafanira kuenda kure nokuda kweizvi. Vakagadzira chinangwa chikuru chemauto avo mutemo wekirasi yakarwa. Nekuuya kwe RSDLP (b), mitemo yakawanda yakabudiswa. Maererano nemashoko ekurumbira, varimi vakagamuchira nyika, uye vashandi - zvigadzirwa. Iye zvino vaifanira kuchengetedza izvi kubudirira kwekuvandudza. Kuvenga kwekare kare (vatengesi, vagari vemabhizimisi, etc.) ndiyo yaiva nheyo iyo Red Army yaive nayo. Zvisikwa zveBlack Army zvakaitwa musi waJanuary 28, 1918. Pazuva iroro hurumende itsva, kuburikidza neChristian People's Commissars, yakagamuchira mutemo wakatarisana.

Kutanga kubudirira

Vsevobuch yakasimbiswa zvakare. Iyi sangano yairehwa kuti zviitwe zvemauto ehondo zve vagari ve RSFSR, uye ipapo USSR. Vsevobuch yakaratidzwa musi waApril 22, 1918, mushure mokunge muna March chisarudzo pazvisikwa zvaro zvakagamuchirwa paSeventh Congress yeRCP (B.). VaBolshevik vaitarisira kuti hurongwa hutsva hwaizovabatsira kuti vakurumidza kudzoza zvikamu zve Red Army.

Kuumbwa kwemauto akazvigadzirira kwakaitwa zvakananga nevakuru vematare munharaunda yemunharaunda. Mukuwedzera, revolutionary committees (revolutionary komiti) dzakasimbiswa nekuda kwechinangwa ichi. Pakutanga vainakidzwa nehurukuro yakawanda kubva kune hurumende huru. Ndeupi waimbova Red Army? Zvisikwa zvechivakwa ichi chakashongedzwa zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwevashandi vakasiyana-siyana. Vaiva vanhu vakashanda muuto rekare reTarist, varwi vehurumende, varwi navashambadziri pakati peVarinzi veGurds. Izvo zvinyorwa zvehutano zvakashata zvakavhiringidza kugadzirira kurwisana kwesimba iri. Mukuwedzera, mauto acho aiwanzoita zvisina kukodzera nekuda kwekusarudzwa kwevatungamiriri, kuunganidza pamwe nekusangana kwemisangano.

Pasinei nokukanganisa kwose, Red Army mumwedzi yekutanga yehondo yevagari vemo yakakwanisa kubudirira kubudirira, iyo ikava chivimbo chekusvika kwayo kusingagumi kusingagumi. Bolshevik vakakwanisa kuchengeta Moscow neYekaterinodar. Kupikisa kwemuganhu kwakadzingwa nekuda kwekubudirira kunowanikwa kwenhamba, uyewo rubatsiro rukuru rwakakurumbira. Mapurisa emitemo yeSoviet simba (kunyanya muna 1917-1918) vakaita basa ravo.

Trotsky kumusoro weuto

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika, zvikamu zvekusikwa kweBlack Army zvakakurumidza kushandurana. Aprili 22, 1918 sarudzo dzevatungamiriri dzakaparadzwa. Iye zvino machinda emakamuri, brigades nemakakatanwa akasarudzwa muPublic Commissariat for Military Affairs. Musoro wekutanga wedhipatimendi munaNovember 1917 waiva Nikolai Podvoisky. Muna March 1918 akatsiviwa naLev Trotsky.

Ndiyo murume uyu akamira pamakabva maOctober Revolution muPetrograd. Iko kuchinja kwakaunza kutora kwekukurukurirana kweguta uye Winter Palace kubva kuSmolny, uko mahofisi makuru eBolshevik aivepo. Pachikamu chekutanga cheHondo yeVanhu, chimiro chaTrotsky maererano nehuwandu hwayo uye kukosha kwezvisarudzo zvakaitwa zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nemufananidzo waVladimir Lenin. Saka hazvishamisi kuti Lev Davidovich akasarudzwa nevanhu veCommissionar for Military Affairs. Tarenda yake yehurongwa mukubwinya kwayo yose yakazviratidza mune izvi. Pamusoro wezvisikwa zveBlack Army zvakamira ivo vekutanga vevanhu vaviri.

Mapurisa emapurisa mu Red Army

Nechepfungwa, vaBolshevik vakaona hondo yavo ichikwanisa kushanda zvakaoma zvidzidzo zvekirasi. Zvisinei, kushaya ruzivo rwehuzhinji rwevashandi nevashambadziri vangave zvakakonzera kukundwa kwepati. Nokudaro, nhoroondo yezvisikwa zveRed Army yakaita imwe nguva apo Trotsky akaronga kugovera zvigaro zvaro nevaya vaimbova tsarist mahofisi. Nyanzvi idzi dzaive nezviitiko zvakawanda. Vose zvavo vakapfuura Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga, uye vamwe vakarangarirawo hondo yeRussia neJapan. Vazhinji vavo kubva pakutanga vaiva vakanaka.

Pazuva rekusikwa kweRed Army, vaBolshevik vakaparidza kuti ichatorerwa varidzi venyika pamwe nevamwe vavengi vehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, zvinodiwa zvakakodzera zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaruramisa sangano reSoviet. Mukutarisana nenjodzi, yakanga yakanyatsogadzikana zvakakwana muzvisarudzo zvayo. Lenin ainzi pragmatist zvinopfuura kungoita dzidziso. Nokudaro, akabvuma kusabvumirana munhau iyi nevakuru veTsarist.

Kuvapo muRombo Army ye "counter-revolutionary contingent" kwenguva yakareba kwaiva musoro weBolshevik. Animbova tsarist mahofisi akaramba achipandukira. Chimwe chezvinhu izvi chakanga chiri mutungamiri akatungamirirwa naMikhail Muravev munaJuly 1918. Izvi zvakasiya SR uye aichimbova tsarist mukuru akasarudzwa neVaBolshevik semutungamiriri weEastern Front, apo mapato maviri aya achiri sangano rimwechete. Akaedza kubata simba muSimbirsk, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga yava pedo nechitambo chemauto ehondo. Kupandukira kwacho kwakabviswa naJoseph Vareikis naMikhail Tukhachevsky. Kupandukira muBlack Army, sekutonga, kwakaitika nekuda kwekumanikidzira kwakasimba kwemurairo.

Kuonekwa kwema commissars

Chaizvoizvo, zuva rekusikwa kweRed Army harisi iro chete rakakosha mukarani yezvakaitika zvekugadzwa kwesimba reSoviet mune zvinyorwa zvekare kare yeRussia. Sezvo kuumbwa kwemauto akazvidzivirira zvishoma nezvishoma kwakazosiyana zvakasiyana, uye kuparidzira kwevadzivisi kwakasimba, SNK yakasarudza kugadzirisa basa remauto ehondo. Vaifanira kutungamira kupesana kwepakati pakati pevarwi nevanochembera vekare. Mapurisa akaita kuti zvive nyore kukonzera kupesana kwehuwandu-uye-mafaira, izvo zvaive zvakakonzerwa nemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika. Vagamuchira masimba makuru, ava vamiririri veChechi havana kungovhenekera uye vakadzidzisa mauto eArmed Army, asi vakaratidza zvakare pamusoro pekusatendeka kwevanhu, kusagutsikana, nezvimwewo.

Nokudaro, vaBolshevik vakaisa masimba maviri muhondo. Kune rumwe rutivi vakanga vari vatungamiriri, uye pane imwe - ma commissars. Nhoroondo yezvisikwa zveRed Army ingadai yakasiyana zvakasiyana, dai yakanga isiri yechitarisiko chavo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, mutungamiriri anogona kunge ari oga mutungamiriri, achisiya mutungamiri ari kumashure. Mapurisa emasoja akasikwa kuti atarisire mapoka uye maitiro makuru. Chimwe nechimwe chakadai chakabatanidza mutungamiri mumwechete uye maviri mapurisa. Vakabva vava ivo Bolshevik chete (vakaisa mutemo, vanhu vakabatana nechepati pekuvandudza). Nekuwedzera kweuto, uye saka vatungamiri, vane hurumende vaifanira kugadzira zvidzidzo zvitsva zvekudzidzisa, izvo zvakakosha kumabasa ekudzidzira evaridzi vanoparadzanisa nevashushi.

Propaganda

MunaMay 1918, nzvimbo yose yeRussia yakasimbiswa, uye munaSeptember - the Revolutionary Military Council. Aya mazuva uye zuva rekusikwa kweRombo Army rakazova chinhu chikuru chekupararira nekusimbisa kwesimba reBolshevik. Pakarepo mushure meChishanu Revolution, bato racho rakatora kosi yekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Mushure mokunge sarudzo dzisina kubudirira dzeRDDLP (b) dzeGungano reChishanu, chikwata ichi (chakanga chakakosha kuziva ramangwana reRussia pamusarudzo) rakapararira. Iye zvino vapikisi veBolshevik vakasara vasina mvumo yepamutemo yekudzivirira nzvimbo yavo. Nokukurumidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika musangano mutsvuku wakaberekwa. Zvaive zvichikwanisa kurwisana naye chete nenzira dzehondo - nekuda kwechinangwa kusikwa kweRed Army kwaidiwa.

Mifananidzo yevadziviriri vehupenyu hwemakominiti yakatanga kudhindwa mumurwi mukuru wemapepanhau emapepanhau. VaBolshevik vakatanga kuedza kuve nechokwadi chekushandiswa kwevashandi pamwe nekubatsirwa kwezvinyorwa zvinokonzera kuti: "Nyika yehutanoti iri pangozi!", Nezvimwe zviyero izvi zvakabudisa chiitiko, asi zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Pakavhuvhuta, ukuru hweuto hwakanga hwawedzera kusvika 200 000, asi izvi zvingadai zvisingakwanisi kuti zvive pasi peimwe nyika yaimbova Umambo hweRussia kuenda kune rimwe bato. Usakanganwa kuti Lenin akarota nezvekuchinja kwenyika. Russia nokuda kwake yakanga ichangova kutanga kwekutyisidzira kwenyika dzepasi rose. Kuti kusimbise kuparidzirwa muBlack Army, Political Administration yakagadzwa.

Mugore rekusikwa kweRed Army, rakapinda mairi kwete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekufunga. Munyika yakaneta nehondo yakareba nemaGermany, kushaya kwekudya kwakanzwika kwenguva refu. Nengozi yenzara yakanyanya kuoma mumaguta. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro varombo vakatsvaga chero mari ipi zvayo kuti vave mubasa (kwaive kune chivimbo chekugara kwenguva dzose).

Kutanga kwebasa rose rehondo

Kunyange zvazvo kusikwa kweBlack Army kwakatanga maererano nezvakatemwa neCommunity of People's Commissars munaJanuary 1918, kushamiswa kwekumanikidzirwa kwesangano rehondo idzva rakashonga muna May, apo Czechoslovakia Corps yakapandukira. Masoja aya, akatorwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, akatora rutivi rwechitendero chitsvene uye achipikisa vaBolshevik. Munyika yakaoma mitezo uye yakapatsanurwa, mashoma maduku makumi mana-masimba-akaoma akava muto-wakagadzirira uye unyanzvi wemauto.

Nhau dzekumuka dzakamutsa Lenin neAll-Russian Central Executive Committee. VaBolshevik vakasarudza kuenda mberi. Musi waMay 29, 1918, chirevo chakabudiswa, maererano nekushandiswa kwekumanikidzirwa muuto kwakaiswa. Yakatora nzira yekuunganidza. Muhurumende yezvematongerwe enyika hurumende yeSoviet yakagamuchira nzira yehondo ye communism. Vafudzi havana kurasikirwa chete nezvirimwa zvavo, izvo zvakasiya nyika, asiwo zvakanyanya kukwira kupinda mauto. Kubatanidzwa kwekato kusvika mberi kwakava tsika. Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika, hafu yevamiriri ve RSDLP (b) vakazviwana muhondo. Munenge vose veBolshevik vakava vatungamiri nevashandi vezvematongerwo enyika.

Muvhuvhu Trotsky yakatanga kushandiswa kwebasa rose rechiuto. Nhoroondo yezvisikwa zveRed Army, muchidimbu, yakakunda rimwe dambudziko rinokosha. Musi waJuly 29, 1918, vose vakakodzera varume vaiva pakati pemakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi mana vakanyoreswa. Kunyange vamiririri vechikwata chevavengi bourgeois (vatengesi vekare, vashandi, nezvimwewo) vaisanganiswa mumhirizhonga yekare. Izvo zvikwereti zviyero zvakabereka michero. Zvisikwa zveRed Army munaSeptember 1918 zvakabvumirwa kutumira kune mberi kupfuura vanhu zviuru makumi mana (anenge 100 000 vakagara mumashure emashure).

Revolutionary Military Council

Trotsky, saLenin, akadzinga kwenguva pfupi chirevo cheMarxist kuitira kuti awedzere kukwanisa kwehondo yehondo. Ndiye iye, sevanhu veKuississar, akatanga nheyo dzekugadzirisa uye kuchinja kwepamberi. Muhondo, chirango chekufa chakadzorerwa nokuda kwekuda uye kukundikana kutevera mitemo. Icho chimiro, chimiro cheyunifomu, chiremera chega cheutungamiri nezvimwe zviratidzo zvizhinji zve nguva yaTsar yakadzoka. May 1, 1918 paKoxdynka Field muMoscow ndiyo yaiva yekutanga yeRed Army. Pakuzara nesimba, system Vsevobucha.

MunaSeptember, Trotsky akatungamirira mushure mutsva Revolutionary Military Council. Ichi chimiro chehurumende chakava musimboti wepiramidhi yekutungamirira, iyo yakatungamirira hondo. Ruoko rworudyi rwaTrotsky rwaiva Joachim Vatsetis. Akanga ari wekutanga pasi pehurumende yeSoviet kuti agamuchire nzvimbo yevatungamiriri-mukuru. Ndizvo zvakapera, mazamu-eEkumaodzanyemba, Ekumabvazuva neNyakadzi-maodzanyemba-akaumbwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva neimba yake yepamusoro. Mwedzi wokutanga wekusikwa kweRed Army yakanga iri nguva yekusava nechokwadi - maBolshevik akaparadzana pakati pemafungiro nemaitiro. Iye zvino maitiro ekutenda pragmatism akava guru guru, uye Red Army yakatanga kugamuchira mafomu ayo aiva nheyo dzaro kwemakumi makumi emakumi anotevera.

Military Communism

Hapana mubvunzo, zvikonzero zvekusikwa kweRed Army kwaive kudzivirira simba reBolshevik. Pakutanga, aitonga chikamu chiduku zvikuru cheEuropean Russia. Panguva imwecheteyo, RSFSR yaiva pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune vapikisi kubva kumativi ose. Mushure mokunge Brest Peace Treaty yakasayirwa neKaiser Germany, mauto eCentente akapinda muRussia. Kupindira kwakanga kusinganyanyi kukosha (kwakaputika chete kuchamhembe kwenyika). Masimba eEurope akatsigira White zvikurukuru nemaoko nemari. Kune Red Army, kurwiswa kweFrance neBritain kwakava chikonzero chekuwedzera nekuwedzera kweshoko rekuparidzira muhuwandu uye faira. Iye zvino kusikwa kweRed Army kunogona kunge kwakanyatsotsanangurwa uye kunotsanangurwa nekunze neRussia kudzivirirwa kwekunze kune dzimwe nyika. Zviratidzo zvakadai zvakaita kuti zvibone kuwedzera kuwedzera kwevashandi.

Panguva imwe chete, muHondo Yese, pane dambudziko rekupa mauto ehondo nemhando dzose dzemari. Upfumi hwakanga huri mutezo, marwadzo aiwanzoparara pamabhizimisi, nzara yakava tsika mumusha. Zvakanga zvisiri izvozvi kuti simba reSoviet rakatanga kutevera mutemo wehondo ye communism.

Chinokosha chaicho chakanga chiri nyore. Upfumi hwakava hukuru hwepakati. Nyika yakatora zvakakwana kugovera kwezviwanikwa munyika. Makambani ezvematongerwo enyika akaiswa munyika pakarepo mushure mokunge October Revolution. Iye zvino maBolshevik aida kubvisa maji ese kubva mumusha. Izvo zvakanyanya-kukodzera, kubhadharwa mitero, kutyisidzira kwevamwe vanhu, avo vakanga vasingatsvaki kugovera zviyo zvavo nehurumende, izvi zvose zvaishandiswa kudya nekubhadhara Red Army.

Kurwisa desertion

Trotsky pachake akaenda kumberi, kuti atarise kuitwa kwemirairo yake. Musi waAugust 10, 1918 akauya kuSviyazhsk, apo akanga asiri kure naye akanga achirwira Kazan. Muhondo yakasindimara, imwe yeRobert Army regiments yakaputsika ndokutiza. Ipapo Trotsky akapfura pachena varwi vose vegumi mukugadzirwa uku. Kurwiswa kwakadaro, kwakafanana nemitambo, kwaifungidzidza tsika yekare yeRoma yekuderedza.

By Mutongo commissar akatanga kupfura kwete chete navashanduki, asi malingerers, kukumbira anosiya kubva pamberi zvekufungidzira chirwere. The apogee pakati pakurwisana vatizi aiva chisikwa zagranotryadov. Munguva chinotangira huru mauto shure ruva kusarudzirwa mauto kuti akapfura yemukati zvakanaka panguva kurwa. Saka nokubatsira draconian matanho uye rinoshamisa utsinye, Red Army akava muenzaniso wakanaka anozvibata. The Bolsheviks aiva noushingi uye pragmatic kutsoropodza chii vatungamiri haana kuda mauto White. Trotsky haana vasade chero nzira kuparadzira Soviet hurumende nokukurumidza pakuzivikanwa se "dhimoni chimurenga."

Kubatanidzwa muchiuto

Zvishoma nezvishoma akachinja chitarisiko pamberi Red Army. Pakutanga, Red Army haana akapa chimwe chimiro nguo. Masoja vanowanzotevedzera kuramba akapfeka yunifomu kana zvavo nguo dzake tsaru. Nokuda hombe mutsika vanhuwo zvavo vakapfeka shangu, zviri zvikuru kupfuura vakapfeka majombo. mhirizhonga kwakadaro kusvikira pakuguma kubatanidzwa muchiuto.

Mukutanga 1919 akatanga Patches kusawirirana maererano Mutongo Revolutionary Military Council. Panguva iyo Red Army akamuka pachake ngowani kwayo, izvo pakuzivikanwa dzakakurumbira sezvo Budenovka. Shirt uye jazi wakasimuka mavara mavharuvhu. Kucherechedzwa chiratidzo aiva nyeredzi dzvuku vasonanidza pamusoro chomumusoro.

Musumo of Red Army mune dzimwe maitiro zviri uto yekare kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti paiva nokushorwa norukave mubato. Nhengo dzayo dzaiva nyasha kuramba pfungwa nzwisisa. Lenin uye Trotsky, vakabatana mu March 1919 panguva VIII Congress vakakwanisa kudzivirira nzira yavo.

The kusabatana White kufamba, simba anoparadzirwa pakati Bolsheviks, kutsunga kwavo mukuita udzvanyiriri dziite ayo kuhondo, uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda kwakatungamirira ndechokuti simba yeSoviet yakavhurwa munharaunda zvinenge zvose aimbova Russian umambo, kunze Poland uye Finland. Red Army akahwina yehondo. Panguva yokupedzisira pavaipfuura kurwisana kwake simba rakanga vanhu mamiriyoni 5.5 kare.