USA uye dambudziko rezvemari ra1929

Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yokutanga ya1914-1918. IUnited States iri pakupedzisira inotora nzvimbo inotungamira muhupfumi hwepasi rese. Kunyange zvazvo Europe yakashatiswa yakanyura maronda ayo uye yakadzorera hupfumi, America, iyo isina kuita mauto ehondo munharaunda yaro, yakava mutengi wepasi rose uye wekubatsira mari. Zvose izvi zvairatidzwa nekukura nokukurumidza kwekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi, kuwedzera kwemari, kuwedzera kwekutengeswa kwezvinhu. Iyi mamiriro ehurumende, mabhizimisi, uye vagari vese veUnited States vakasika kunyengedzwa kwekusingaperi kusingaperi kwezvikomborero zvinogona kufadzwa nokusingaperi.

Nhamba yekutanga yekushungurudzika kwezvemari yepanyika yegore ra1929 yakapiwa pakupera kwegore raOctober 1929, apo chiyero chezvikamu zvepamusoro zvakaputsika. Vanenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu vaAmerica vakatambura nazvo, zvivako zvebhangi zvakatora dambudziko guru . Ichi chiitiko chaiva kutanga kwekutambudzika kukuru uko kwakaparadza nyika yose.

Dambudziko rezvemupfumi pasi rose re1929 raive chiri dambudziko rekuwandisa, izvo, sezvinozivikanwa, zvine rimwe runyoro. Nokuda kwekuti iyo yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakanyanya kudarika kuda, dambudziko rakamuka mumabhizimisi mazhinji, ayo akazoitawo matambudziko emabhanki makuru uye maduku. Kupesana kwekuita kwemitemo yezvoupfumi kwakakonzera kuparadzwa kwenyika dzose, asi dzakawanda zvenyika yose dambudziko ra1929 rakarova America. Izvi zvakakanda nyika kumashure makore makumi maviri apfuura, apo kubudirira kwakanga kusati kwarota.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti dambudziko rezvemari rese ra1929-1933 rakaparadzira kwete kwete chete hupfumi, asiwo maonero evanhu vose veAmerica. Kuzvimirira, kwakaparidzirwa kwemazana emakore, ikozvino kwakamanikidzwa kubvuma kukanganisa kwayo. Kupindira pakarepo kwehurumende mubhizimisi rezvivako zvakavanzika zvaidiwa, izvo muAmerica hazvina kumboitika kare.

Mukufamba kwake uye kusindimara, Mutungamiri Hoover aiva nechivimbo chakakwana chokuti nyika yaizobva yabuda mudambudziko-yakasimba yaiva kutenda mune zveAmerican economy. Zvisinei, makore edambudziko akaratidza kuti inowedzera kuipa. Kushungurudzwa uye kuratidzwa kwakatanga munyika, sangano rekwereti rakasikwa rakatsigira mabhengi, vanosimudzira vashandi nevatakuri vekutakura, uye hofisi yakasarudzwa yakasikirwa varimi. Zvose zvinowanikwa muInertia zvakaramba dzichibatsirana nekugadzira, kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo dambudziko rakanga riri kuderera kwevanhu vemuzvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, basa rezvivakwa izvi harina kubudirira zvakadai sekukurumidza kutungamirira nyika kunze kwedambudziko.

Nhamo yezvemari yegore ra1929 yakanga ichikura. Herbert Hoover's cadence yakanga iri kusvika pakuguma. Inguva yekushandura nekuita chisarudzo. Mukusarudzwa kwegore ra1933 muAmerica, Democrat Franklin Roosevelt anokunda, uyo akabata izvo zvinonzi "itsva yedzidzo", iyo yakawanda yakabvisa nyika kunze kwedambudziko. Ndiwo chete mutungamiri uyo akasarudzwa kupfuura kaviri mumutsara, akatungamirira nyika munguva dzakaoma zvikuru yenyika - mumakore ekudengenyeka uye Hondo Yenyika II.

America Roosevelt akatora nyika inosuruvarisa. Vagari vakarasikirwa nekutenda mune mari yeAmerica, kutyisidzira kwematambudziko emari kwaikura, sezvo madhora ainyanya kushayiwa paakatenga ndarama. Nhamba yevasina basa yaiva rekodhi yakareba-mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu haana kubatsirwe nehupfumi zvachose.

Icho chinonyanya kukosha cheRoosevelt ndiyo nzira yehurumende kupinda muhupfumi. Iye zvino nzvimbo yebhizimisi yakanga isiri yezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi chete, asiwo iyo nyika pachayo, iyo yakatanga kuva mukuru mukuru wehukama pakati pevatengesi, mabhengi, masangano ehurumende. Izvo zviyero zvakatorwa ndezvimwe zvishoma zvisingazivikanwi pakati pevanhu nevashambadziri, zvisinei, kusagadzikana kwekutsvaga kwemutemo uyu kwakaunza kuchinja kwakanaka. Somugumisiro we "mutsva mutsva", dambudziko rezvemari rezvemari ra1929 rakatanga kupera, asi mutemo wehurumende mutemo wakapfuurira kusvikira kufa kwaRoosevelt muna 1945. Izvi zvakapa kukurudzira kwakasimba munyika kuburikidza nekudzoka kwenguva refu kwezvemari, nokuda kwokuti, uye ikozvino America inobata nzvimbo dzekutanga mumusika wepasi.