Svyatoslav mapurisa ehondo muchidimbu

Sezvo mabhuku ekare eRussia anoratidza, Svyatoslav ndiye chete mwanakomana akaberekerwa kubatana kweGuru Duke Igor naMambokadzi Olga. Akapedza zvizhinji zvehupenyu hwake hupfupi muhondo. Nhaurirano dzehurumende uye hurumende yepamutemo yakanga isingamufariri. Mutungamiriri akaisa zvachose chisarudzo chemibvunzo yakadaro kumubereki wake akachenjera. Nokudaro, kushanyira Svyatoslav kutsanangura muchidimbu kuti zvakaoma, nokuti zuva rimwe nerimwe ihondo. Sezvo vanyori vanopupurira, hondo yacho yaiva yechinangwa chehupenyu, chido, pasina icho chaisakwanisa kuvapo.

Life fighter

Svyatoslav's campaigns akatanga apo mukomana uyu aiva nemakore mana. Panguva iyoyo amai vake Olga vakatora zvinhu zvose kuti vatsive paDrevlyans avo vakauraya murume wake Igor nenzira youkukutu. Nenzira, chete mutungamiri aigona kutungamirira hondo. Uye ipapo ruoko rwemukomana wake rwakakandwa pfumo, iro rakapa chikwata chekutanga kune boka racho.

Akashongedzwa, Svyatoslav akatora tsvina mumaoko. Kunyange zvakadaro, akapedza nguva zhinji muhondo. Anonzi ane zvakawanda zvinoratidzwa neEurope knights.

Svyatoslav mapurisa ehondo haana kumbotanga kusatarisira. Muchinda akakunda chete muhondo yakanaka, nguva dzose anonyevera muvengi wekurwisa. Boka rake rakanyatsotsvaga, sezvo Svyatoslav mishandirapamwe - murume asina kuziva hupfumi - akapfuura asingabatsiri kubva kumotokari nematende zvinogona kuderedza kufamba. Mukuru wega wega ainakidzwa zvikuru pakati pemasoja, akagovana zvokudya zvavo uye mararamiro avo.

Khazars

Iri dzinza rinotaura mutauro weTurkey rakagara munharaunda yeDagestan yemazuva ano. Yakatangira umambo hwayo - Kaganat. Kufanana nemamwe madzinza, vaKazars vakakunda nyika dzedzimwe nyika, vachigara vachiita nharo munharaunda yevakidzani vavo. Iyo Kaganate yakakwanisa kuzviisa pasi pachake kuna Vaitich naRadimich, kumativi ekuchamhembe nema glades, avo mushure mokunge kuchinja kune simba rake vakamanikidzwa kubhadhara mutero usingaperi. Izvozvi zvose zvakaramba zvichienderera kusvikira machinda eAustralia Rushoma akatanga kuasunungura.

Vakawanda vavo vakararama kwenguva yakareba vachirwisana nehurudzi urwu rwekutaura mutauro weTurkic, iyo yakabatwa nekubudirira kwakasiyana. Imwe yehondo dzakakurumbira ndeye Svyatoslav's campaign against the Khazars, yakabatwa mugore ra 964.

Vabatana veRussia mumushandirapamwe uyu vaiva Pechenegs, avo vaKean prince vakarwa kakawanda. Hondo yeRussia, iyo inosvika guta guru reKaganate, yakaparadza mutongi wekune imwe nyika uye hondo yake yakawanda, achienda kunotora mamwe maguta makuru akawanda.

Kukundwa kweKazars

Chirevo chemukuru chinoshamisa nekukura kwayo nekukura. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mishandirapamwe yese yeSvyatoslav yakanga iri yekuverenga nekunyora. Muchidimbu, maererano nevanyori, vanogona kurondedzerwa senharo yakazaruka kune vavengi.

Mushandirapamwe weKhayzar hauna kudaro. Svyatoslav aifarira mune chimwe chinhu: kuwana pakati penyika dzine utsinye dzakapoteredza yekare yeRussia, iyo isina simba yakawanda. Yaifanira kuparadzaniswa nevavakidzani vane mhirizhonga uye yakasvibiswa ne "mukati" mukati.

Zvakarehwa kare kare kuti yakanga yava nguva yekuderedza nhare yeKazar kubva kunotengeserana neEast. Panguva iyoyo, kukundwa kweKaganate kwaingova kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kuRussia. Yakaderedza kufamba kwemachinda eKiev kunze kwemaSlavic nyika (vakagumburwa pa vyatichah). Chikonzero chacho ndechokuti iyo yekupedzisira yakaramba ichibhadhara kuKazars. Kuti vaparidzire Kiev pamusoro pavo, zvakatanga kudikanwa kukanda joko reKaganate kubva kuMivatka.

Svyatoslav mhirizhonga yekurwisana neKazars yakange yakasiyana zvikuru nehondo dzakapfuura dzakapambwa dzevatapwa kana vatapwa. Mutungamiri akasarudzwa panguva ino kumiganhu yeKaganate zvishoma nezvishoma, achiunganidza vashandi pamatanho ose. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti tikwanise kukomberedza muvengi nemauto evanhu vasina rudo uye madzinza vasati vapinda.

Tactics

Svyatoslav mushandirapamwe weKazars waiva mufambiro mukuru. Kutanga, mutungamiri akatamira kuchamhembe, achikunda maSlavic madzinza eVivatichs, achivimba neKaganate, uye achivasunungura kubva kune simba reKhazar. Yakakurumidza kutamisa mahara kubva kuDesna kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeOka River, boka revarwi rakatenderera pedyo neVolga. Kukunda madzinza eBurtases neVolga Bulgars zvichienderana neKazars, Svyatoslav saka akawana kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba kwehembe yake yekuchamhembe.

VaKazars havana kutarisira kurira kubva kuchamhembe. Vakasarudza kushandiswa kwakadaro, uye saka havana kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvakakwana kudzivirira. Panguva iyi, mushandirapamwe weSvyatoslav muKhayaria wakaramba. Sezvo asvika muguta guru reKaganate - Itil, mutungamiri akarwisa hondo yakaedza kudzivirira kugadzirisa uye yakaputsa muhondo yakaipisisa.

Svyatoslav's campaigns yakaramba iri muNorth Caucasus. Pano, Kiev chivako chakakunda imwe nhare yakasimba yerudzi rwemutauro weTurkic-runyararo - iyo nhare yeShemender. Mukuwedzera, akazokwanisa kukunda kasogs nekugadza hutungamiri hutsva paTaman Peninsula nezita rekutanga - Tmutarakansky, rine guta guru-guta rakakombwa neMatarkh. Yakagadzirwa muna 965 gore panzvimbo yekugara kwekare.

Hondo yeSvyatoslav

Pane zvishoma zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura zvinyorwa zvoupenyu hweMukuru Duke . Asi chokwadi chokuti mauto emasoja eSvyatoslav akasimbisa zvikuru Kievan Rus, pasina mubvunzo. Panguva yekutonga kwake, kubatana kweSlavic nyika yakaramba.

Svyatoslav Igorevich's campaigns yakaratidzwa nekukurumidza uye hunhu hunosanganiswa. Akaedza kuparadza masimba evengi muzvikamu - muhondo mbiri kana nhatu, achibatanidza hondo yacho nekukurumidza kufamba kwemauto ake. Mutungamiri weKievna akashandisa nounyanzvi nekusagadzikana pakati peByzantium uye marudzi evanhu vakadzingwa pasi pekutonga kwake. Akapedzisa nekubatana kwenguva pfupi munguva yekukunda mauto emuvengi wake mukuru.

Mafambiro aSvyatoslav aifanira kunge akafanotungamirirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu nechisimba chevashandi. Basa ravo raisanganisira mabasa kwete kungocherechedza chete, asiwo kutora vatapwa kana vagari vemo, uyewo kutumira vasori kumusasa wevavengi kuti vawane ruzivo rwakakosha zvikuru. Apo hondo yakamira kuti igare, murindi akaiswa pamativi emusasa.

Mishandirapamwe yaMambo Svyatoslav, sekutonga, yakatanga mukutanga kwegore, apo nzizi nemakungwa zvakanga zvatovhurwa kubva kuchando. Vakaramba vachipfuurira kusvikira pakupedzisira. Vaya vaifamba vaifamba vachifamba mumvura muzvikepe, apo varwi vemabhiza vaifamba parutivi rwegungwa, kumusoro.

Svjatoslav's squads yakarayirwa naIgor Sveneld, uyo akanga atumirwa nababa vake, pasi peutungamiri weiwo maiva nemasvingo avo kubva kuma Varangi. Muchinda pachake, sevanyori vezvakaitika kare, vachifungidzira mutemo weKievine hondo, havana kumbobvira vazobhadhara ma Varangi, kunyange zvazvo aivada. Uye izvi zvakava chinhu chinotyisa kwaari: chaibva pamaoko avo akafa.

Hondo yevarwi

Maitiro anonyadzisa uye urongwa hwakagadziridzwa nemukuru wega. Vakanyatsobatanidza kushandiswa kwemauto makuru nekufambisa uye mheni zviito zvechikwata chechikwata chakakwirira. Tinogona kutaura kuti yaiva svondo yeSvyatoslav yakateya nheyo yegadziriro yekurova muvengi pane ivhu rake.

Vashandi veKie Kiev vakanga vakashonga mapfumo, mapakatwa maviri akacheka neminondo uye hondo dzehondo. Yokutanga yaiva yemhando mbiri - kurwisana, neine mashizha akafanana nemashizha akaremara pfungwa, akaiswa pachigadziko chakareba; Uye kukanda-zvivimbiso, zvaive zvakanyanya kujeka pakuyera. Vakaputirwa nemuvengi anouya pedyo nevatasvi vemabhiza kana vatasvi vemabhiza.

Pane zvombo zvaivawo mapanga uye masabata, maces, matanda, simbi-akabatanidzwa, uye mapanga. Kumasoja kubva kure vaigona kuziva mumwe nomumwe, nhovo dzevarindi dzaive dzakagadzirwa tsvuku.

Mushandirapamwe weDanube

Mishandirapamwe yeChris Svyatoslav yakarongedza uye yakabvisa kubva pamepu ibasa guru reKazzar. Nzira dzekutengeserana dzakaiswa muEast, sangano reEast East Slavic rakapedzwa muhurumende yekare yeRussia.

Achisimbisa uye akachengetedza miganhu yaro mune izvi, Svyatoslav akatendeukira kuWest. Pano paiva neinoti Russe Island, yakaumbwa neDanube Delta uye bend, tete guru reTroyan rine mudziyo wakazara nemvura. Maererano nenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, yakaumbwa nevatorwa veDanube. Basa reKivanvan Rus neBulgaria neByzantium rakauya naro pedyo nevanhu vegungwa. Uye izvi zvisungo zvikava zvakasimba zvikuru munguva yeSvyatoslav.

Munguva yemakore matatu emushandirapamwe wekumabvazuva, mutungamiriri wacho akatora nzvimbo dzakakura: kubva kumahombe eOka kuenda kuNorth Caucasus. Panguva iyoyo Umambo hweByzantine hwakaramba hwakanyarara, sezvo hurumende yeRussia neByzantine yakabatana.
Asi ikozvino, apo giantwe yekuchamhembe yakatanga kuisa simba kuCrimean pfuma, muConstantinople yakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekuzvidya mwoyo. Nhume yakatumirwa nekukurumidza kuKiev kuzogadzirisa ukama.

Ikozvino panguva ino, Kiev yakanga ichipinza Svyatoslav mhirizhonga pamusoro peBulgaria. Chirongwa chekupinda kweNharaunda yeDanube nokuda kwekushandiswa kwemuromo weDanube kuenda kuRussia nemukuru waive wakashandura kwenguva yakareba. Zvisinei, nyika idzi dzaive dzeBulgaria, saka akachengetedza vimbiso yeByzantium kuti irege kuramba yakatsigira. Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti Constantinople haana kupindira mumapurogiramu eSvyatoslav paDanube, akavimbiswa kudzoka kubva kuCrimean pfuma. Icho chaive chimiro chakanakidza chakanga chakanganisa zvido zveRussia zvose kumabvazuva uye kumavirira.

Kurwisa kweBulgaria

Muzhizha ra 967, mauto eRussia akatungamirirwa neSvyatoslav akatamira kumaodzanyemba. Hondo yeRussia yakatsigirwa nemauto eHungary. Bulgaria, zvakare, yakavimba nedzinza ravo raichengetedza raviv uye kasogs, pamwe chete nemamwe mashoma madzinza eKazzar.

Sezvakanyorwa nevanyori, mapoka maviri akaedza kufa. Svyatoslav akakwanisa kukunda vaBulgaria ndokutora anenge makumi masere maguta mumhenderekedzo yeDanube.

Svyatoslav's expedition kuenda kuBalkans yakapedzwa nokukurumidza. Ichokwadi maererano netsika yake yekuita mheni yehondo, muchinda, aputsa nepakati pevaBulgaria, akakurira uto raTarari musango. Muvengi aifanira kugumisa rugare rwakamanikidzwa, umo rutivi rwezasi rweDanube rine guta rakasimba kwazvo Pereyaslavtsy rakaenda kuRussia.

Ichokwadi chinangwa chevaRussia

Yakanga iri iyo iyo zvirongwa chaiyo zveSvyatoslav, iyo iyo muchinda aifarira kwenguva refu, yakauya. Akaendesa nzvimbo yake kuPereyaslavets, achitsanangura kuti vanonyorwa vanonyora sei kuti haadi kugara muKiev. Mu "pakati" yenyika yeKeyi yakatanga kuyerera mutero uye yakanaka. VaGiriki vaiunza goridhe nemicheka yakakosha, waini uye michero yakawanda yezvishamiso panguva iyoyo, sirivha nemabhiza akakwirira zvakanunurwa kubva kuCzech Republic neHungary, uye kubva kuRussia - uchi, wax uye varanda.

MunaAugust 968, mauto ake akanga ato kusvika kumiganhu yeBulgaria. Maererano nevanyori vezvinyorwa, zvikurukuru, Byzantine Leo Diakon, Svyatoslav akatungamirira hondo 60,000-yakasimba.

Zvisinei, maererano nedzimwe mitsara, izvi zvakanga zvakanyanyisa kuwedzerwa, sezvo mutungamiriri weKei asina kutora mhirizhonga dzemarudzi pasi pemubhanhire wake. Akarwiwa chete neboka rake, "vavhimi" -vadzidzisi uye mapoka akawanda ePechenegs neHungari.

Russian rooks dzakapinda mumuromo weDanube dzisina kukanganiswa uye dzakakurumidza kukwira kumusoro. Kuonekwa kwehondo yakadaro yakakura kwaishamisa kune vaBulgaria. Masoja akakurumuka achibva mumabhazi uye, nekuvhara nhoo, akakurumidza kupinda muhondo. VaBulgaria, vasingakwanisi kumira, vakatiza muhondo ndokuenda kunhare yeDorostol.

Zvakatarisirwa zvekuendesa mberi kweByzantine

Tarisiro yevaRoma yokuti Russes yaizobatanidzwa muhondo iyi haina kuzviruramisa pachavo. Mushure mokutanga hondo, hondo yeBulgaria yakakundwa. Mauto eRussia, aparadza zvose zvayo kudzivirirwa nenzira iri kumabvazuva, akazarura nzira inoenda kumiganhu neByzantium. MuKonstantinople, mungozi chaiyo yakaonekwa nokuda kweumambo hwavo zvakare nokuti kufamba kwakakunda kwehondo yeKievin pamusoro penyika dzakabatwa yeBulgaria hakuna kupera nekupamba uye kuparadza kwemaguta nemiganhu, uyewo kwakanga kusina chisimba kune vagari vemo, unhu hwehondo dzekare dzevaRoma. The Rus vakavaona hama dzeropa. Kunze kwekuti, muBulgaria, kunyange zvazvo chiKristu chakanga chagadzirwa, vanhuwo zvavo havana kukanganwa tsika dzavo.

Ndiko kusaka tsitsi dzevasingazivi vaBulgaria uye chikamu chemadzishe emunzvimbo dzomunharaunda dzenguva iyo vakakumbira mukuru weRussia. Mauto eRussia akatanga kuzadza nevazvipiri vanogara pamahombekombe eDanube. Mukuwedzera, vamwe madzishe evanhu vekutsvaga vaida kupika kuSvyatoslav, sezvo vazhinji veBulgaria vakuru havana kubvuma Tsar Peter nepro-Byzantine purogiramu yake.

Zvose izvi zvinogona kutungamirira Umambo hweByzantine kumatambudziko ezvematongerwe enyika uye ehondo. Mukuwedzera, vaBulgaria, vakatungamirirwa nemutungamiri wavo akatarisa Simeon, havana kutora Constantinople pachake.

Kutarisana neByzantium

Chiedza cheSvyatoslav chokushandura Pereyaslavets mumusoro wehurumende yake itsva, uye zvichida iyo yose yekare yeRussia, yakanga isina korona yekubudirira. Izvi hazvigone kubvumira Byzantium, iyo yakaona kutyisidzira kwakaipisisa munzvimbo iyi. Svyatoslav Igorevich, pakutanga achitotevera pfungwa dzechibvumirano chakapedzwa naConstantinople, haana kupinda mumvura yakadzika yeBulgaria nyika. Nguva pfupi paakapinda nyika iri pedyo neDanube neguta rakavakirirwa rePereyaslavets, muchinda akarega basa rehondo.

Kuonekwa kweSvyatoslav paDanube uye kukundwa kwevaBulgaria kwakavhundutsa neByzantium. Mushure mezvose, pedo naye wakamutsira musoro ane utsinye uye akabudirira. Kuedza, kwakaitwa neByzantine diplomacy, kukunda Bulgaria neRussia, nokudaro kushaya simba kumativi ose, kwakakundwa. Nokudaro, Constantinople akatanga nokukurumidza kutumira mauto kubva kuAsia Minor. Muchirimo cha 970 Svyatoslav akarwisa nyika yeTracian yeByzantium. Hondo yake yakasvika Arkadiople uye yakamira pamakiromita zana nemakumi maviri kubva kuConstantinople. Apa uye pane hondo yakawanda.

Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvevanyori veByzantine, unogona kudzidza kuti zvose zvePechenegs zvakaurayiwa mukati maro, pamwezve, simba guru reSvyatoslav Igorevich rakakundwa zvakare. Zvisinei, vanyori vekare veRussia vanotaura zvakasiyana nezvezviitiko. Maererano nemishumo yavo, Svyatoslav, kuuya pedo neTsargrad, vachiri kudzoka zvakare. Zvisinei, mukudzoka, akatora mari yakawanda kwazvo, kusanganisira varwi vake vakafa.

Chero zvakadaro, svondo guru reSvyatoslav yeByzantium Ball rakapera muzhizha gore iroro. MunaMuvhuro wegore rakatevera, mutongi weByzantine John I Tzimisce pachake aipikisa Rus, achitumira ngarava yematatu mazana matatu kusvika kuDanube kuti aparadze nzira yekudzoka. MunaJuly, pane imwe hondo huru, umo Svyatoslav yakakuvara. Hondo yakaguma pasina, asi shure kwayo Russ akapinda murugare hurukuro.

Rufu rweSvyatoslav

Mushure mekupedzisira kwechibvumirano, mutungamiri akasvika pamuromo weDnieper, achienda nenzira yezvikepe mumakungwa. Mutungamiri wake akatendeka Sveneld akavarayira kuti avasvike pamabhiza kuitira kuti vasagumburwa paPechenegs, asi haana kuteerera. Chiedza cheSvyatoslav chokukwira Dnieper muna 971 hachina kusvika pakuguma, saka aifanira kutonhora munguva yechando kuitira kuti adzokerezve mumushandirapamwe mukati megore. Asi vaPechenegs vakaramba vakamirira Rus. Uye muhondo isina kukodzera hupenyu hwaSvyatoslav hwakapfupiswa ...